共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Counting chronology and climate records with about 1000 annual layers of a Holocene stalagmite from the Water Cave in Liaoning Province, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
One active stalagmite from the Water Cave in Liaoning Province contains growth layers of three sizes. Based on thermal ionization mass spectrometry 230Th dating, we found that middle size layers are annual layers, with each middle layer consisting of one narrow dark layer and a wide bright layer. The small layers within middle layers are sub-annual layers and the large layers are multi-year layers. Based on the layer-counting method, we established a high-resolution time scale for layer thickness. Our results reveal two dramatic century-scale climate cycles over the past 1000 years in this region. 相似文献
2.
One active stalagmite from the Water Cave in Liaoning Province contains growth layers of three sizes. Based on thermal ionization
mass spectrometry 230Th dating, we found that middle size layers are annual layers, with each middle layer consisting of one narrow dark layer
and a wide bright layer. The small layers within middle layers are sub-annual layers and the large layers are multi-year layers.
Based on the layer-counting method, we established a high-resolution time scale for layer thickness. Our results reveal two
dramatic century-scale climate cycles over the past 1000 years in this region. 相似文献
3.
Kelly J. Benoit-Bird Mark A. Moline Chad M. Waluk Ian C. Robbins 《Continental Shelf Research》2010,30(1):17-28
This study combined measurements from multiple platforms with acoustic instruments on moorings and on a ship and optics on a profiler and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to examine the relationships between fluorescent, bioluminescent, and acoustically scattering layers in Monterey Bay during nighttime hours in July and August of 2006 and May of 2008. We identified thin bioluminescent layers that were strongly correlated with acoustic scattering at the same depth but were part of vertically broad acoustic features, suggesting layers of unique composition inside larger biomass features. These compositional thin layers nested inside larger biomass features may be a common ecosystem component and are likely to have significant ecological impacts but are extremely difficult to identify as most approaches capable of the vertical scales of measurement necessary for the identification of sub-meter scale patterns assess bulk properties rather than specific layer composition. Measurements of multiple types of thin layers showed that the depth offset between thin phytoplankton and zooplankton layers was highly variable with some layers found at the same depth but others found up to 16 m apart. The vertical offset between phytoplankton and zooplankton thin layers was strongly predicted by the fraction of the water column fluorescence contained within a thin phytoplankton layer. Thin zooplankton layers were only vertically associated with thin phytoplankton layers when the phytoplankton in a layer accounted for more than about 18–20% of the water column chlorophyll. Trophic interactions were likely occurring between phytoplankton and zooplankton thin layers but phytoplankton thin layers were exploited by zooplankton only when they represented a large fraction of the available phytoplankton, suggesting zooplankton have some knowledge of the available food over the entire water column. The horizontal extent of phytoplankton layers, discussed in the second paper in this series, is likely an important factor contributing to this selective exploitation by zooplankton. The pattern of vertical offset between phytoplankton and zooplankton layers was consistent between studies in different years and using different combinations of platforms, indicating the importance of the relationship between zooplankton layers and the fraction of phytoplankton within a layer at night within Monterey Bay. These results highlight the value of integrating measurements of various types of organisms to understand thin layers processes and the importance of assessing ecological interactions in plankton thin layers within the context of the properties of the entire water column, like the animals themselves do. 相似文献
4.
5.
The electrical potential due to a point source of current placed on the ground surface is studied for a multi-layered earth consisting of homogeneous overburden of constant conductivity over a stack of transition layers where conductivity varies with depth according to power and exponential laws in even and odd layers, respectively. The general recursion relations are derived and are used to obtain expressions for the apparent resistivities for Schlumberger and Wenner electrode arrays. Their asymptotic behavior has been studied. The solutions for some particular cases are given: (i) odd layers with conductivities exponentially varying with depth while all even layers (and the first) have constant conductivities; (ii) even layer conductivities varying as a power law while odd number layers are of constant conductivity; and (iii) any two successive layers as transition layers and all others having constant conductivities. Further it is shown that Patella's theory is a particular case of the present study. It is concluded, therefore, that the present treatment is more general as all earlier models consisting of trasition layers can be derived from this study. 相似文献
6.
7.
许多工程场地覆盖层薄,现有野外波速测试仪可测范围一般是≥1.0m,对于众多厚度为数十厘米的薄土层,如果只是简单地进行合并处理,则测出的波速失真多,并且难以确定这种混合层的土动力参数。为此本文提出了一种薄土层剪切波速的测试和计算方法,并在临沂市地震小区划工作中得到具体应用。 相似文献
8.
