共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A choropleth map is a form of thematic map used to portray the structural characteristics of some particular geographical distribution not apparent in data presented in tabular form. Preparation of a choropleth map starts with the assignment of map features to classes based on the value of a specific feature attribute followed by the association of classes of features with appropriate map colors or symbols. Map features are often geographical regions with naturally or artificially defined boundaries, but choropleth maps can also be prepared by segmenting the area to be mapped into a regular grid of regions. Maps prepared with each grid shaded in an intuitive manner such as blue for grids with the lowest attribute values to red for the highest values can be termed “heat maps”. This technical note describes the HeatMap Microsoft Excel application which converts information contained in a worksheet into a heat map, and then converts the heat map into a file suitable for display using mapping systems such as Google Earth. An example illustrates how the application can be used to visualize the seventeenth century frontier between the Polish/Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. 相似文献
2.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):217-236
This article presents the use of the frequency histogram legend (FHL) as a substitute to traditional legends in both classed and unclassed choropleth maps. Great variation in the size of mapping units can hinder readers' ability to comprehend statistical distributions from a choropleth map. Replacing conventional legends with FHL can aid readers in their understanding of spatial as well as statistical distributions of the mapped data simultaneously. A customized mapping application was designed in ArcInfo 9.0 to test the use of FHL in both classed and unclassed choropleth maps. Frequency histogram legends were tested on different types of statistical distributions. Although the comparison of the results shows that the FHL works best for a Gaussian or close to a Gaussian distribution for eight or fewer classes, the customized application permits users to generate choropleth maps with frequency histogram legends for any type of statistical distribution with any number of classes. The analysis reveals that readers' background in statistics helped them to effectively utilize and interpret frequency histogram legends in the choropleth maps. 相似文献
3.
4.
土地利用现状图,即反映土地利用的现状的图形。它以土地现状调查图为依据,用界址拐点,权属界线相应的地物图式符号及注记,表示土地权属的合法性,并利用权属界线量算出土地的权属单位的准确面积,从而满足土地登记和管理的需要。它来源于现代测绘科学技术结合地理信息系统。本文详细介绍了珠海市土地利用现状图的利用和统计方法。 相似文献
5.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(4):313-320
AbstractThe potential of unclassed animated choropleth maps as a solution to false patterns of geographic change arising from data classification is investigated. Old concerns about unclassed choropleth maps may be mitigated through map interactivity that offers four advantages over traditional data legends, and previous insights from testing static choropleth maps do not necessarily translate to animated cartography. Data from user testing revealed unclassed animated choropleth maps neither help nor hurt the ability of map readers to understand patterns of geographic change. However, the unclassed map (1) appeared 'less jumpy' to participants and was perceived to run at a slower pace (despite running at the same number of frames per second), and (2) subtle geographic shifts (e.g., seasonal unemployment cycles) were more readily noticed on the unclassed maps. Preliminary results also suggest classed data emphasise stability over time – while their unclassed counterparts improve our ability to see changes. This paper also outlines animated simultaneous contrast as a new perceptual issue in the creation of animated choropleth maps. 相似文献
6.
Yaolin Liu Limin Jiao Yanfang Liu 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
The generalization index system is one of the critical issues for computer-aided land use database generalization. This paper studies the scale and land use pattern effects on land use database generalization indices and estimates the thresholds of these indices based on a typical land use database sample. The index system of land use database generalization is discussed and constructed from macro and micro perspectives. Six land use pattern metrics, namely, land use diversity index, land use dominance index, land use homogeneity index, land use fragmentation index, the index of land use type dominance, and the index of land use type fragmentation, are designed to characterize land use patterns and are introduced into the analysis of land use pattern effect on land use database indices. The analysis framework of the scale and land use pattern effects on the land use database indices are proposed by employing statistical techniques. Based on the land use database samples at multiple spatial scales collected in various land use regions across China, the study generates rules for both scale and land use pattern effects on the indices, including map area proportion of land use types, total map load, parcel map load, and minimum parcel area. The thresholds of these indices in land use database generalization are produced at the scales of 1:50,000, 1:100,000, 1:250,000, and 1:500,000. An experimental generalization at county level demonstrates how to determine the generalization index values considering scale and land use pattern, and how to evaluate the generalization results using our macro indices. 相似文献
7.
