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1.
Hydrographic data from eleven 1986–1991 cruises at zonal sections near 8°N from the Philippine coast to 130°E were used to examine thermohaline structures and water mass properties of the western boundary currents there, especially those of the Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC). The finding that the MUC consisted of two water masses with salinity of 34.6 at 26.9 σt and 34.52 at 27.2 σt which were remnants of the lower part of the Southern Pacific Subtropical Water (SPSW) and of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) of South Pacific origin, respectively, showed that the MUC was not a local transient but originated elsewhere. As the MUC flowed from 7.5°N to 8°N, part of it carrying the SPSW turns anticyclonically and eastward. The Northern Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) often joins the MUC, which suggests that the NPIW carried by the MC partly returns northward as a result of the shear between the MC and the MUC or other processes. The shear instability provides the energy for the irregular fluctuation of the MUC. Contribution No. 3256 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project 49176255 and 49706066 supported by NSFC, and also by Foundation of Post-doctoral Research.  相似文献   

2.
A 1.5-layer reduced-gravity model forced by wind stress is used to study the bifurcations of the North Equatorial Current(NEC).The authors found that after removing the Ekman drift,the modelled circulations can serve well as a proxy of the SODA circulations on the σθ=25.0 kg m～-3 potential density surface based on available long-term reanalysis wind stress data.The modelled results show that the location of the western boundary bifurcation of the NEC depends on both zonal averaged and local zero wind stress curl latitude.The effects of the anomalous wind stress curl added in different areas are also investigated and it is found that they can change the strength of the Mindanao Eddy(ME),and then influence the interior pathway.  相似文献   

3.
The results obtained from the Cu(II)%-pH curve of the system in the presence of added amino acid indicated that the added amino acids of higher concentration can inhibit the Cu(II)-σ-MnO2 ion exchange and that their inhibiting effects decrease in the following sequence when the initial amino acid concentrations are 20.00 ppm: histidine > cystine > glutamic acid > proline > alanine > glycine. The determination of amino acid in solution performed with an amino acid analyser showed that added amino acids react chemically on the surface of the σ-MnO2 According to thermodynamic equilibria relations in the system, amino acids can be changed to amines because of their decarboxylation on the surface of the σ-MnO2. Considering (1) the effect-inhibiting factor of amine FA(β, Ka, pH) representing the complex potential of amine with Cu(II) in solution and (2) the acidic constant of −NH 3 + group in the amine molecule representing the ability of cation exchange of the amine with σ-MnO2, the inhibiting seqence of added amino acid of 20.00 ppm (Eq.(1)) is reasonable. Thus added amino acids do inhibit Cu(II)-σ-MnO2 ion exchange because (1) the amino acid and/ or amine, which is the decarboxylate of the corresponding amino acid, complex with Cu(II) in solution and compete with σ-MnO2 for Cu(II); (2) the cation exchange of the amino acid and/or amine reduce the exchange site on the surface of the σ-MnO2. The results obtained from the isotherms indicated that the theory of interfacial stepwise ion exchange can be extended to the Cu(II) σ-MnO2 ion exchange system in the presence of added amino acid.  相似文献   

4.
Preconsolidation stress ( σ P') is the maximum effective stress that a soil has suffered throughout its life. From a geotechnical point of view, pre-consolidation stress has great importance because it separates elastic and reversible deformations from inelastic and only partially irreversible deformations and marks the starting point of high compressibility. In this study we calculated the preconsolidation stress for 72 undisturbed soil samples from the Yellow River Delta, using the oedometer tes...  相似文献   

