共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
C. R. Dietrich G. N. Newsam 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1989,3(4):293-316
In recent years, geostatistical concepts have been applied to the inverse problem of transmissivity estimation from piezometric head data. It has been claimed that such methods overcome various difficulties encountered in other approaches. However, the reconstruction of transmissivity from head measurements is ill-posed as it depends on derivatives of the head field. Consequently, any accurate method for its solution is likely to encounter numerically ill-conditioned systems. This paper reviews the geostatistical approach, and uses the stability analyses of linear algebra to show that, as the amount of available data increases and the discretization of the system is refined, both a numerically ill-conditioned parameter estimation problem and ill-conditioned cokriging equations may appear. Therefore, while the geostatistical approach does have conceptual appeal, it does not avoid the fundamental difficulties arising out of the ill-posed nature of transmissivity identification. Instead, the method is likely to be quite sensitive to these difficulties, so care must be taken in its formulation to minimize their effects. A means to stabilize the geostatistical method is suggested and numerical experiments that highlight key points of our analysis are given. 相似文献
2.
To assess the post-earthquake seismic safety of buildings, it is crucial to predict seismic response, and it is necessary to set the appropriate physical parameters of the response analysis model. Numerous methods have been proposed to identify physical parameters. However, most of them are limited to linear systems, and previous researches on nonlinear systems have difficulties in practical applications. In this paper, a nonlinear response analysis model is identified for a full-scale ten-story reinforced concrete building with the degrading tri-linear stiffness model by the modal iterative error correction (MIEC) method, and the accuracy of this technique is discussed by comparing with the shaking table test. 相似文献
3.
NETPATH‐WIN is an interactive user version of NETPATH, an inverse geochemical modeling code used to find mass‐balance reaction models that are consistent with the observed chemical and isotopic composition of waters from aquatic systems. NETPATH‐WIN was constructed to migrate NETPATH applications into the Microsoft WINDOWS® environment. The new version facilitates model utilization by eliminating difficulties in data preparation and results analysis of the DOS version of NETPATH, while preserving all of the capabilities of the original version. Through example applications, the note describes some of the features of NETPATH‐WIN as applied to adjustment of radiocarbon data for geochemical reactions in groundwater systems. 相似文献
4.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2015,(7)
We discuss the concepts, research methods, and infrastructure of watershed science. A watershed is a basic unit and possesses all of the complexities of the land surface system, thereby making it the best unit for practicing Earth system science. Watershed science is an Earth system science practiced on a watershed scale, and it has developed rapidly over the previous two decades. The goal of watershed science is to understand and predict the behavior of complex watershed systems and support the sustainable development of watersheds. However, watershed science confronts the difficulties of understanding complex systems, achieving scale transformation, and simulating the co-evolution of the human-nature system. These difficulties are fundamentally methodological challenges. Therefore, we discuss the research methods of watershed science, which include the self-organized complex system method, the upscaling method dominated by statistical mechanics, Darwinian approaches based on selection and evolutionary principles, hydro-economic and eco-economic methods that emphasize the human-nature system co-evolution, and meta-synthesis for addressing unstructured problems. These approaches together can create a bridge between holism and reductionism and work as a group of operational methods to combine hard and soft integrations and capture all aspects of both natural and human systems. These methods will contribute to the maturation of watershed science and to a methodology that can be used throughout land-surface systems science. 相似文献
5.
Petrophysical evaluation and its application to AVO based on conventional and CMR-MDT logs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
常规测井为 AVO 分析提供了基础的资料, 成为联系岩石物理与地震资料的桥梁。然而如果储层存在有复杂的流体系统, 如地层被严重地层流体侵入、电阻率响应低及盐水矿化度复杂等的现象, 则常规测井无法提供高质量的测井资料, 导致得出错误的弹性计算结果, 使 AVO 结果与地震资料不吻合。中国渤海湾地区第三系裂缝性储层复杂, 我们利用常规测井和核磁共振测井与模块地层动态测试相结合的组合仪完成了地层评价和储层描述。研究结果表明岩石物理学家利用上述方法技术可以获得诸如空隙度、渗透率、含水饱和度、束缚流体以及空隙压力等重要的储层参数并进一步综合应用这些结果和以实验室测量数据为基础的岩性分析结果进行在地震域岩石物理研究和 AVO 分析。 相似文献
6.