R. S. Reddy D. Goosen G. W. W. Elbersen 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1985,13(2):1-11
A methodology for the preparation of semi detailed soil maps using medium scale aerial photographs for an area of about 3600 ha in Merida area, Spain is presented. The new concepts such as ‘Basic Land Units’, ‘Soil Consociation’ and ‘Soil Set’ developed by Elbersen (1976) were adopted for this study to see their utility for the preparation of semidetailed soil maps which can be used for land evaluation, land classification and also for making prodictions about the feasibility of a particular project for rural development plannning purposes. Basic land units and their subdivisions like major and minor compo-nents were used for the delineation of interpretation units. Mapping units, viz, Soil Consoication, Soil Complex and miscellaneous land type were used for mapping soils. Soils were classified upto family level and shown as subgroups in the 1:50,000 scale soil map. Soils were mapped as soil sets per basic land unit per subgroup. A model legend for use in the preparation of seimdetailed physiographic cum soil maps is given which is in terms of physiography and Soil Taxonomy qualified by soil sets. 相似文献
8.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):71-75
AbstractThere are numerous computer programs to produce choropleth maps and some work has also been published on the use of a grid matrix as a way of dividing an area into discrete units. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two approaches and evaluate the suitability of using a network of grid cells, each containing a representative value of the variable being mapped, as a way of producing choropleth maps on a computer. 相似文献
9.
The assessment of potential land use in the proposed irrigation command using Remote Sensing and GIS
Suresh Kumar Shriram B Dhaimodkar L M Pande 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2002,30(3):157-166
Standard false colour composites (Std. FCC) on 1:50,000 scale was visually interpreted in conjunction with soil survey to prepare physiographic-soil map. Thirteen mapping units were delineated indicating soil association at family-level. Soil and land resource was evaluated for their land capability and irrigation suitability for its sustained use under irrigation. Land capability and land irrigability maps were generated as attribute map. These maps were integrated to suggest potential land use map. Current land use/land cover map prepared by visual analysis was spatially analysed in relation to potential land use to study potential changes in land use / land cover using GIS. The study reveals that 14.66% area has no limitation and can be brought to intensive agriculture by double cropping. 相似文献
10.
Soil mapping on the scale 1:50,000 was conducted in Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttar Pradesh using Survey of India Topographic maps and utilising aerial photographs of the area which were interpreted for demarcation of physiographic units, vegetation, drainage and other features relevant to soil development. Resulting soil map and soils and land use information have been helpful in presenting an optimum land use and management plan in the area keeping in view of the soils characteristics, terrain features and existing land use, Soils and physiographic interpretation in the area have highlighted significant soil-landscape relationships relevant to land utilization. The other factors responsible for soil formation which could be significant in the area i.e. climate and parent material were also taken into consideration apart from topography. Of all these factors topography was revealed to be the predominant factor governing soil formation in the area. Soil units mapped coincided with the physiographic units demarcated through aerial photo-interpretation. The area of the district could be divided into three climatic zones viz. (i) Cool temperate, (ii) Sub-tropical warm temperate and (iii) tropical following Kaushic (1962). It was noticed that in each climatic zone with the climate being almost uniform within the zone, irrespe tlve of variations in the parent material, soil development was markedly affected by topographly, variations which led to differences in soil characteristics particulary soil texture and amount of coarse fragments. In about 70 percent of the area of the district where slopes are steep to very steep, topography was revealed to be the dominant factor determining characteristic soil development. In the remaining part where slopes are moderate to gentle, parent material is the dominant factor followed by topography. 相似文献
11.
none 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):171-179
AbstractGeographically weighted regression (GWR) is a local spatial statistical technique for exploring spatial nonstationarity. Previous approaches to mapping the results of GWR have primarily employed an equal step classification and sequential no-hue colour scheme for choropleth mapping of parameter estimates. This cartographic approach may hinder the exploration of spatial nonstationarity by inadequately illustrating the spatial distribution of the sign, magnitude, and significance of the influence of each explanatory variable on the dependent variable. Approaches for improving mapping of the results of GWR are illustrated using a case study analysis of population density–median home value relationships in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. These approaches employ data classification schemes informed by the (nonspatial) data distribution, diverging colour schemes, and bivariate choropleth mapping. 相似文献
12.
