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1.
Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
A multidirectional semi‐analytical method for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multi‐layered elastic strata 
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下载免费PDF全文 A semi‐analytical method for calculating the response of single piles and pile groups subjected to lateral loading is developed in this paper. Displacements anywhere in the soil domain are tied to the displacements of the piles through decay functions. The principle of virtual work and the calculus of variations are used to derive the governing differential equations that describe the response of the piles and soil. The eigenvalue method and the finite difference technique are used to solve the system of coupled differential equations for the piles and soil, respectively. The proposed method takes into account the soil surface displacement along and perpendicular to the loading direction and produces displacement fields that are very close to those produced by the finite element method but at lower computational effort. Compared with the previous method that considered only the soil displacement along the loading direction, accounting for the multi‐directional soil displacement field produces responses for the piles and soil that are closer to those approximated by the finite element method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The scaled boundary finite‐element method is derived for elastostatic problems involving an axisymmetric domain subjected to a general load, using a Fourier series to model the variation of displacement in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical co‐ordinate system. The method is particularly well suited to modelling unbounded problems, and the formulation allows a power‐law variation of Young's modulus with depth. The efficiency and accuracy of the method is demonstrated through a study showing the convergence of the computed solutions to analytical solutions for the vertical, horizontal, moment and torsion loading of a rigid circular footing on the surface of a homogeneous elastic half‐space. Computed solutions for the vertical and moment loading of a smooth rigid circular footing on a non‐homogeneous half‐space are compared to analytical ones, demonstrating the method's ability to accurately model a variation of Young's modulus with depth. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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与航空、地面瞬变电磁法不同,钻孔瞬变电磁法将接收探头置于钻孔之中,由于距离探测目标更近且远离地表,不仅可以观测到更强的响应信号,还可有效削弱孔外各类电磁信号的干扰,能够满足大埋深、精细化探测需求,尤其是深部盲矿和水害探测。通过回顾各类钻孔瞬变电磁法(回线源地?井、电性源地?井和隧(巷)道钻孔瞬变电磁法)的研究历史,总结各类方法在正演模拟、反演成像、仪器装备和应用案例等方面的研究现状。研究结果表明:回线源地?井瞬变电磁法研究基础丰厚,发展较为全面,已在生产中取得较多成功应用;而电性源地?井和隧(巷)道钻孔瞬变电磁法研究基础薄弱,由于理论方法、探测装备、反演技术等方面的限制,目前尚未得到广泛推广与应用,整体仍处在初步研究阶段,相关技术仍有待进一步提升。未来发展方向可以从以下几个方面入手,如带地形三维反演、快速地形校正方法、伪随机发射、多辐射源发射、套管干扰消除和多参数地球物理方法联合解释等,形成完善的钻孔瞬变电磁法理论和解译方法,为深部矿体探测、煤矿和隧道含水构造探测提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Poro‐elasto‐plastic response of an unconsolidated formation confined with stiff seal rocks under radial injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this article, we evaluate geomechanics of fluid injection from a fully penetrating vertical well into an unconsolidated formation confined with stiff seal rocks. The coupled behavior of an isotropic, homogeneous sand layer is studied under injection pressures that are high enough to induce plasticity yet not fracturing. Propagation of the significant influence zone surrounding the injection borehole, quantified by the extent of the plastic domain in the elasto‐plastic model, is examined for the first time. First, a new fully coupled axisymmetric numerical model is developed. A comprehensive assessment is performed on pore pressures, stresses/strains, and failure planes during the entire transient period of an injection cycle. Results anticipate existence of five distinctive zones in terms of plasticity state: liquefaction at wellbore; two inner plastic domains surrounding the wellbore, where failure occurs along two planes and major principal stress is in vertical direction; remaining of the plastic domain, where formation fails along one plane and major principal stress is in radial direction; and a non‐plastic region. Failure mechanism at the wellbore is found to be shear followed by liquefaction. Next, a novel methodology is proposed based on which new weakly coupled poro‐elasto‐plastic analytical solutions are derived for all three stress/strain components. Unlike previous studies, extension of the plastic zone is obtained as a function of injection pressure, incorporating plasticity effects on the subsequent elastic domain. Solutions, proven to be a good approximation of numerical simulations, offer a huge advantage as the run time of coupled numerical simulations is considerably long. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Capturing the two‐way hydromechanical coupling effect on fluid‐driven fracture in a dual‐graph lattice beam model 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Fluid‐driven fractures of brittle rock is simulated via a dual‐graph lattice model. The new discrete hydromechanical model incorporates a two‐way coupling mechanism between the discrete element model and the flow network. By adopting an operator‐split algorithm, the coupling model is able to replicate the transient poroelasticity coupling mechanism and the resultant Mandel‐Cryer hydromechanical coupling effect in a discrete mechanics framework. As crack propagation, coalescence and branching are all path‐dependent and irreversible processes, capturing this transient coupling effect is important for capturing the essence of the fluid‐driven fracture in simulations. Injection simulations indicate that the onset and propagation of fractures is highly sensitive to the ratio between the injection rate and the effective permeability. Furthermore, we show that in a permeable rock, the borehole breakdown pressure, the pressure at which fractures start to grow from the borehole, depends on both the given ratio between injection rate and permeability and the Biot coefficient. 相似文献
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地-井TEM法（瞬变电磁法）是一种寻找深部隐伏良导体的有效方法。以新疆白石泉铜镍矿区zk506孔三分量井中瞬变电磁测量为例,结合钻孔已知信息,通过分析曲线特征,从上至下共划定了3个异常,并推测第2个异常为主要异常,确定其方位为东南,同时根据z分量响应在晚期还有较强的幅值,判断异常在东南方向上具有相对长的延展,最后通过与zk506孔以及后期施工的zk507、zk508孔的地质编录对比,验证了地-井TEM解译推断,修正了之前zk506孔单孔编录的地质认识,证明了井中瞬变电磁法在良导硫化物矿勘探中的有效性和重要性。 相似文献
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我国浅部可用矿产资源量日益枯竭,如何提高深部矿产探测效果是亟待解决的重要问题。然而对于深部资源的探测,受限于地面地球物理勘探技术的探测精度、深度以及抗干扰能力,传统的电磁法难以在地表准确探测到深部隐伏矿的有用信息。为提高可控源电磁法（CSEM）的分辨率,本文利用矿井作为接收电磁总场响应的测点位置,采集井中垂直磁场数据BZ,获取地下电导体三维空间分布信息。采用有限差分法正演研究不同矿井位置对异常体的正演响应,结果表明矿井越靠近地下异常体边界,响应越大。基于有限内存拟牛顿法（LBFGS）所实现的快速三维反演,进一步证实井中磁场数据可以有效提升对深部空间信息的识别。最后,井中磁场数据与地面磁场数据结合起来实施的联合反演,实现了从浅到深的高精度成像,为实际深部矿产勘探提供了理论支撑。 相似文献
10.
A challenging computational problem arises when a discrete structure (e.g. foundation) interacts with an unbounded medium (e.g. deep soil deposit), particularly if general loading conditions and non‐linear material behaviour is assumed. In this paper, a novel method for dealing with such a problem is formulated by combining conventional three‐dimensional finite‐elements with the recently developed scaled boundary finite‐element method. The scaled boundary finite‐element method is a semi‐analytical technique based on finite‐elements that obtains a symmetric stiffness matrix with respect to degrees of freedom on a discretized boundary. The method is particularly well suited to modelling unbounded domains as analytical solutions are found in a radial co‐ordinate direction, but, unlike the boundary‐element method, no complex fundamental solution is required. A technique for coupling the stiffness matrix of bounded three‐dimensional finite‐element domain with the stiffness matrix of the unbounded scaled boundary finite‐element domain, which uses a Fourier series to model the variation of displacement in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical co‐ordinate system, is described. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the new formulation is demonstrated through the linear elastic analysis of rigid circular and square footings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Moche Ziv 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2002,26(4):373-406
First, the response of an ideal elastic half‐space to a line‐concentrated impulsive normal load applied to its surface is obtained by a computational method based on the theory of characteristics in conjunction with kinematical relations derived across surfaces of strong discontinuities. Then, the geometry is determined of the obtained waves and the source signature—the latter is the imprint of the spatiotemporal configuration of the excitation source in the resultant response. Behind the dilatational precursor wave, there exists a pencil of three plane waves extending from the vertex at the impingement point of the precursor wave on the stress‐free surface of the half‐space to three points located on the other two boundaries of the solution domain. These four wave‐arresting points (end points) of the three plane waves constitute the source signature. One wave is an inhibitor front in the behaviour of the normal stress components and the particle velocity, while in the behaviour of the shear stress component, it is a surface‐axis wave. The second is a surface wave in the behaviour of the horizontal components of the dependent variables, while the third is an inhibitor wave in the behaviour of the shear stress component. An inhibitor wave is so named, since beyond it, the material motion is dying or becomes uniform. A surface‐axis wave is so named, since upon its arrival, like a surface wave, the dependent variable in question features an extreme value, but unlike a surface wave, it exists in the entire depth of the solution domain. It is evident from this work that Saint‐Venant's principle for wave propagation problems cannot be formulated; therefore, the above results are a consequence of the particular model proposed here for the line‐concentrated normal load. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