5.
现代大陆动力学及构造学研究认为,壳内软弱带控制着地壳与地幔间相互作用的强弱,制约岩石圈层间的耦合关系,同时也影响地块的相互作用方式。这种耦合作用可以通过比较不同深度的形变和应力的相关特征来分析。青藏高原东南缘20～35 km的深度广泛存在低速带,有可能在现今地震及构造活动区内由壳内部分熔融承担了潜在的解耦功能。基于1999～2015年GPS坐标时间序列数据得到速度场,结合前人给出的SKS剪切波分裂数据,分析该区水平方向形变耦合特征;同时搜集莫霍面和岩石圈底面形变数据,给出垂向上的形变耦合特征。利用EGM2008重力模型的11～36阶球谐系数计算青藏高原东南缘岩石圈底面地幔对流应力场;搜集并整理2000年至今的1 131个震源机制解数据,采用区域应力张量阻尼反演法得到该区多震层应力场;进一步分析两种应力场的相关性。在ABAQUS软件中建立青藏高原东南缘岩石圈三维粘弹性有限元模型,同时加入上地壳的边界位移约束条件和底面地幔对流拖曳力加载条件,分别对水平方向和垂直方向的应力应变作分析,并给出强震剖面结果,探讨壳幔耦合强震孕育机制,据此分析青藏高原东南缘各个断层的地震危险性。研究认为,应力的不均匀发展是应变能积累的关键,同时垂向上圈层间的耦合关系极大地影响块体间的作用方式;壳内软弱带广泛发育的块体应力出现分层现象,边缘区域横向纵向应力变化明显,与之接触的上伏地壳地震危险性较高。  相似文献   

6.
给出了半无限介质中任意倾角的多个已发震矩形断层对邻近任意倾角的潜在活断层共同作用的合应力的解析表达式，从而可以计算震后合应力的调整值，为判断潜在活断层的稳定性提供依据。合应力Ｓｒ中既包括了作用在断层面上的正应力，又包括了断层面上的剪应力，它比单独用一个应力描述应力场更有效。最后，用１９７３年２月６日炉霍地震后的实际震例说明了地震断层错动对周围孕震区的触发作用  相似文献   

7.
On August 8, 2017, a Ms 7.0 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of Jiuzhaigou National Park, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525. The objective of this study was to explore the seismogenic fault of the earthquake and tectonic dynamics of the source rupture. Field investigations, radon activity tests, remote sensing interpretations, and geophysical data analyses were carried out immediately after the earthquake. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred at the intersection of the northern margin of the Minshan uplift belt and the south part of the Wenxian–Maqin fault in the south margin of the West Qinling geosyncline. There are two surface rupture zones trending northwest (NW), which are ground coseismic ruptures caused by concealed earthquake faults. The rupture on the southwest is the structure triggering the earthquake, along the Jiuzhaitiantang–Epicenter–Wuhuahai. The other one on the northeast (Shangsizhai–Zhongcha–Bimang) is a reactivation and extension of the secondary fault trending NW. The source rupture of this earthquake is a strike-slip shear fracture associated with the fault plane trending NW 331° and steeply dipping 75°, which is continuously expanding at both ends. The tectonic dynamics process of the source rupture is that the “Jiuzhaigou protrusion” is left-lateral sheared along the seismogenic fault in the NW direction. Finally, the Maqin fault and the arc fault system at the top of the “Wenxian protrusion” will be gradually broken through sometime in far future, as well as earthquaketriggered landslides will be further occurred along the narrow corridor between the seismogenic faults. The research results revealed the basic geological data and tectonic dynamic mechanism in this earthquake.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of variable rock mass properties on pile-rock interaction poses a great challenge to the design of stabilizing piles and numerical analysis of pile-rock interaction. The paper presents a novel method to estimate the properties of weathered bedrock, which can be applied to routine design of landslide-stabilizing piles for collivial landslides. The Ercengyan landslide located in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, is the area of interest for this study. A geological investigation and triaxial tests were conducted to estimate the basic parameters, including Geological Strength Index(GSI), uniaxial compressive strength σ_(ci) and Hoek-Brown constant m_i of intact bedrock in the study area. Hoek-Brown criterion was used to estimate mechanical properties of the weathered rock, including elastic modulus E_m, cohesion c, friction angle Φ, and normal ultimate lateral resistance p_(max). A parametric study was performed to evaluate the effect of parameterizations of GSI, σ_(ci) and m_i on the bedrock properties and p-y curves. The estimated rock mass properties were used with PLAXIS 2D software to simulate pile-rock interaction. Effect of GSI on stress at the pile-rock interface and in the rock, pile bending moment, pile shear force, and p-y curve were analysed.  相似文献   

