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青海湖是我国最大的内陆咸水湖泊。本文应用GC-MS和GC-TC-IRMS同位素分析技术,对青海湖水生生物和周围地区陆生生物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素进行了分析,研究了生物中正构烷烃及其同位素组成。结果显示了不同生物中正构烷烃碳数分布范围在C1 5~C33之间,呈单峰型分布;主峰碳数是水生生物(除海韭菜外)相对较低,主要为C23和C25,陆生木本植物次之,为C27;陆生草本植物较高,为C27和C29;CPI值分布在4.0~29.7之间;ACL值为26.0~29.6,分布与植物类型有关。青海湖水生生物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成分布在-209.8‰~-85.6‰之间,平均值为-169.2‰~-121.2‰;陆生植物的正构烷烃δD值为-196.7‰~-84.3‰之间,平均值为-173.0‰~-108.6‰。青海湖不同水生生物和不同陆生生物之间的正构烷烃氢同位素组成差别显著。研究发现,湖泊的含盐量对水生植物的正构烷烃氢同位素具有显著影响,环境湿度和降水量明显影响了陆生植物的正构烷烃氢同位素组成;植物的正构烷烃平均氢同位素组成随着其ACL值增加,具有变轻的趋势;不同种类植物的正构烷烃合成期间具有不同的氢同位素分馏效应,与陆生植物相比较,水生植物的正构烷烃相对于环境水更富集轻氢同位素,并且随着ACL值增加,环境水和正构烷烃之间的氢同位素分馏增大。 相似文献
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为认识低纬度亚热带地区湖泊沉积物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成特征及其与母源输入和生态环境的关系,本文利用气相色谱-高温热转变-同位素比值质谱议(GC-TC-IRMS),对系统采集的抚仙湖沉积物样品中正构烷烃氢同位素进行了测定。抚仙湖沉积正构烷烃δD值分布在-219.3‰~-142.5‰之间,样品中平均值为-208.1‰~-154.5‰,并且奇碳数正构烷烃δD值明显地将样品划分为两种类型。类型Ⅰ样品中正构烷烃平均δD值明显地高于类型Ⅱ样品,反映了它们生物源存在明显差别。沉积物与水生植物和陆生植物中正构烷烃氢同位素组成对比结果指示了沉积C_(17)、C_(21)~C_(25)奇碳数正构烷烃来自水生植物,C_(27)和C_(29)奇碳数正构烷烃主要来自木本植物,C31和C33正构烷烃来自水生和陆生草本植物的混合。对比研究结果表明,湖泊地区生态环境是控制湖泊沉积正构烷烃氢同位素组成的重要因素之一,在利用沉积正构烷烃氢同位素研究古水文学特征时,还要考虑研究区古生态环境对沉积正构烷烃氢同位素的影响,并且结合沉积正构烷烃ACL值和Qw值,才能对沉积有机质中正构烷烃氢同位素组成及变化作出合理的解释。 相似文献
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系统采集了位于青藏高原东北部的尕海湖淡水湖泊沉积物,对沉积物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素进行了分析,研究了沉积物中正构烷烃及其氢同位素组成,探讨了它们的来源。研究结果表明,尕海湖沉积物中正构烷烃分布反映了它们来自水生和陆生植物。尕海湖沉积正构烷烃氢同位素组成平均值为-221.9‰~-190.5‰。C_(21)~C_(33)奇碳数正构烷烃δD值明显地将样品划分为两种类型。类型Ⅰ样品的C_(21)~C_(33)奇碳数正构烷烃平均δD值明显地高于类型Ⅱ样品。类型Ⅰ沉积正构烷烃δD值分布特征反映了它们主要来自尕海湖水生植物;类型Ⅱ沉积物中正构烷烃δD值特征指示了它们主要来自研究区陆生草本植物。提出了具有δD值低、丰度高和CPI值低的中等链长正构烷烃起源于改造陆源草本植物的细菌。研究成果证实了沉积正构烷烃δD值可以作为指示有机质源的地球化学指标。 相似文献
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不同纬度地区植物中正构烷烃及其同位素组成 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文应用GC-MS和GC-TC-IRMS同位素分析技术,对我国北部柴达木盆地花土沟至南部广西南宁5个地区草、芦苇和树叶3类植物中正构烷烃及其碳氢同位素进行了分析.结果显示了不同纬度地区植物中正构烷烃碳数分布在C15～C30之间,呈单峰型分布,主峰碳数为C27、C29和C31;CPI值分布在3.49～17.25之间,平均值是草＜芦苇＜树叶;ACL值为26.24～30.26,平均值是草＞芦苇＞树叶.研究发现,随着植物生长地区纬度的增高和年平均气温的降低,植物中正构烷烃主峰碳数、CPI值、ACL值都降低,并且纬度每增加1.,草、芦苇和树叶中ACL值分别减少0.08、0.22和0.36;气温每增加1℃,草、芦苇和树叶中ACL值分别增加0.04、0.24和0.20.研究样品中C27和C29正构烷烃的δ13C值分布在-25.3‰～-35.5‰之间,草具有相对轻的碳同位素组成;C27和C29正构烷烃碳同位素组成与环境因子(如纬度和温度)之间的相关性,在这次研究中没有观察到.样品中C27和C29正构烷烃δD值分布在-132.1‰～-192.6‰之间,草具有相对轻的氢同位素组成.随着纬度增加和气温降低,草和树叶中C27和C29正构烷烃富集轻同位素.因此,可以应用草、芦苇和树叶中正构烷烃主峰碳数、CPI值和ACL值以及草、树叶中C27、C29正构烷烃δD值指示环境特征. 相似文献