3-D Geological Modeling–Concept, Methods and Key Techniques 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
3-D geological modeling plays an increasingly important role in Petroleum Geology, Mining Geology and Engineering Geology. The complexity of geological conditions requires different modeling methods in different situations. This paper summarizes the general concept of geological modeling; compares the characteristics of borehole-based modeling, cross-section based modeling and multi-source interactive modeling; analyses key techniques in 3-D geological modeling; and highlights the main difficulties and directions of future studies. 相似文献
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Abderrahim Houmat 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(11):1552-1573
A method is presented for coupling cubic‐order quadrilateral finite elements with the finite side of a new coordinate ascent hierarchical infinite element. At a common side shared by a hierarchical infinite element and an arbitrary number of finite elements, the displacements are minimized in the least square sense with respect to the degrees‐of‐freedom of the finite elements. This leads to a set of equations that relate the degrees‐of‐freedom of the finite and hierarchical infinite elements on the shared side. The method is applied to a non‐homogeneous cross‐anisotropic half‐space subjected to a non‐uniform circular loading with Young's and shear moduli varying with depth according to the power law. A constant mesh constructed from coupled finite and hierarchical infinite elements is used and convergence is sought simply by increasing the degree of the interpolating polynomial. The displacements and stresses produced by conical and parabolic circular loads applied on the surface are obtained. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through convergence and comparison studies. New results produced by a frusto‐conical circular load applied on the surface of a half‐space made up of heavily consolidated London clay are provided. The non‐homogeneity parameter and degree of anisotropy are shown to influence the soil response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Jeffrey E. Gutsell John J. Clague Melvyn E. Best Peter T. Bobrowsky Ian Hutchinson 《第四纪科学杂志》2004,19(5):497-511
The architectural framework and Holocene evolution of the Zeballos fjord‐head delta on west‐central Vancouver Island was established through a multidisciplinary field‐based study. The Zeballos delta is a composite feature, consisting of an elevated, incised, late Pleistocene delta and an inset Holocene delta graded to present sea level. Both deltas have a classic Gilbert‐type tripartite architecture, with nearly flat topset and bottomset units and an inclined foreset unit. Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, borehole data, and gravel pit exposures provided information on the internal form, lithologies and substrate of both deltas. Both sets of deltaic deposits coarsen upward from silt in the bottomset unit to gravel in the topset unit. The TDEM survey revealed a highly irregular, buried bedrock surface, ranging from 20 m to 190 m in depth, and it delineated saltwater intrusion into the deltaic sediments. Late Quaternary sea‐level change at Zeballos was inferred from delta morphology and the GPR survey. The elevated, late Pleistocene delta was constructed when the sea was about 21 m higher relative to the land than it is today. It was dissected when sea‐level fell rapidly as a result of glacio‐isostatic rebound. Relative sea‐level reached a position about 20 m below the present datum during the early Holocene. Foreset beds that overlap and progressively climb in a seaward direction and topset beds that thicken to 26 m landward imply that the delta aggraded and prograded into Zeballos Inlet during the middle and late Holocene transgression. Sea‐level may have risen above the present datum during the middle Holocene, creating a delta plain at about 4 m a.s.l. Remnants of this surface are preserved along the valley margins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