9.
The seabed of the Yellow River Delta is formed by the rapid deposition of sediments from the Yellow River. Recent researches have shown that the geological hazards in the Yellow River Delta are mainly related to the liquefaction of silty seabed under cyclic loading. In this paper, based on the theory of Stokes Viscous Principle, a self-design dragging ball apparatus was used to study the fluid characteristics of liquefied and post-liquefied silt more thoroughly. Wave flume and shaking table were used to apply wave loads and vibration loads. The pore pressure, earth pressure, and moving parameters of the dragging ball were recorded during tests. The effect of cyclic loads and excess pore pressure ratio on viscosity of silty soil is discussed. The constitutive model of flow characteristics of liquefied silt is also established. The results indicate that the apparent viscosity of silty soil is much higher than sand. Cyclic loads accelerated the process of silt liquefaction, resulting in the decrease in apparent viscosity. The excess pore pressure ratio (ru) has effect on silt liquefaction. When the soil had not reached the completely liquefied state (ru < 1), the apparent viscosity decreased with the increase of excess pore pressure ratio; when the soil had reached the completely liquefied state (ru = 1), the shear stress decreased with the increase of strain rate. It was determined that silty soil characterized by shear thinning can be viewed as a type of non-Newtonian fluid. The equation of the shear stress and shear strain rates was established by fitting the test data.  相似文献   

10.
According to the test results of the physical and mechanical properties of similar materials in various quality mixture, a type of material with obvious tendency of rockburst was selected to produce a large-size model to simulate rockburst phenomena in tunnels. The prototype model comes from a typical section of diversion tunnels in Jinping Hydropower Station in China. The simulation of excavating tunnels is carried out by opening a hole in the model after loading. The modeling results indicated that under the condition of normal stresses in the model boundaries the arch top, spandrel and side walls of the tunnel produced an obvious jump reaction of stress and strain and the acoustic emission counts of the surrounding rock also increased rapidly in a different time period after the "tunnel" excavation, showing the clear features of rockburst. The spalling, buckling and breaking occurred in the surrounding rock of model in conditions of over loading. It is concluded that the modeling tunnel segment in Jinping Hydropower Station is expected to form the tensile rockburst with the pattern of spalling, buckling and breaking.  相似文献   

11.
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｓｔｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓａｎｅｗｆｏｃｕｓｏｆａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓ.Ｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔ 1 0ｙｅａｒｓ,ａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｒｅ ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｓｃａｌｅｓｈａｖｅ…  相似文献   

12.
根据辽河油田已有地层、构造资料，研究了杜84块构造格架、主要断裂特点，在此基础上,建立了构造应力场模拟的三维地质模型，用3D-σ软件进行了构造应力场三维有限元模拟研究。其结果表明，杜84块油层受构造应力状态为最大和中间主应力近水平，最小主应力垂直。在此应力场作用下，区内断层运动方式为正断兼水平扭动。三维有限元模拟计算结果表明，沿断层带均发生压应力和剪应力集中现象,从而有利于断层发生扭张性运动。位移分析表明，有明显的呈阶梯状组合的正断位移。据破坏率分析，在现有应力场作用下，油层所在岩体局部会产生裂缝。  相似文献   

