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《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(1):65-77
AbstractOver the last three decades, the information revolution and technological advances have led to a paradigm shift in cartography. Recently, the major emphasis has been on 'democratization of cartography', where individuals can be empowered with electronic tools to analyse and visualize spatially referenced data (Morrison, 1994). But, an ordinary user can not effectively use the available GIS tools to visualize geographical data. Therefore, cartographers and/or GIS experts need to develop user-friendly map making systems to facilitate the democratization of cartography. A mapping system was designed using the advanced macro language (AML) and menus of ARC/INFO at the Curriculum for Evaluation and Management Centre (CEM) in Durham University to automate the mapping process (extending from spatial and non-spatial data extraction to the printing of a final map), so that any user can map pupils' locations of any school in the United Kingdom simply by entering some key information. The procedure followed to automate pupils' mapping is described in this paper. A similar programming approach can be helpful to automate mapping systems in a local network and on web. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):41-50
How to replace the human element of generalization with computer algorithms or rules in knowledge bases has been frequently discussed, but we have not succeeded in formulating these rules very well. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the problem of knowledge acquisition for generalization of topographic maps. Three studies to derive rule-based knowledge for automatic map generalization are presented and analyzed. In the tests, cartographers were asked to interpret map objects to be generalized and to describe the basis of their decisions. The studies showed that by interviewing cartographers, much of the domain knowledge can be gathered, but the most time-consuming part of documenting this knowledge is to analyze the data and formalize the results. It was also found that there is important domain knowledge on generalization that has not previously been documented. The tests performed resulted in the discovery of four categories of declarative rules: geometric, topological, context-related, and culture-related rules. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):239-250
The computational complexity of algorithms is an important consideration for all computer systems, including geographic information systems and mapping systems. Mathematical cartographers and GIS professionals need to understand and to take into account the limitations imposed on problem solving by the very nature of computation itself. We look at three active research sub-areas of analytical cartography to highlight the differences between traditional mathematical solutions and solutions with computationally tractable algorithms. The three sub-areas are map projections, map feature labeling, and map generalization. 相似文献
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Acquiring and formalizing cartographic knowledge still is a challenge, especially when the generalization process concerns small-scale maps. We concentrate on the settlement selection process for small-scale maps, with the aim of rendering it more holistic, and making methodological contributions in four areas. First, we show how written specifications and rules can be validated against the actual published map products, thus pointing to gaps and potential improvements. Second, we use data enrichment based on supplementing information extracted from point-of-interest data in order to assign functional importance to particular settlements. Third, we use machine learning (ML) algorithms to infer additional rules from existing maps, thus making explicit the deep knowledge of cartographers and allowing to extend the cartographic rule set. And fourth, we show how the results of ML can be transformed into human-readable form for potential use in the guidelines of national mapping agencies. We use the case of settlement selection in the small-scale maps published by the Polish national mapping agency (GUGiK). However, we believe that the methods and findings of this paper can be adapted to other environments with minor modifications. 相似文献
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在地图的色彩设计中,设计人员不仅要考虑色彩单独使用的效果,而且要考虑地图上各素的色彩配合,即各种色彩在图面上的整体感受效果。电子地图由于有极大的色彩选择空间,背景色不局限于白色,因而选色、配色比纸质地图更加复杂。用哪种简称颜色作为背景视觉效果较好？图面上各要素的色彩如何配合？针对这两个问题,作者设计了电子地图的一个色彩感受实验－色彩配合实验,利用自编的电子地图视觉感受测试构件（ＴＥＶＰ）进行了实验 相似文献
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在现代生活中,无论我们多么依赖网络空间,人与地理空间的联系永远不会断绝.政府和企业的各类业务运转也是如此,在科研课题、销售运营、客户维护等工作中,涉及的数据成千上万,大多也与地理数据紧密相关.因此,挖掘地理数据中隐含的信息,提高人们对地理位置的认知程度,并以此为基础,为各领域提供与决策相关的信息非常有意义.本文中介绍的超图云GIS数据洞察软件,是基于地理信息云平台,使用新一代Web技术搭建的云GIS数据可视化和分析软件.通过其将业务数据在地图上可视化展示,并结合统计图表和地理信息系统专业空间分析工具,洞察地理数据中隐含的趋势和内在关系,为多种业务决策提供支撑.本文介绍了该软件的设计与实现. 相似文献
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随着互联网技术的发展,网络带宽不断提升,使用WebGIS服务可以更流畅地查看空间数据信息。目前使用的WebGIS服务软件主要是Esri公司的ArcGIS Server、超图公司的SuperMapiServer等商业软件。商业软件都有自己的格式,对数据的组织方式也有所不同,而且操作相对烦琐,使用许可费用较高,这也限制了WebGIS的发展和应用。开源GIS软件的出现,给广大开发者提供了一个新的选择。功能要求不高的系统开发,可以借助开源软件来实现。GeoTools是使用Java语言编写的开源GIS工具包,实现了常用的GIS功能。使用GeoTools可以开发出一套地图服务的快速发布和管理平台,对空间地图信息进行展示。本文通过对相关技术的讨论和对开发过程中出现的问题的分析,介绍了使用GeoTools进行地图服务快速发布系统开发的研究成果。 相似文献