The molybdenum-nickel deposits in Shuidong District of Nayong County (Guizhou Province, Southwest China) are found mainly in black shale series of Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, which is another Mo-Ni-rich region besides Zunyi District (Guizhou province). Our systematic study on the Mo-Ni deposits in Tangjiaba of Nayong reveals that layered coarse-grained limestones, spherical beaded limestones concretions are hosted at the lower seam of the Mo-Ni deposits. Its strong negative carbon isotope anomaly (the carbon isotope value of the coarse-grained limestones varies from ?2.148‰ to 8.223‰) is similar to that in the modern submarine black smoker chimney. The carbon in the coarse-grained limestones from black rock series of Nayong County might be deep source inorganic carbon. The seams, coarse-grained limestones, ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones and the roof and floor of the deposits are characterized by co-variation on the trace element spider diagram, showing good homology. The extraordinary enrichment of Ag, As and Sb resembles hydrothermal sedimentation. Pro-Earth's core elements Se is strongly enriched in Ni-Mo ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones. The ore-bearing rock series has an extremely low Th/U value (0.012–0.19); in the logU-logTh Cartesian Coordinates, the samples of the roof and floor of the deposits and ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones are found in the East Pacific tise; and the samples of coarse-grained limestones are found between the paleo-hydrothermal dedimentary area and the East Pacific tise. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns of the Ni-Mo deposits show LREE enrichment, Ce negative anomaly, and Eu negative anomaly (which is supposed to be influenced by the deep magmatic processes in an extensional environment) resembles the rare earth element distribution patterns of the fluid and its sediments in modern submarine hydrothermal system. It proves that coarse-grained limestones is characterized by typical hydrothermal limestones, being closely related with the genesis of Mo-Ni deposits in Nayong County, which provides new evidence for hydrothermal sedimentary genesis of Mo-Ni deposit and negative carbon anomaly in the basal Cambrian on a global scale. 相似文献
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Damage in the form of cracks is predicted to assess the susceptibility of a tunnel to failure due to a blast. The material‐point method is used in conjunction with a decohesive failure model as the basis for the numerical simulations. The assumption of a cylindrical charge as the source for the blast allows the restriction of plane strain and two‐dimensional analyses. In the simulation, a further restriction of a single pressure pulse is used as the source of stress waves that are reflected and refracted after reaching the free surface of the tunnel wall. Three critical zones of significant cracking in the vicinity of a tunnel are identified as potential contributors to tunnel failure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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井地电法供电点位置与地表电位分布关系密切。为研究点电源供电时供电点位于电性异常层上、下不同位置时地表电位的分布特征,通过物理模型研究的方法,采用铜圆柱体作为固定的点电源供电,利用有机玻璃模拟高阻体,通过三维电位观测系统,获得高阻体位于供电源上、下不同深度时水面测得的电位值,计算该值与无异常体存在所测得的背景场电位值的差值作为异常电场,进一步分析异常电场的特征,推断异常体的空间展布情况。模拟实验表明,点源供电时供电点与异常体越近,其地表异常电位值越高,并且供电点源位于异常体下方时其在地表的异常形态越接近其真实形态。 相似文献
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深部矿产探测是一个难题,井中瞬变电磁方法(Transient Electromagnetic Method, TEM)通过传感器沿钻孔深入地下,更接近于深部目标体,从而提高见矿率和找矿效果。在国外井中瞬变电磁被广泛地应用于深部找矿勘查中,并取得了许多重要的找矿成果,而在国内受限于仪器、理论研究以及解释技术发展较慢等诸多原因,在实际深部找矿应用方面较少。以辽宁青城子白云金矿区2 000 m深部找矿作为典型案例,开展井中TEM和地面TEM的探测,尝试将地面和井中TEM资料进行综合解释,以期更合理地解释钻孔周围的有利成矿部位。实测结果表明:井中TEM原始剖面曲线在1 400~1 650 m深度段出现典型负异常特征,显示钻孔外局部低阻异常体的存在;此外,井中TEM原始曲线晚期道中出现极化现象,是由于断裂和破碎带中富集的与金密切相关的黄铁矿化引起;地面TEM反演结果清楚显示了测线下方典型分布情况,发现了隐伏断裂深部延伸较大,成矿条件良好;综合分析解释,TEM L52线所推测的隐伏断裂深部仍有良好的金富集条件;经钻孔资料证实,地面和井中TEM综合解释结果正确可靠。研究成果表明,井?地瞬变电磁法联合探测在深部找矿中具有较好应用前景。 相似文献
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Unbounded plane stress and plane strain domains subjected to static loading undergo infinite displacements, even when the zero displacement boundary condition at infinity is enforced. However, the stress and strain fields are well behaved, and are of practical interest. This causes significant difficulty when analysis is attempted using displacement‐based numerical methods, such as the finite‐element method. To circumvent this difficulty problems of this nature are often changed subtly before analysis to limit the displacements to finite values. Such a process is unsatisfactory, as it distorts the solution in some way, and may lead to a stiffness matrix that is nearly singular. In this paper, the semi‐analytical scaled boundary finite‐element method is extended to permit the analysis of such problems without requiring any modification of the problem itself. This is possible because the governing differential equations are solved analytically in the radial direction. The displacement solutions so obtained include an infinite component, but relative motion between any two points in the unbounded domain can be computed accurately. No small arbitrary constants are introduced, no arbitrary truncation of the domain is performed, and no ill‐conditioned matrices are inverted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献