基于交叉梯度结构约束的不同数据的联合反演可以提高地球物理成像的可靠度,但是由于不同观测数据对地下介质的灵敏度不同以及不同反演系统灵敏度矩阵元素的数值可能存在较大的差异,导致构建和求解联合反演系统存在很大的挑战.针对以上问题,本文提出一种新的基于单独反演模型更新量与交叉梯度结构约束相结合的联合反演策略.该策略利用单独反演系统分别确定出各个模型的更新量,然后利用它们约束交叉梯度系统的反演,得出新的模型更新量.通过这样的方式,有效实现了数据拟合与结构约束的平衡,实现了基于交叉梯度联合反演的目标.新的联合反演策略不需要对原来单独反演程序修改即可实现联合反演,减小了联合反演实现的难度,极大地提高了联合反演的易实现性,而且避免了联合反演矩阵存储及结构过于复杂难以求解的问题.基于新的策略,本文首次实现了基于交叉梯度结构约束的三维地震走时与直流电阻率联合反演.合成模型测试表明,与单一成像相比,联合成像减少了地震走时反演中出现的干扰异常并提高了电阻率反演的分辨率. 相似文献
7.
E. D. Ongley 《水文研究》1987,1(2):171-179
Assessment of man's impact on fluvial systems frequently involves extrapolation in time and space from data collected as part of a water quality network. Extrapolation represents information transfer and is used for scenario building and risk assessment. Transfer functions for non-conservative quality variables are poorly understood. Metals, phosphorus, and organic contaminants, which are preferentially transported in association with suspended sediment, are especially susceptible to extrapolation errors. Information loss, which is inherent in extrapolation procedures, is characterized for sediment-associated substances by examining the assumptions and limitations of the sediment delivery ratio. A practical demonstration of scale effects and interpretive difficulties is provided using data from the Bow River, Alberta. Guidelines for data assessment and extrapolation are summarized for temporal effects and for three different spatial scales. 相似文献
8.
9.
Acceleration measurements often provide engineers with a means by which to determine the forces within dynamic structural systems; however, for certain problems, information about the structural motion and the displacement-time history may also be of interest. One such application deals with the evaluation of stiffness in reinforced concrete structures during seismic events. Scaled model test of these events suggest that the stiffness of these structures often degrades drastically. The displacement response of these seismic events is required both for the hysteresis curve (load vs displacement) and evaluation of postulated structural stiffness models. By applying data processing techniques to acceleration data obtained from scaled model tests, displacement-time histories were obtained for low aspect shear walls subjected to simulated seismic loadings. Procedures, difficulties, and results of this work are discussed herein. 相似文献
10.
随钻测井是一种能在钻头钻进过程中通过安装在钻头附近的传感器实时获取和传输测井数据的技术.实时可靠高效的传输测井数据是随钻测井研究领域的关键问题.目前随钻测井系统普遍使用的测井数据传输方式是钻井液压力脉冲遥测传输.钻井液信道是一种长时延极低速单向无反馈删除信道,因此利用传统的差错控制方法无法在保障测井数据传输实时性的同时纠正信道噪声引起的实时测井数据传输错误.为此本文提出了一种基于压缩感知理论的随钻测井数据信道编码传输方法,该方法具有短码长线性编译码复杂度的优点.地面接收端通过压缩感知重构算法恢复井下测井数据,在保障测井数据传输实时性的同时使得地面施工人员能在随机删除信道条件下正确的获得全部井下实时测井数据.钻井现场真实测井数据编码实验表明,本文所提方法在不影响测井数据传输实时性的前提下大大提高了测井数据的抗信道删除能力,降低了由于信道删除带来的测井数据丢包率,而且允许测井施工人员根据实际钻井液信道状态灵活调整发送码率,以实现不同删除概率信道下的测井数据可靠传输. 相似文献
11.