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This article presents two decision support plug‐ins in free GIS software: ArcGIS Explorer Desktop. The ubiquitous WebGIS Analysis Toolkit for Extensive Resources (uWATER) focuses on providing GIS analysis functions: spatial and attribute queries in the public services tool for users with limited access to commercial GIS software. The interface of uWATER is general enough to support decision‐making in numerous management issues in natural resources, economics and agriculture. The uWATER‐Pumping Assessment (uWATER‐PA) toolkit, on the other hand, is an extended package targeting the specific environmental issue of groundwater pumping impacts. The uWATER‐PA package is an excellent alternative to evaluating complex groundwater pumping assessment issues before investing significant time, labor, and funds in monitoring and detailed scientific study. It incorporates simulation of the physics of groundwater flow and user interaction into GIS software. A graphical user interface makes both data entry and interpretation of results intuitive to non‐technical individuals. Results are presented as colored drawdown maps and can be saved in GIS format for future dissemination. The impact of drawdown on existing wells can be characterized and mapped, through the use of uWATER's spatial query capabilities and the drawdown maps generated by uWATER‐PA. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):141-150
Animation is an important method of communicating information that lends itself to cartographic display. Cartographers may be delinquent in their utilization of this technique. Meteorologists, medical researchers, and physical scientists, employing mini-, mainframe, and supercomputers, are creating today's most sophisticated animated maps and continue to develop high-quality systems for data display. Though today's cartographers are concerned with the geometric accuracy and computer automation of their map products, they may be overlooking current developments in spatiotemporal display within other disciplines. Creating a method to bridge the current animation gap between cartography and these disciplines has been the primary goal of this research. Since personal computers are the platforms most commonly available to cartographers, development of animated cartographic displays is feasible with this technology. As a result of this research, an interactive microcomputer-based animated map of U.S. surface temperatures was designed to help understand the rapid climatic change occurring during the 20th century. 相似文献
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电子地图的数据交换(CNSDTF)实现 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
电子地图是传统地图的矢量数据格式，由于采用不同的软件平台和不同的数据格式，因此在进行数据交换和数据共享时经常需要进行数据格式的转换。中国《地球空间数据交换格式》标准中给出了矢量数据交换的标准格式，对于GIS应用中的矢量数据交换基本已满足要求，但对于电子地图的交换尚有不足。本文在认真研究了电子地图的一般特征后，提出了电子地图所具备的图形表现属性不同于非图形属性的概念，在不违背标准的基本原则下扩充了现有标准的格式，大大方便了电子地图数据的交换，并且给出了程序实现的简要流程。 相似文献
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随着专题数据处理向着定量化、辅助决策方向发展,对专题数据处理数学模型提出了更多更高的要求。针对当前制图系统和GIS中数学模型(库)的重用性和可扩展性较差的问题,提出基于元算法的相关概念,并通过对专题数据处理数学模型的深入研究,建立了基于元算法的专题数据处理模型库,最后将该模型库应用到GIS中的专题地图制作中,取得了较好的实验效果。实践证明,基于元算法专题数据处理数学模型库不仅具有建库的高效性,而且具有管理的动态性和使用的灵活性,同时也充分说明基于元算法数学模型库系统具有较大的推广价值。 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(2):76-87
Cartographers must make numerous decisions during the process of constructing a map. In the present era, when spatial data sets are abundant and mapping software is accessible to the general public, cartographic knowledge developed in the literature is under-used and threatened with irrelevance. We view cartographic design as a multiobjective problem solving process that must meet many, often conflicting, goals. The application of this multiobjective view to cartographic design will help a new generation of cartographers develop design capabilities. We illustrate our concepts using several thematic mapping examples. 相似文献
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MapGIS在县(市)级土地利用总体规划中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
提出了运用MapGIS软件建立县(市)级土地利用总体规划图的一种方法,研究了对传统数据资料特别是白纸图和CAD格式的图形资料向GIS格式进行转换的方式、方法和要注意的问题。探讨了CAD图元与GIS图元在数据转换中的对应关系,解决了CAD图形与GIS数据在县级土地利用信息化建设中的共享问题。 相似文献
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地图的特性在于运用系统化的符号抽象概括地表现事物或现象的空间位置。以测量为基础的精确定位的地形图为军事和其它经济建设起过重要的作用，而且制图工作成为隶属于政府的一种专业。在当代专题地图的迅速发展时期里，使传统的制图人员不可能包揽各种各样的专题制图工作，因为他们不可能同时是许多不同科学领域里的专家，为此，必须把地图的理论与方法普及，使在研究和管理工作中经常需用相应专题地图的广大工作人员掌握制图技术。从这一观点出发，在现代，我们是否可以把制图学看作是一门工具科学。 相似文献
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John Samuel Vincent Jaillot Clément Colin Diego Vinasco Alvarez Eric Boix Sylvie Servigne Gilles Gesquière 《Transactions in GIS》2023,27(3):841-858
With the widespread availability of a large volume of urban data, stakeholders from different domains require advanced tools to manage, visualize and understand cities and their evolution. During the last few years, researchers have proposed numerous research works and applications to illustrate the cities of the past and possible scenarios of the future under different conditions. However, many of these approaches are one-time solutions and not based on standards, making them obsolete and unusable for reproducible research. In this article, we present UD-SV: an Urban data-Services and Visualization open-source framework for multidisciplinary research to handle complex processing, analysis, and visualization of urban data. However, our goal is not to present a one-time monolithic software solution for urban data management and analysis, but we demonstrate the design and development of an open and interoperable software framework driven by use cases from diverse users to solve applied research challenges. The main contribution of UD-SV is that it uses open standards and open data with documented and reproducible processes with a particular emphasis on the reuse of existing open-source software components. We also show an enhanced use of standards to enable a shift toward components that are interchangeable or composable with other existing components in the GIS community. 相似文献
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GIS软件是一种用于数据采集、存储、管理、运算、分析、显示和描述的技术系统,本文着重介绍其在地图制图中的应用技术。总结出利用GIS软件制作专题地图的流程与方法以及存在的问题,进而对运用GIS软件编制专题地图的应用前景与未来做了展望与设想。 相似文献