由于测绘项目需要在野外工作,且具有工作流动性、单一性,资料保密性、特殊性等特点,使得测绘单位与其他工业、工厂、食品生产单位相比,管理更具复杂性。尤其是一些大型工程,如西部无人区测图、全国1∶50 000地形图数据库更新、青海东部黄河谷地百万亩土地开发整理、陕西秦岭1∶10 000无图区等测绘项目,施工过程中若有一点疏忽甚至微小的纰漏就会造成重大工程质量问题。近几年来,国内工程项目质量不合格现象频频发生,形势比较严峻。笔者结合测绘项目的特点提出运用"一法三化"进行测绘质量项目管理的管理理念。 相似文献
13.
14.
R. S. Reddy S. Thayalan C. R. Shiva Prasad P. S. A. Reddy J. L. Sehgal 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1990,18(4):34-44
The study reported herein deals with the utility of satellite remote sensing techniques for land evaluation for agricultural land use planning. False colour composite of Landsat imagery in the scale of 1:250,000 was visually interpreted for physiography that formed the base for mapping soil and land resources in the field. The small-scale soil map thus prepared has thirteen map units with association of soil families. Soil and land resource units shown on these small-scale maps were evaluated for their suitability for growing sorghum crop by matching the relevant land qualities against the land requirements for sorghum. The land evaluation carried out for growing sorghum crop in the study area revealed that about 38.6 per cent is highly suitable (S1), 31.5 per cent moderately suitable (S2) and 24.5 per cent marginally suitable (S3). An area of about 5.4 per cent is not suitable, of which 3.0 per cent is currently not suitable (N1) and 2.4 per cent permanently not suitable for growing sorghum crop. 相似文献
15.
遥感和GIS技术应用于伊拉克南部Basrah省土地利用/覆盖变化及城市扩张研究(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In recent years, land use/cover dynamic change has become a key subject that needs to be dealt with in the study of global
environmental change. In this paper, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map,
and quantify the land use/cover change in the southern part of Iraq (Basrah Province was taken as a case) by using a 1:250
000 mapping scale. Remote sensing and GIS software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery
into five land use and land cover (LULC) classes: vegetation, sand, urban area, unused land, and water bodies. Supervised
classification and normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. An accuracy
assessment was performed on the 2003 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify
and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the 13-year span of time. Results showed that the urban area
had increased by the rate of 1.2% per year, with area expansion from 3 299.1 km2 in 1990 to 3 794.9 km2 in 2003. Large vegetation area in the north and southeast were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover
changes of Basrah Province were mainly caused by rapid development of the urban economy and population immigration from the
countryside. In addition, the former government policy of “returning farmland to transportation and huge expansion in military
camps” was the major driving force for vegetation land change. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used
to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time.
Supported by the Al-Basrah University, Iraq, the Geo-information Science and Technology Program (No. IRT 0438)China). 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACTDespite conceptual and technology advancements in cartography over the decades, choropleth map design and classification fail to address a fundamental issue: estimates that are statistically indifferent may be assigned to different classes on maps or vice versa. Recently, the class separability concept was introduced as a map classification criterion to evaluate the likelihood that estimates in two classes are statistical different. Unfortunately, choropleth maps created according to the separability criterion usually have highly unbalanced classes. To produce reasonably separable but more balanced classes, we propose a heuristic classification approach to consider not just the class separability criterion but also other classification criteria such as evenness and intra-class variability. A geovisual-analytic package was developed to support the heuristic mapping process to evaluate the trade-off between relevant criteria and to select the most preferable classification. Class break values can be adjusted to improve the performance of a classification. 相似文献
17.
G. P. Obi Reddy A. K. Maji C. V. Srinivas S. Thayalan M. Velayutham 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2001,29(1-2):3-16
In the present study, detailed field survey in conjunction with remotely sensed (IRS-1D, LISS-III) data is of immense help in terrain analysis and landscape ecological planning at watershed level. Geomorphologically summit crust, table top summits, isolated mounds. plateau spurs, narrow slopes, plateau side drainage floors, narrow valleys and main valley floor were delineated. The soil depth ranges from extremely shallow in isolated mounds to very deep soils in the lower sectors. Very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater prospect zones were delineated. By the integrated analysis of slope, geomorphology. soil depth, land use/land cover and groundwater prospect layers in GIS. 29 landscape ecological units were identified. Each landscape ecological unit refers to a natural geographic entity having distinctive properties of slope, geomorphology. soil depth, land use/ land cover and groundwater prospects. The landscape ecological stress zone mapping of the study area has been carried out based on the analysis and reclassification of tandscape ecological units. The units having minimum ecological impact in terms of slope, geomorphology, soil depth and land use/land cover were delineated under very low stress landscape ecological zones. The units having maximum ecological stress in the form of very high slopes, isolated mounds, table top summits and summit crust, extremely shallow soils, waste lands and very poor groundwater prospects were delineated into very high stress landscape ecological zones. The integrated analysis of remotely sensed data and collateral data in GIS environment is of immense help in evaluation of landscape ecological units and landscape ecological stress zones. The delineated landscape ecological stress zones in the watershed have been recommended for landscape ecological planning for better utilization of natural resources without harming the natural geo-ecosystem of the area. 相似文献
18.