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以柴达木盆地北缘不同构造带代表性原油作为研究对象,采用GC-TC-IRMS技术对原油中正构烷烃单体碳、氢同位素进行测定。利用样品正构烷烃单体碳、氢同位素组成特征及分布模式,进行原油成因类型划分和对比分析。研究结果表明,正构烷烃可溶有机质的δ13C分布在-36‰～-25‰,δD分布在-180‰～-110‰。对比发现,不同构造带原油中正构烷烃单体碳、氢同位素组成特征上存在着比较明显的差别。以-30‰（δ13C）和 -140‰（δD）作为分界,结合同位素曲线的分布型式,可以划分为不同的分布模式判识生烃母质和沉积环境。 相似文献
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近年来，随着高温裂解－色谱－同位素质谱技术的发展，使有机分子化合物氢同位素的生物地球化学研究成为可能，并已被应用到湖泊沉积物、泥炭等地质记录的古环境研究中。然而，由于目前对陆地植物有机分子化合物氢同位素组成变化与气候变化之间关系很好的认识，造成了地质纪录中的有机分子化合物氢同位素组成变化解释的不确定性。笔者利用 GC/TE/IRMS 方法初步测定了中国西北地区干旱－半干旱地区现代植物和黄土/古土壤序列中正构烷烃组分（主要来自植物叶蜡）的氢同位素组成。来自34个现代植物（包括21个C3 植物和 13个 C4 植物）的δD值变化为 C27 为－10‰～－200‰、C29 为－115‰～－205‰、C31为－113‰～－226‰。结果表明：与目前人们的认识不同，植物叶蜡的氢同位素组成与植物光和作用方式（C3 或 C4 植物）相关性较弱，而与植物的类型（木本和草本）相关；尽管降雨、温度、光合作用方式等因素可能影响植物氢同位素分馏效应，但植物氢同位素组成更大程度的受控于植物生长来源水中的氢同位素组成。黄土高原西峰黄土/古土壤剖面过云130 kyr正构烷烃组分的平均氢同位素组成变化为－140‰～－190‰。偏正δD峰值对应于相对干旱的黄土沉积阶段（海洋氧同位素阶段2和4），而偏负的 δD 峰值对应于相对湿润的古土壤发育阶段（海洋氧同位素阶段 1、3 和 5）。笔者认为黄土/古土壤序列的有机分子化合物的氢同位素组成记录了东亚季风气候控制下中国北方干旱、半干旱地区植被的演化及相应的气候干/湿变化。 相似文献
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C. R. Paslick Alex N. Halliday R. A. Lange D. James J. B. Dawson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,125(4):277-292
Alkali basalts and nephelinites from the volcanic province of northern Tanzania contain pyroxene and nepheline that show
evidence for chemical and/or isotopic disequilibria with their host magmas. Olivine, pyroxene, nepheline and plagioclase all
appear to be partially xenocrystic in origin. Five whole rock/mineral separate pairs have been analyzed for Sr, Nd, and Pb
isotopic compositions. The 206Pb/204Pb ratios are distinct by as much as 20.94 (whole rock) vs. 19.10 (clinopyroxene separate). The Sr and Nd isotopic disequilibria
vary from insignificant in the case of nepheline, to Δ 87Sr/86Sr of 0.0002 and ΔɛNd of 0.7 in the case of clinopyroxene. The mineral chemistry of 25 samples indicates the ubiquitous presence of minerals that
did not crystallize from a liquid represented by the host rock. The northern Tanzanian magmas are peralkaline and exhibit
none of the xenocrystic phases expected from crustal assimilation. The disequilibria cannot be the result of mantle source
variations. Rather the xenocrystic phases present appear to have been derived from earlier alkali basaltic rocks or magmas
that were contaminated by the crust. Material from this earlier magma was then mixed with batches of magma that subsequently
erupted on the surface. Disequilibrium in volcanic rocks has potentially serious consequences for the use of whole rock data
to identify source reservoirs. However, mass balance calculations reveal that the 206Pb/204Pb isotopic compositions of the erupted lavas were changed by less than 0.25% as a result of this indirect crustal contamination.
Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 4 May 1996 相似文献
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Melesse Alemayehu Hong-Fu Zhang Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Muhammed Haji 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(1):99-108
We report Lithium (Li) concentrations and isotopic compositions for co-existing olivine, orthopyroxene (opx), and clinopyroxene (cpx) mineral separates from depleted and metasomatised peridotite xenoliths hosted by basaltic lavas from northwestern Ethiopian plateau (Gundeweyn area). The peridotites contain five lherzolites and one harzburgite and are variably depleted and enriched in LREE relative to HREE. In both depleted and enriched lherzolites, Li is preferentially incorporated into olivine (2.4-3.3 ppm) compared to opx (1.4-2.1 ppm) and cpx (1.4-2.0 ppm) whereas the Li contents of olivines (5.4 ppm) from an enriched harzburgiteare higher than those of lherzolites. Olivines from the samples show higher Li abundances than normal mantle olivines (1.6-1.9 ppm) indicating the occurrence of Li enrichments through melt-preroditite interaction. The average δ7 Li values range from +2.2 to +6.0‰ in olivine, from -0.1 to +2.0‰ in opx and from -4.4 to -0.9‰ in cpx from the lherzolites. The Li isotopic composition (3.5‰) of olivines from harzburgite fall within the range of olivine from lherzolites but the opxs show low in δ7Li (-2.0‰). Overall Li isotopic compositions of olivines from the peridotites fall within the range of normal mantle olivine, δ7Li values of ~+4±2‰ within uncertainty, reflecting metasomatism (enrichment) of the peridotites by isotopically heavy Li-rich asthenospheric melt. Li isotope zonation is also observed in most peridotite minerals. Majority of olivine grains display isotopically heavy cores and light rims and the reverse case is observed for some olivine grains. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene grains show irregular distribution in δ7Li. These features of Li isotopic compositions within and between grains in the samples reflect the effect of diffusion-driven isotopic fractionation during meltperidotite interaction and cooling processes. 相似文献
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Minor elements in sphalerite and galena from Binnatal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stefan Graeser 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,24(2):156-163
The trace element contents of 23 sphalerites and galenas from Binnatal, Switzerland, have been determined. Most of these samples have been previously studied in respect to lead and sulphur isotope abundances. Coloration of sphalerites — varying from yellow to black for nearly identical iron contents — seems to be strongly influenced by the manganese content. A linear relationship between sulphur isotope composition and copper content in sphalerites was found. Trace elements in galenas show a significant inverse relationship between silver and copper. With the determination of the bismuth content, it is possible to distinguish several galena types; a similar grouping has been found by lead isotope determinations. The results of the trace analyses are discussed in connection with the occurrence of a large number of very rare and special Pb-As-sulphosalt minerals in the Binnatal dolomites. 相似文献
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Ten rare-earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, Yb and Lu) and Ta, Th and Hf contents in eight kimberlites and inclusions from Greenland and Zambia have been determined by instrumental neutron activation. All the samples have highly fractionated rare-earth (REE) distribution patterns. La/Yb ratios in the Greenland kimberlites (hypabyssal facies) vary from 111.8 to 188.4, and the total rare-earth contents range from 204.8 to 380.3 ppm. No europium anomaly is present. The Zambian kimberlites (diatreme facies) are altered and carbonated. Rare-earth patterns in these are also light REE-enriched. A significant difference is shown to exist between the diatreme and hypabyssal facies of kimberlites. 相似文献
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Mapping of hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides in developing countries: Examples from Honduras and Micronesia 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Edwin L. Harp Mark E. Reid Jonathan P. McKenna John A. Michael 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):295-311