Thin layers are fine-scale structures with high concentrations of organisms or particles occurring over very small vertical scales (a few meters or less), but with large horizontal scales, often extending for many kilometers. Because of their small vertical scales, thin layers are traditionally under sampled, but when proper measurement techniques are used, thin layers have been found to be ubiquitous in stratified oceans. A multi-investigator, interdisciplinary study of thin layers was sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research under a research initiative termed: Layered Organization in the Coastal Ocean (LOCO). The goal of this program was to understand the properties of coastal thin layers and the interacting physical, chemical, biological and optical processes responsible for their formation, maintenance and dissipation. As part of this program, fine-scale vertical profiles (cm resolution) of biological, physical and chemical properties were made hourly over periods spanning 1–3 weeks during three summers in Monterey Bay, California USA. The vertical profiles were made using arrays of moored autonomous profilers. In total, these profilers made ~2000 individual vertical profiles and provided a unique view of phytoplankton thin layer spatial-temporal dynamics. The autonomous profiler data were supplemented with high-resolution ship-based profiling and discrete water sampling for identifications of organisms.Persistent phytoplankton thin layers were observed during each year in Monterey Bay; however, each year had very different biological and physical dynamics. During 2002, thin layers were dominated by the non-motile and potentially toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia; during 2005, thin layers were dominated by the highly motile dinoflagellate species Akashiwo sanguinea; and during 2006, a more complex phytoplankton assemblage was present, but thin layers of the toxic dinoflagellate species Alexandrium catenella frequently occurred. The variability in the vertical location of thin layers in 2002 was primarily controlled by physics, while behavior, e.g. diurnal vertical migration patterns and daytime near-surface aggregations, primarily controlled the location of thin layers in 2005 and 2006. In 2002, phytoplankton thin layers were present in the water column 87% of the time, in 2005, 56% of the time and in 2006, 21% of the time. The median integrated chlorophyll concentration within the thin layers was found to be approximately 47% of the total water column chlorophyll in 2002, 41% in 2005 and 33% in 2006. Additional results in this study describe the mechanisms driving the spatial-temporal dynamics of these phytoplankton thin layers with special emphasis on diel patterns and the specific relationships that thin layers have to biological and physical processes and water column optics. 相似文献
9.
通过给饱和砂土层施加反压,模拟地震荷载作用下具有残余孔压的饱和弱化、液化土层。选择粉质细砂与细砂,进行了18组水平荷载作用下桩与饱和弱化、液化土层相互作用的模型试验,研究了饱和弱化、液化土层水平极限抗力随土层残余孔压增加的变化规律。结果表明,随土层中残余孔压增加,水平极限抗力逐渐降低,土层液化后的水平极限抗力大约降低80%~90%。通过定义饱和弱化、液化土层的强度,定量分析了饱和弱化、液化砂土的强度参数与水平极限抗力之间关系。又通过引入土层的残余孔压比折减系数,建立了确定饱和弱化、液化土层等效强度的关系式,进而提出了一种按等效强度确定饱和弱化、液化土层水平极限抗力的方法。 相似文献
10.
INTRODUCTIONManyChineseandforeignseismologistsandengineeringseismologistshavestudiedthelargecasualtiesandpropertydamagescausedbytheMexicanMS8 1earthquakeonSeptember1 9,1 985andtheHanshinMS7 4earthquakeinJapan ,onJanuary 1 7,1 995andfoundthatsurfacesoftsoilcovercansignificantlyamplifyseismicgroundmotion .Thisphenomenoncanresultinlargerfailureofbuildingswithvibrationfrequencysimilartotheamplifiedgroundmotionfrequencythanthatcausedbyearthquakesthatoccuratbedrocksiteswheretherearenoamplifi… 相似文献
11.
Records of Toba eruptions in the South China Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three layers of volcanic tephra, sampled from ODP 1143 Site in the South China Sea, were observed at the mcd depth of 5.55
m, 42.66 m, and 48.25 m, and named, in this paper, layers of A, B, and C, respectively. All of these tephra layers have an
average thickness of ca. 2 cm. They were constrained in age of ca. 0.070 Ma, ca. 0.80 Ma, and ca. 1.00 Ma, respectively, by
the microbiostratigraphy data. These tephra layers were predominated by volcanic glass shards with a median grain size of
70–75 μm in diameter. Major chemical compositions analyzed by EMPA and comparison with the previous data from other scatter
areas suggest that these three layers of tephra can correspond to the three layers of Toba tephra, YTT, OTT, and HDT, respectively,
erupting during the Quaternary. The occurrence of these tephra layers in the South China Sea implies that the Toba eruptions
often occurred in the summer monsoon seasons of the South China Sea during the Quaternary, and that the strength of eruptions
was probably stronger than that previously estimated. 相似文献
12.
