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垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profiling,VSP)资料处理中波场分离是关键问题之一.随着属性提取技术的发展,新的属性参数(例如Q值)提取技术对波场分离的保真性要求越来越高.本文改进了传统奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)法,给出了一种对波场的动力学特征具有更好的保真性,可以作为Q值提取的预处理步骤的零偏VSP资料上下行波场分离方法.该方法通过两步奇异值分解变换实现:第一步,排齐下行波同相轴,利用SVD变换压制部分下行波能量;第二步,在剩余波场中排齐上行波同相轴,使用SVD变换提取上行波场.在该方法的实现过程中,压制部分下行波能量后的剩余波场中仍然存在较强的下行波干扰,使得上行波同相轴的排齐比较困难.本文给出了一种通过极大化多道数据线性相关程度(Maximize Coherence,MC)排齐同相轴的算法,在一定程度上解决了低信噪比下排齐同相轴的问题.将本文提出的方法用于合成数据和实际资料的处理,并与传统SVD法的处理结果进行对比,结果表明本文提出的波场分离方法具有良好的保真性,得到波场的质量明显优于传统SVD法.通过对本文方法和传统SVD法处理合成数据得到的下行波场提取Q值,然后进行对比可知,本文方法可以有效提高所提取Q值的准确性,适合作为Q值提取的预处理步骤. 相似文献
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VSP资料上下行波场发育丰富.本文在分析VSP直达波、上行反射波、下行反射波传播路径及其照明范围的基础上,指出了常规VSP波动方程偏移方法缺陷,进而通过修改波场延拓方式,提出了上下行反射波联合成像方法,并在高频近似下分析了该方法的成像原理.该方法不需要进行VSP上下行反射波场分离,能够同时对VSP资料中的一次反射波、自由表面多次波、层间多次波进行成像,比常规成像剖面具有更宽的成像范围和更好的成像效果.该方法能够对下行一次反射波进行成像,从而可以实现常规偏移方法难以处理的高陡倾角构造成像.模拟资料和实际资料处理证明了本文方法的正确性. 相似文献
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现有的微震记录直接成像方法是将微震记录既当作入射记录,也当作散射记录,从而实现偏移成像.但此方法并不能突出透射波所携带的来自震源下方的深层散射波信息.本文在假设已知微震位置与子波的前提下,提出了对微震下方构造进行逆时偏移的成像方法.该方法类似于常规的逆时偏移,只是震源位置在地下.这使得在成像时,地下更深部的入射波场相比震源在地表时会更为精确,因此能够获得更加准确的成像结果.该方法会给成像结果带来一种尾波高频干扰：地下的震源发出的上行波与上方介质作用后,所产生的多级散射波会干扰反传波场.对此,在成像过程中,对入射场和散射场都进行左右行波分离,以压制该噪声.而在子波信息未知,无法重构入射场时,使用了激发时间成像条件,也能够实现同等效果的偏移成像,且不会出现尾波高频干扰.利用数值实验验证了本文方法的有效性. 相似文献
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Consider the mathematical model of a horizontally layered system subject to an initial downgoing source pulse in the upper layer and to the condition that no upgoing waveforms enter the layered system from below the deepest interface. The downgoing waveform (as measured from its first arrival) in each layer is necessarily minimum-phase. The net downgoing energy in any layer, defined as the difference of the energy spectrum of the downgoing wave minus the energy spectrum of the upgoing wave, is itself in the form of an energy spectrum, that is, it is non-negative for all frequencies. The z-transform of the autocorrelation function corresponding to the net downgoing energy spectrum is called the net downgoing spectral function for the layer in question. The net downgoing spectral functions of any two layers A and B are related as follows: the product of the net downgoing spectral function of layer A times the overall transmission coefficient from A to B equals the product of the net downgoing spectral function of layer B times the overall transmission coefficient from B to A. The net downgoing spectral function for the upper layer is called simply the spectral function of the system. In the case of a marine seismogram, the autocorrelation function corresponding to the spectral function can be used to recursively generate prediction error operators of successively increasing lengths, and at the same time the reflection coefficients at successively increasing depths. This recursive method is mathematically equivalent to that used in solving the normal equations in the case of Toeplitz forms. The upgoing wave-form in any given layer multiplied by the direct transmission coefficient from that layer to the surface is equal to the convolution of the corresponding prediction error operator with the surface seismogram. The downgoing waveform in this given layer multiplied by the direct transmission coefficient from that layer to the surface is equal to the convolution of the corresponding hindsight error operator (i.e., the time reverse of the prediction error operator) with the surface seismogram. 相似文献
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基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算. 相似文献
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反射波场分离是井孔地震资料处理中极其重要的一个环节,波场分离的质量直接影响成像结果的精度.不管是VSP还是井间地震资料,其反射波时距曲线都近似直线型,根据这一特征,本文提出一种改进的线性Radon变换方法来进行井孔资料的反射波上下行波场分离.该方法基于频率域线性Radon变换,通过引入一个新的变量λ来消除变换算子对频率的依赖性,避免了求取每一频率分量对应的不同变换算子,显著降低了计算成本;文中在求解该方法对应的最小二乘问题时,引入了发展较为成熟的高分辨率Radon变换技术来进一步提高波场分离的精度.采用本文方法进行井孔地震资料的上下行波场分离可以在保证分离精度的前提下有效地提高计算效率.根据上下行波在λ-f域内分布的特殊性,设计简单的滤波算子就可实现上下行波场的分离.最后通过合成数据试算以及实际资料处理（VSP数据和井间地震数据）验证了该方法的可行性和有效性. 相似文献
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E.