Loss of life and property caused by landslides triggered by extreme rainfall events demonstrates the need for landslide-hazard assessment in developing countries where recovery from such events often exceeds the country's resources. Mapping landslide hazards in developing countries where the need for landslide-hazard mitigation is great but the resources are few is a challenging, but not intractable problem. The minimum requirements for constructing a physically based landslide-hazard map from a landslide-triggering storm, using the simple methods we discuss, are: (1) an accurate mapped landslide inventory, (2) a slope map derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) or topographic map, and (3) material strength properties of the slopes involved. Provided that the landslide distribution from a triggering event can be documented and mapped, it is often possible to glean enough topographic and geologic information from existing databases to produce a reliable map that depicts landslide hazards from an extreme event. Most areas of the world have enough topographic information to provide digital elevation models from which to construct slope maps. In the likely event that engineering properties of slope materials are not available, reasonable estimates can be made with detailed field examination by engineering geologists or geotechnical engineers. Resulting landslide hazard maps can be used as tools to guide relocation and redevelopment, or, more likely, temporary relocation efforts during severe storm events such as hurricanes/typhoons to minimize loss of life and property. We illustrate these methods in two case studies of lethal landslides in developing countries: Tegucigalpa, Honduras (during Hurricane Mitch in 1998) and the Chuuk Islands, Micronesia (during Typhoon Chata'an in 2002). 相似文献
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《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(9-10):1332-1343
The growth of a well-dated stalagmite from Barbados records high infiltration rates into the karst aquifer and hence increased rainfall intensity between 6.7 and 3 ka BP in agreement with records from Lake Miragoane, Haiti [Hodell et al., 1991. Reconstruction of the Caribbean climate change over the past 10,500 years. Nature 352, 790–793], mainly reflecting the insolation maximum of the Northern Hemisphere. Both the lake record and the stable isotope record of the stalagmite reveal additional centennial variability of recharge. High oxygen isotope values in stalagmite calcite, corresponding to reduced recharge, are synchronous with periods of lower stable isotope values recorded in Lake Miragoane ostracods, previously attributed to enhanced precipitation. Accordingly, periods of increased recharge in Barbados correspond to 18O-enriched isotope values of ostracods, which were attributed to higher evaporation/precipitation ratios in the lakes. We ascribe this apparent discrepancy to changes in seasonality, i.e., winter periods of reduced temperature and relative humidity following summer months of increased precipitation. At present, such climate conditions occur during periods of enhanced Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+). If enhanced seasonality is a consequence of a NAO+ situation, the apparent discrepancy of high isotope values in lakes (previously attributed to droughts) can be reconciled with lower winter temperatures in the lakes. Further, the correlation of solar intensity (derived from 14C and 10Be) with the isotopic signals recorded in the lacustrine sediments suggests a solar forcing of the NAO during the mid Holocene. 相似文献
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G. N. Baturin 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2002,37(5):412-428
The behavior of molybdenum and manganese is studied in phosphorite samples from shelves, seamounts, and islands of the ocean. In shelf phosphorites, molybdenum and manganese contents are 2–128 and 12–1915 ppm, respectively, while the Mo/Mn ratio ranges from 0.004 to 4.5. Phosphorites from oceanic seamounts impregnated with ferromanganese oxyhydroxides contain 0.84–14.5 ppm of Mo and 0.1–17% of Mn. The Mo/Mn ratio ranges within 0.0008–0.004. Phosphate-bearing ferromanganese crusts overlying the seamount phosphorites contain 54–798 ppm of Mo and 10–20% of Mn; Mo/Mn ratio varies within 0.002–0.005. Corresponding values for most island phosphorites are 0.44–11.2 ppm, 27–287 ppm, and 0.008–0.20, respectively. Phosphorites from reduced environments are characterized by a relative enrichment in Mo and depletion in Mn, whereas the Mo/Mn ratio reaches maximum values. The ratio decreases with transition to suboxic and oxic conditions. Molybdenum content in recent shelf sediments is commonly higher than that in authigenic phosphorites from these sediments. Recent phosphorite nodules from the Namibian shelf become depleted in Mo and Mn during their lithification, but Pliocene–Pleistocene nodules of similar composition and origin from the same region are enriched in Mo and characterized by a variable Mn content. The higher Mo content in phosphate-bearing ferromanganese crusts is a result of coprecipitation of Mo and Mn from seawater. Nonweathered phosphorites on continents and phosphorites from oceanic shelves are largely enriched in Mo with the Mo/Mn ratio ranging from 0.01 to 1.0. This is an evidence of their formation in reducing conditions. 相似文献