Abstract There are considerable difficulties in assembling global hydrological data sets in near real time, data that might be used for deciding investment for sustainable water resources development and management, for environmental protection and for studying global change. Several reasons exist for these difficulties, a new one is that many countries have recently been cutting back on hydrological networks and the services that operate them. This means that knowledge of the World's water resources is getting worse when the global demand for water is accelerating. By way of contrast, meteorologists have ready access to large volumes of global data, much of it in real time, principally through WMO's World Weather Watch (WWW). A World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) is proposed to facilitate access to global data and support hydrological services in need. A world-wide network of about 1000 stations is planned for the largest rivers, together with associated data bases and products to meet the needs of users. WHYCOS would start in Africa with a 100-station network and be expanded to other regions. It is a necessary tool for averting the coming water crisis and essential to the drive towards sustainable development. 相似文献
12.
This paper presents an approach to identify structural parameters using the Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive transversal filter. This method features easy computer simulation and fast data processing. This approach is effective even in the presence of input noise when it is applied in communications; however, this advantage is not obvious when it is used in structural systems, since the signal bandwidht it deals with in communications is much wider than the bandwidth in structure systems. With a low-pass filter added to a data acquisition system, this approach functions effectively for both linear and nonlinear structural systems. Numerical examples and experimental tests have been included to demonstrate the technique for both linear and nonlinear systems. 相似文献
13.
Modelling of field-scale transport of chemicals is of deep interest to public as well as private sectors, and it represents an area of active theoretical research in many environmentally-based disciplines. However, the experimental data needed to validate field-scale transport models are very limited due to the numerous logistic difficulties that one faces out. 相似文献
14.
Roberta Padulano Pierfranco Costabile Carmelina Costanzo Guido Rianna Giuseppe Del Giudice Paola Mercogliano 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14436
Understanding and modelling pluvial flood patterns is pivotal for the estimation of flood impacts in urban areas, especially in a climate change perspective. However, urban flood modelling under climate change conditions poses several challenges. On one hand, the identification and collection of climate change data suitable for flood-related evaluations requires consistent computational and scientific effort. On the other hand, large difficulties can arise in the reproduction of the rainfall-runoff transformation process in cases when only little information about the subsurface processes is known. In this perspective, a simplified approach is proposed to address the challenges regarding the quantitative estimation of climate change effects on urban flooding for real case applications. The approach is defined as “bottom-up” because climate change information is not included in flood modelling, but it is only invoked for the interpretation of results. In other words, the challenge faced in this work is the development of a modelling strategy that is expeditious, because it does not require flood simulations for future rainfall scenarios, but only under current climate conditions, thus reducing the overall computational effort; and it is flexible, because results can be easily updated once new climate change data, scenarios or methods become available, without the need of additional flood simulations. To simulate real case applications, the approach is tested for a scenario analysis, where different return periods and hyetograph shapes are used as input for urban inundation modelling in Naples, Italy. The approach can support public and private stakeholders, such as land administrators and water systems managers; moreover, it represents a valuable and effective basis for climate change risk communication strategies. 相似文献
15.
A family of unconditionally stable algorithms for the economical computation of large linear dynamic systems is described and applied. Possible application to divergent systems is considered and some of the difficulties of extending the use of the algorithms to non-linear systems are discussed. In the Appendix a previously developed conditionally stable algorithm is applied to the non-linear gust response of a prestressed cable roof structure over the Munich Olympic Stadium. The idealization involves 1,164 degrees of freedom. 相似文献
16.
F. A. El-Awar J. W. Labadie T. B. M. J. Ouarda 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1998,12(4):247-266
: As with all dynamic programming formulations, differential dynamic programming (DDP) successfully exploits the sequential
decision structure of multi-reservoir optimization problems, overcomes difficulties with the nonconvexity of energy production
functions for hydropower systems, and provides optimal feedback release policies. DDP is particularly well suited to optimizing
large-scale multi-reservoir systems due to its relative insensitivity to state-space dimensionality. This advantage of DDP
encourages expansion of the state vector to include additional multi-lag hydrologic information and/or future inflow forecasts
in developing optimal reservoir release policies. Unfortunately, attempts at extending DDP to the stochastic case have not
been entirely successful. A modified stochastic DDP algorithm is presented which overcomes difficulties in previous formulations.