afak 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,20(1-4)
Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flux. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy flux equations are derived by modeling the building as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures. 相似文献
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J. L. MARI 《Geophysical Prospecting》1989,37(3):257-277
Seismic attenuation introduces modifications in the wavelet shape in vertical seismic profiles. These modifications can be quantified by measuring particular signal attributes such as rise-time, period and shape index. Use of signal attributes leads to estimations of a seismic-attenuation log (Q-log). To obtain accurate signal attributes it is important to minimize noise influence and eliminate local interference between upgoing and downgoing waves at each probe location. When tube waves are present it is necessary to eliminate them before performing separation of upgoing and downgoing events. We used a trace-by-trace Wiener filter to minimize the influence of tube waves. The separation of upgoing and downgoing waves was then performed in the frequency domain using a trace-pair filter. We used three possible methods based on signal attribute measurements to obtain g-log from the extracted downgoing wavefield. The first one uses a minimum phasing filter and the arrival time of the first extremum. The two other methods determine the Q-factor from simple relations between the amplitudes of the first extrema and the pseudo-periods of the down-going wavelet. The relations determined between a signal attribute and traveltime over quality factor were then calibrated using field source signature and constant-Q models computed by Ganley's method. Q-logs thus obtained from real data are discussed and compared with geological information, specifically at reservoir level. Analysis of the tube wave arrivals at the level of the reservoir showed a tube wave attenuation that could not be explained by simple transmission effects. There was also a loss of signal coherence. This could be interpreted as tube wave diffusion in the porous reservoir, followed by dispersion. If this interpretation can be verified, tube wave analysis could lead to further characterization of porous permeable zones. 相似文献
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基于反射波动方程,本文提出了一种估计地下反射率分布的地震数据最小二乘偏移方法.高频近似下,非齐次的一次反射波动方程的源项是由反射率与入射波场的时间一阶导数相互作用产生的.根据反射波动方程,利用线性最小二乘反演方法由地震反射数据重建出地下产生反射波的反射源,再结合波场正演计算出的地下入射波场,得到地下反射率分布的估计.在地下反射源的线性最小二乘反演重建中,我们采用迭代求解方法,并以地震波的检波器单向地下照明强度作为最小二乘优化问题中Hessian矩阵的近似. 相似文献
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本文针对弹性波逆时偏移,提出稳定的激发振幅成像条件.在震源波场的正向传播过程中,计算每个网格点的能量,并保存最大能量密度的时刻和相应的波场值;在检波器波场的逆时传播过程中,在每个网格点提取最大能量密度时刻的检波器波场值,并利用保存的最大能量震源波场做归一化,获得角度依赖的反射系数成像剖面.相比于归一化互相关成像条件,该成像条件在震源波场的正向传播过程中无需存储波场快照,节省大量磁盘空间和I/O吞吐任务,提高了计算效率;相比于弹性波的激发时间成像条件,该成像条件自动校正了水平分量在震源两侧的极性反转,在多炮叠加时避免振幅损失.数值试验表明,与归一化成像条件相比,稳定激发振幅成像条件具有更小的计算量,偏移剖面的低频假象更弱,水平分量的成像能力更优,具有更高的空间分辨率. 相似文献
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基于垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料中上、下行波视速度的差异,利用地震剖面同相轴局部斜率属性参数,提出了一种分离上、下行波场的新方法.首先利用Fourier变换初步分离上、下行波场,然后利用平面波分解滤波器(Plane Wave Destruction (PWD) Filter)技术估计初始分离波场的同相轴局部斜率属性参数,在此基础上对VSP原始资料波场分离.该方法是一种时间域最小平方优化分离波场的方法,不存在其他滤波方法阈值滤波器边界的影响,减少了因镶边问题带来的假象.模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,分离出的上、下行波噪声假象少,振幅保持好,更好地消除了上、下行波的相互影响. 相似文献
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The attenuation of seismic waves propagating in reservoirs can be obtained accurately from the data analysis of vertical seismic profile in terms of the quality-factor Q. The common methods usually use the downgoing wavefields in vertical seismic profile data. However, the downgoing wavefields consist of more than 90% energy of the spectrum of the vertical seismic profile data, making it difficult to estimate the viscoacoustic parameters accurately. Thus, a joint viscoacoustic waveform inversion of velocity and quality-factor is proposed based on the multi-objective functions and analysis of the difference between the results inverted from the separated upgoing and downgoing wavefields. A simple separating step is accomplished by the reflectivity method to obtain the individual wavefields in vertical seismic profile data, and then a joint inversion is carried out to make full use of the information of the individual wavefields and improve the convergence of viscoacoustic full-waveform inversion. The sensitivity analysis of the different wavefields to the velocity and quality-factor shows that the upgoing and downgoing wavefields contribute differently to the viscoacoustic parameters. A numerical example validates our method can improve the accuracy of viscoacoustic parameters compared with the direct inversion using full wavefield and the separate inversion using upgoing or downgoing wavefield. The application on real field data indicates our method can recover a reliable viscoacoustic model, which helps reservoir appraisal. 相似文献