Summary The transmission of transverse surface waves in piezoelectric (622) crystal class has been studied in four cases. In the first case, a thin piezoelectric layer is resting on a deep elastic layer whereas in the second case, both the layers are considered piezoelectric with different materials. In the third case, a piezoelectric stratum is bounded on both sides by deep elastic layers whereas, in the fourth case, the upper and lower elastic layers are replaced by piezoelectric layers of different materials. The wave velocity equations are obtained for all cases. 相似文献
13.
A finite number of layers must normally be used to represent the electrical properties of a horizontally-layered region. It is well known that these representative layers must include anisotropy. Applying the concept of joint inversion to DC resistivity and magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) data from a structure consisting of many fine layers, we show how the resistivities in the horizontal and vertical directions can be separately determined in each layer. The results are related to the contrasts existing in the interbeds which comprise the composite layers. The method has applications in both engineering and exploration. 相似文献
14.
基于黏弹性人工边界,建立上部结构-桩-土的共同作用三维有限元模型,分析地震作用下预应力混凝土管桩的运动响应特性。分别针对预应力混凝土管桩的桩径、双层软硬土剪切波速比值、上覆土层厚度、上部结构荷载等影响因素进行数值计算。参数分析表明:在地震作用下,桩径的增大会导致桩身整体弯矩相应增加,特别是桩身土层分界面处增大明显;软硬土层剪切波速比及上覆土层厚度的增加,引起土层分界面处桩身峰值弯矩增加;固定桩头条件下,桩头与桩身软硬土层分界面处均会产生较大的运动弯矩;上部结构的惯性荷载对固定桩头的内力有着较大影响,对桩身深处段弯矩影响较小。本文研究结论可为预应力混凝土管桩抗震设计提供有益的理论参考。 相似文献
15.
Distribution, age and chemical composition of tephra layers in deep-sea sediments off western Indonesia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tephra layers occur in deep-sea sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean, adjacent to western Indonesian are. The layers range in age from Recent to Late Miocene. Relative abundance of light and heavy mineral species in all tephra layers have been determined, and pure glass shards from representative samples have been analyzed chemically for major oxides. On the basis of the chemical data, three distinct provinces can be recognized: (1) an extensive province of rhyolitic tephra layers, ranging in age back to Late Miocene, is found adjacent to Sumatra; (2) a more restricted province of dacitic layers, adjacent to Sunda Strait and western Java; and (3) a province of andesitic layers, found adjacent to eastern Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Chemical composition of tephra layers in each province remains constant with time. As an example, tephra layers from the rhyolitic province are characterized by a high and restricted range of SiO2 (75–77%) when expressed on an H2O-free basis.Tephra layers recovered from the study area were examined for chemical evidence of secondary alteration. The analyses revealed that H2O is the only major oxide in the glass shards which increases progressively with the age of the tephra layers regardless of the bulk composition. H2O, however, reaches a “saturation point” of 4–5% in the layers 250–400 thousands of years old and remains constant to the oldest recovered tephra layer (7.5 m.y. old).The decrease in silica content in deep-sea tephra layers eastward along the Indonesian volcanic arc coincides with a similar eastward decrease in average silica content in Indonesian lavas. A relatively high silica content in lavas from Sumatra, with associated ignimbrites and their deep-sea ash-fall equivalents is closely linked to thick pre-Cenozoic crust. In the portion of the arc to the east of Sumatra, the crust is Cenozoic and thin. Difference in silica content of both the lavas and deep-sea tephras along the Indonesian arc is considered in regard to the hypothesis of “magma filtering” which is based on the contrasting density gradients of ascending magma and the upper crust. 相似文献
16.
17.
Three layers of volcanic tephra, sampled from ODP 1143 Site in the South China Sea,were observed at the mcd depth of 5.55 m, 42.66 m, and 48.25 m, and named, in this paper, lay ers of A, B, and C, respectively. All of these tephra layers have an average thickness of ca. 2 cm.They were constrained in age of ca. 0.070 Ma, ca. 0.80 Ma, and ca. 1.00 Ma, respectively, by the microbiostratigraphy data. These tephra layers were predominated by volcanic glass shards with a median grain size of 70-75 μm in diameter. Major chemical compositions analyzed by EMPA and comparison with the previous data from other scatter areas suggest that these three layers of tephra can correspond to the three layers of Toba tephra, YTT, OTT, and HDT, respectively, erupt ing during the Quaternary. The occurrence of these tephra layers in the South China Sea implies that the Toba eruptions often occurred in the summer monsoon seasons of the South China Sea during the Quaternary, and that the strength of eruptions was probably stronger than that previously estimated. 相似文献
18.