Application of the algorithm to a four-reservoir hydropower system demonstrates its capabilities as an efficient approach
to solving stochastic multi-reservoir optimization problems. The algorithm is also applied to a single reservoir problem with
inclusion of multi-lag hydrologic information in the state vector. Results provide evidence of significant benefits in direct
inclusion of expanded hydrologic state information in optimal feedback release policies. 相似文献
17.
F. A. El-Awar J. W. Labadie T. B. M. J. Ouarda 《Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics》1998,12(4):247-266
: As with all dynamic programming formulations, differential dynamic programming (DDP) successfully exploits the sequential
decision structure of multi-reservoir optimization problems, overcomes difficulties with the nonconvexity of energy production
functions for hydropower systems, and provides optimal feedback release policies. DDP is particularly well suited to optimizing
large-scale multi-reservoir systems due to its relative insensitivity to state-space dimensionality. This advantage of DDP
encourages expansion of the state vector to include additional multi-lag hydrologic information and/or future inflow forecasts
in developing optimal reservoir release policies. Unfortunately, attempts at extending DDP to the stochastic case have not
been entirely successful. A modified stochastic DDP algorithm is presented which overcomes difficulties in previous formulations.
Application of the algorithm to a four-reservoir hydropower system demonstrates its capabilities as an efficient approach
to solving stochastic multi-reservoir optimization problems. The algorithm is also applied to a single reservoir problem with
inclusion of multi-lag hydrologic information in the state vector. Results provide evidence of significant benefits in direct
inclusion of expanded hydrologic state information in optimal feedback release policies. 相似文献
18.
地震短临预报问题已被提到议事日程,是出自社会的需要,也是由于许多前兆手段(只要它能作较为连续的观测),都曾得到一些短临异常资料。这些资料是珍贵而令人鼓舞的,不过迄今为止,人们对实现准确的短临预测仍感极度困难。不断分析困难的原因,才能寻求出前进之路。 相似文献
19.
Miriam Colombi Barbara Borzi Helen Crowley Mauro Onida Fabrizio Meroni Rui Pinho 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(3):485-504
The concerted effort to collect earthquake damage data in Italy over the past 30 years has led to the development of an extensive
database from which vulnerability predictions for the Italian building stock can be derived. A methodology to derive empirical
vulnerability curves with the aforementioned data is presented herein and the resulting curves have been directly compared
with mechanics-based vulnerability curves. However, it has been found that a valid comparison between the empirical and analytical
vulnerability curves is not possible mainly due to a number of shortcomings in the database of surveyed buildings. A detailed
discussion of the difficulties in deriving vulnerability curves from the current observed damage database is thus also presented. 相似文献
20.
We present a framework for design and deployment of decision support modeling based on metrics which have their roots in the scientific method. Application of these metrics to decision support modeling requires recognition of the importance of data assimilation and predictive uncertainty quantification in this type of modeling. The difficulties of implementing these procedures depend on the relationship between data that is available for assimilation and the nature of the prediction(s) that a decision support model is required to make. Three different data/prediction contexts are identified. Unfortunately, groundwater modeling is generally aligned with the most difficult of these. It is suggested that these difficulties can generally be ameliorated through appropriate model design. This design requires strategic abstraction of parameters and processes in a way that is optimal for the making of one particular prediction but is not necessarily optimal for the making of another. It is further suggested that the focus of decision support modeling should be on the ability of a model to provide receptacles for decision-pertinent information rather than on its purported ability to simulate environmental processes. While models are compromised in both of these roles, this view makes it clear that simulation should serve data assimilation and not the other way around. Data assimilation enables the uncertainties of decision-critical model predictions to be quantified and maybe reduced. Decision support modeling requires this. 相似文献