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Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration 
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下载免费PDF全文 The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections. 相似文献
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Part I of this series starts with a brief review of the fundamental principles underlying wave field extrapolation. Next, the total wave field is split into downgoing and upgoing waves, described by a set of coupled one-way wave equations. In cases of limited propagation angles and weak inhomogeneities these one-way wave equations can be decoupled, describing primary waves only. For large propagation angles (up to and including 90°) an alternative choice of sub-division into downgoing and upgoing waves is presented. It is shown that this approach is well suited for modeling as well as migration and inversion schemes for seismic data which include critical angle events. 相似文献
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The elastic Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral expresses the components of the monochromatic displacement vector at any point A in terms of the displacement field and the stress field at any closed surface surrounding A. By introducing Green's functions for P- and S-waves, the elastic Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral is modified such that it expresses either the P-wave or the S-wave at A in terms of the elastic wavefield at the closed surface. This modified elastic Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral is transformed into one-way elastic Rayleigh-type integrals for forward extrapolation of downgoing and upgoing P- and S-waves. We also derive one-way elastic Rayleigh-type integrals for inverse extrapolation of downgoing and upgoing P- and S-waves. The one-way elastic extrapolation operators derived in this paper are the basis for a new prestack migration scheme for elastic data. 相似文献
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Sensitivity of seismic waves to structure 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Luděk Klime? 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2012,56(2):483-520
We study how the perturbations of a generally heterogeneous isotropic or anisotropic structure manifest themselves in the wavefield, and which perturbations can be detected within a limited aperture and a limited frequency band. A short-duration broad-band incident wavefield with a smooth frequency spectrum is considered. In-finitesimally small perturbations of elastic moduli and density are decomposed into Gabor functions. The wavefield scattered by the perturbations is then composed of waves scattered by the individual Gabor functions. The scattered waves are estimated using the first-order Born approximation with the paraxial ray approximation. For each incident wave, each Gabor function generates at most 5 scattered waves, propagating in specific directions and having specific polarisations. A Gabor function corresponding to a low wavenumber may generate a single broad-band unconverted wave scattered in forward or narrow-angle directions. A Gabor function corresponding to a high wavenumber usually generates 0 to 5 narrow-band Gaussian packets scattered in wide angles, but may also occasionally generate a narrow-band P to S or S to P converted Gaussian packet scattered in a forward direction, or a broad-band S to P (and even S to S in a strongly anisotropic background) converted wave scattered in wide angles. In this paper, we concentrate on the Gaussian packets caused by narrow-band scattering. For a particular source, each Gaussian packet scattered by a Gabor function at a given spatial location is sensitive to just a single linear combination of 22 values of the elastic moduli and density corresponding to the Gabor function. This information about the Gabor function is lost if the scattered wave does not fall into the aperture covered by the receivers and into the legible frequency band. 相似文献