Yue-Feng Sun 《Island Arc》2004,13(1):227-241
Abstract The origin of dolomite and its diagenesis are still not fully understood. The timing and occurrence of dolomite beds remain key problems. Many thin‐bed layers of dolomite in marine sediments were discovered at drill sites in the forearc basin west of the Japan Trench during the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 186. The thickness of the dolomite layers ranges from 0.5 to 2 m, estimated from the well log. These thin‐bed dolomite layers were able to be identified on seismic data, through quantitative analysis and comparison of the data with synthetic seismograms. Amplitude‐preserved seismic data processing with broadband high‐resolution enhancement helps to estimate the reflectivity series dominated by the large impedance contrast between the dolomite layers and the host sediments. In this report, the first geophysical evidence of large‐scale dolomitization is provided. The occurrence of thin dolomitic layers embedded in diatomaceous sediments is on a basin scale rather than being an isolated event, which constrains the type of dolomitization and the timing of layered dolomitization. It was found that thin‐bed dolomite layers occur where there is an abrupt change in sedimentation rate. Layered dolomitization starts when sedimentation rate changes (from high to low or vice versa). Two dolomite layers coincide with the Miocene–Pliocene and Pliocene–Pleistocene age boundaries. Formation of dolomite beds could be a timing signal of a dramatic change in paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic environments. 相似文献
19.
Abstract Data on the late Quaternary tephra layers, tephrostratigraphy, geochemistry and environment were determined in two sediment cores from the southwestern part of Ulleung Basin (East Sea/Sea of Japan), representing marine-oxygen isotope stages 1–3. The cores consist mainly of muddy sediments that are partly interbedded with silty sands, lapilli tephra and ash layers. The lapilli tephra layers (Ulleung-Oki tephra, 9.3 ka) originating from Ulleung Island consist mainly of massive-type glass shards, whereas the ash layers (Aira-Tanzawa ash, 22.0–24.7 ka) derived from southern Kyushu Island are mainly composed of typical plane-type and bubble-wall glasses that are higher in SiO2 and lower in Na2 O + K2 O than the lapilli tephra layers. Except for the tephra layers, fine-grained sediments throughout the core sections are mostly of marine origin based on geochemical data (C/N ratios, hydrogen index, S2 peak) and Tmax. In particular, organic carbon contents increased during Termination I, probably as a result of an influx of the deglacial Tsushima Current through the Korea Strait. 相似文献
20.
Julie M. Palais Philip R. Kyle William C. McIntosh Diane Seward 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1988,35(4)
The morphology, grain size characteristics and composition of ash particles in 30 ka to 150 ka tephra layers from the Byrd ice core were examined to characterize the eruptions which produced them and to test the suggestion that they were erupted from Mt. Takahe, a shield volcano in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Volcanic deposits at Mt. Takahe were examined for evidence of recent activity which could correlate with the tephra layers in the ice core.Coarse- and fine-ash layers have been recognized in the Byrd ice core. The coarse-ash layers have a higher mass concentration than the fine-ash layers and are characterized by fresh glass shards > 50 μm diameter, many containing elongate pipe vesicles. The fine-ash layers have a lower mass concentration and contain a greater variety of particles, typically < 20 μm diameter. Many of these particles are aggregate grains composed of glass and crystal fragments showing S and Cl surface alteration. The grain-size distributions of the coarse and fine-ash layers overlap, in part because of the aggregate nature of grains in the fine-ash layers. The coarse-ash layers are interpreted as having formed by magmatic eruption whereas the fine-ash layers are believed to be hydrovolcanic in origin.Mt. Takahe is the favored source for the tephra because: (a) chemical analyses of samples from the volcano are distinctive, being peralkaline trachyte, and similar in composition to the analyzed tephra; (b) Mt. Takahe is a young volcano (< 0.3 Ma); (c) pyroclastic deposits on Mt. Takahe indicate styles of eruption similar to that inferred for the ice core tephra; and (d) Mt. Takahe is only about 350 km from the calculated site of tephra deposition.A speculative eruptive history for Mt. Takahe is established by combining observations from Mt. Takahe and the Byrd ice core tephra. Initial eruptions at Mt. Takahe were subglacial and then graded into alternating subaerial and subglacial activity. The tephra suggest alternating subaerial magmatic and hydrovolcanic eruptions from 30 to 20 ka B.P., followed by a sustained period of hydrovolcanic eruptions from 20 to 14 ka B.P., which peaked at 18 ka B.P. 相似文献