Remote sensing mapping is an important research direction in the development of geographic surveying and mapping.In order to successfully implement the project of Mapping Western China(MWC),a technical mapping system has been established.In this project,many problems have been solved through technological innovation,such as block adjustment with scarce control points,large-scale aerial/satellite image mapping,and intelligent interpretation of multi-source images.Several softwares were developed,e.g.PixelGrid for aerial/satellite image mapping in a large area,FeatureStation for the integration of multi-source data in the complex terrain areas,and an airborne multi-band and multi-polarization interferometric data acquisition system for SAR mapping.For the first time,full coverage of 1∶50,000 topographic data of China's land territory has been produced,which means the geospatial framework of digital China is basically completed.With the implementation of other key national plans and projects(i.e.national geographic conditions monitoring and national remote sensing map-ping),the focus has changed from MWC to national dynamic mapping.Accordingly,a dynamic mapping system is established.The data acquisition capability has developed from a single source to multiple sources and multiple modalities.The mapping capability has developed into dynamic mapping,and the capability for database update shows the characteristics of colla-boration.The national geographic condition monitoring creates a multi-scale index system for statistical analysis for various needs.A multi-level and multi-dimensional technical system for statistical computing and decision-making service is developed for the transformation from dynamic monitoring to information service.In this paper,we give a brief introduction about the recent development of remote sensing mapping in China with respect to data acquisition,map production,and information service.The purpose of this paper is to motivate the establishment of theory and method for remote sensing mapping,technical and equipment in the smart mapping era,to improve the capability of perceiving,analyzing,mining,and applying geographic data,and to promote the intelligent development of geographic survey-ing and mapping. 相似文献
19.
S. Fleming T. Jordan M. Madden E.L. Usery R. Welch 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2009,64(2):213-222
In order to successfully support current and future US military operations in coastal zones, geospatial information must be rapidly integrated and analyzed to meet ongoing force structure evolution and new mission directives. Coastal zones in a military-operational environment are complex regions that include sea, land and air features that demand high-volume databases of extreme detail within relatively narrow geographic corridors. Static products in the form of analog maps at varying scales traditionally have been used by military commanders and their operational planners. The rapidly changing battlefield of 21st Century warfare, however, demands dynamic mapping solutions. Commercial geographic information system (GIS) software for military-specific applications is now being developed and employed with digital databases to provide customized digital maps of variable scale, content and symbolization tailored to unique demands of military units. Research conducted by the Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science at the University of Georgia demonstrated the utility of GIS-based analysis and digital map creation when developing large-scale (1:10,000) products from littoral warfare databases. The methodology employed–selection of data sources (including high resolution commercial images and Lidar), establishment of analysis/modeling parameters, conduct of vehicle mobility analysis, development of models and generation of products (such as a continuous sea–land DEM and geo-visualization of changing shorelines with tidal levels)–is discussed. Based on observations and identified needs from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, formerly the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, and the Department of Defense, prototype GIS models for military operations in sea, land and air environments were created from multiple data sets of a study area at US Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Results of these models, along with methodologies for developing large-scale littoral warfare databases, aid the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in meeting littoral warfare analysis, modeling and map generation requirements for US military organizations. 相似文献
20.
随着城市人口增长、城镇化趋势扩大、可利用资源急剧减少,动态地掌握城市土地利用现状变化,是有效利用城市的土地资源、加强土地资源监管的重要基础,土地利用现状的调查是最基础的土地资源调查。本文通过分析上海土地利用调查现状和测绘地理信息资源情况,基于测绘地理信息更新机制,结合“多测合一”、季度卫星影像、基础测绘、细化调查等测绘工作,探索了一种动态、可靠的多周期、全覆盖的土地利用变化动态发现方法,并通过试点提出了土地利用变化发现的建议。 相似文献