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Mag. Ch. Spötl 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1989,40(3):225-233
Summary Back-scattered electron imagery (BSE) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray elemental analysis was applied to petrographic investigations of recrystallized, anchimetamorphic breunnerites (ferroan magnesites). Analyses of polished thin sections allowed the recognition of a complex zoning pattern, invisible by transmitted or reflected light microscopy. Breunnerite precipitation and replacement started with (Mg0.90Fe0.07Ca0.01Mn0.02) CO3 and proceeded towards (Mg0.73Fe0.22Ca0.00Mn0.05)CO3. This precipitation sequence was interrupted by at least two major events of reverse zoning (i.e. Fe-rich zones followed by Fe-poor ones). Resorption surfaces in Fe-poor zones are common and prove that short-term fluctuations occurred in the paleobrine composition and/or paleotemperature.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
Nachweis komplexer zonierung und resorption im breunnerit mittels Rückstreuelektronenbilder
Zusammenfassung Breunnerit-Proben von der Typlokalität evaporitischer Magnesitlagerstätten (ehemaliger Salzbergbau Hall in Tirol/Österreich) wurden an Hand von Rückstreuelektronen(BSE)-Bildern und energiedispersiven Röntgenanalysen (EDS) untersucht. Während Durch- und Auflichtmikroskopie lediglich eine zweiphasige Kristallisationsgeschichte erkennen ließen, konnte mittels BSE-Bildern eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der spätdiagenetischen bzw. anchimetamorphen Breunneritbildung durchgeführt werden. Ein genereller Trend zu Fe-reicheren, häufig oszillierend-zonierter Mischkristalle der Reihe Magnesit-Siderit konnte erkannt werden, der jedoch von mindestens zwei invers zonierten Phasen unterbrochen wurde. Resorptionserscheinungen in den Fe-ärmeren Zonen sind verbreitet und belegen kurzfristige Fluktuationen in der Paläofluid-Zusammensetzung und/oder dessen Paläotemperatur.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
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Leonard Boszke Artur Kowalski Aleksander Astel Andrzej Barański Barbara Gworek Jerzy Siepak 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(5):1075-1087
The mobility and bioavailability of mercury in the soil from the area near a plant using elemental mercury for manufacturing
thermometers, areometers, glass energy switches and other articles made of technical glass has been evaluated. Mercury has
been determined by sequential extraction method and with additional thermo desorption stage to determine elemental mercury.
The procedure of sequential extraction involves five subsequent stages performed with the solutions of chloroform, deionized
water, 0.5 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and aqua regia. The mean concentration of total mercury in soil was 147 ± 107 μg g−1 dry mass (range 62–393), and the fractionation revealed that mercury was mainly bound to sulfides 56 ± 8% (range 45–66),
one of the most biounavailable and immobile species of mercury in the environment. The fractions that brought lower contribution
to the total mercury content were semi-mobile humic matter 22 ± 9% (range 11–34) and elemental mercury 17 ± 5% (range 8–23).
The contributions brought by the highly mobile and toxic organomercury compounds were still lower 2.3 ± 2.7% (range 0.01–6.5).
The lowest contributions brought the acid-soluble mercury 1.5 ± 1.3% (range 0.1–3.5) and water-soluble mercury 1.0 ± 0.3%
(range 0.6–1.7). The surface layer of soil (0–20 cm) was characterized by higher mercury concentrations than that of the subsurface
soil (60–80 cm), but the fractional contributions were comparable. The comparison of mercury fractionation results obtained
in this study for highly polluted soils with results of fractionation of uncontaminated or moderately contaminated samples
of soil and sediments had not shown significant statistical differences; however, in the last samples elemental mercury is
usually present at very low concentrations. On the basis of obtained correlation coefficients it seems that elemental mercury
soils from “Areometer” plant are contaminated; the main transformation is its vaporization to atmosphere and oxidation to
divalent mercury, probably mainly mediated by organic matter, and next bound to humic matter and sulfides. 相似文献