13.
Seventy-nine strains of bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from 3 activated sludge samples. Among them, strain MYC was found to have the highest and stable flocculating rate for both kaolin clay suspension and oil-field produced water. The bacterial strain was identified as Klebsiella sp. MYC according to its morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA sequence. The optimal medium for bioflocculant production by this bacterial strain was composed of cane sugar 20 g L^-1, KH2PO4 2 g L^-1, K2HPO4 5 g L^- 1, （ NH4）2SO4 0.2 g L^-1, urea 0.5 g L^- 1 and yeast extract 0.5 g L^- 1, the initial pH being 5.5. When the suspension of kaolin clay was treated with0.5% of Klebsiella sp. MYC culture broth, the flocculating rate reached more than 90.0% in the presence of 500mg L^-1 CaCI2, while the flocculating rate for oil-field produced water was near 80.0% in a pH range of 7.0 - 9.0 with the separation of oil and suspended particles from the oil-field produced water under similar conditions. The environment-friendly nature of the bioflocculant and high flocculating rate of the strain make the bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. MYC an attractive bioflocculant in oil-field produced water treatment.  相似文献   

14.
Soil shear strength is an important indicator of engineering design and an essential parameter of soil precision tillage and agricultural machinery and equipment design. Although numerous studies have investigated the characteristics of different soil shear strengths, only a few of these works have paid attention to soils containing considerable quantities of rock fragments. To date, most studies on the effects of rock fragments on the shear strength have paid attention to the role of rock fragments with sizes >2 mm. The effects of rock fragments <2 mm in soil are generally ignored. Similar to rock fragments >2 mm, the presence of rock fragments <2 mm could also change the mechanical properties of soils. Thus, in the present study we evaluated the potential influence of <2 mm rock fragments on soil shear strength via an unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial compression test. Our results were as follows: (1) A certain quantity of <2 mm rock fragments presented in purple soils developed from clay rocks; and an appropriate quantity of <2 mm rock fragments could improve the shear strength of soils. (2) The different PSDs of soils containing <2 mm rock fragments mainly caused variations in the internal friction angle of soils. (3) The shear strengths of the two mudstone-developed red-brown and gray-brown purple soils was more sensitive to water than that of the shale-developed coarse-dark purple soil. As the soil water content increased from 9% to 23%, the changes in the cohesion, internal friction angle, shear strength, and the maximum principal stress difference were smaller in the coarse dark purple soil than in the two other soils. We therefore concluded that <2 mm rock fragments in purple soils exerted important effects on soil shear strength. A better understanding of the differences among the shear strength features of purple soils could help improve the design of agricultural machinery and equipment.  相似文献   

15.
IareODUcnONRadarenerydoesnotpodteintowaterbutisrefl~andscabobytheWht-ersurface.ItisknownguboorandBrunsveklvanHultan,l978,Detoor,l98l)thatundersuitablecondihons(ie.mederatewindandstIDngtidaled)thebottomtopogra-phyofshallowewisvisiblebyirnagingradars.SinretheSuntlaunchinl978,theex-pebota1andtheoreticalaspndofb0ttomtopographyrnappingbyradartheginghasaroedconsiderableinteast.Sevetalthe0riespropotalt0generallydescribetheirnagingIneChanism(Vogehangl989)asinvolving;l.variationsinthesurfacentvel…  相似文献   

16.
断层网络可视为一浅源构造地震的蕴震系统。地震前兆是该系统在演化过程中所表现出来的复杂的整体动态行为，是蕴震系统自组织演化的构造微动态。本文从信息合成观点出发，提出了方向信息合成方法（ＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ）。对京、津、唐地区５０条跨断层地形变观测时间序列的计算表明：断层网络活动的方向特征（相对张、压、扭动等）临震前出现了运动方式（方向）群体优势异常；该异常可能具有可重复性，该方向特征的时空演化可视为一个自组织过程。  相似文献   

17.
Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.  相似文献   

18.
Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km~2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.  相似文献   

19.
采用InSAR形变监测资料计算2015年西藏定日MW5.7地震同震形变场,反演发震断层几何参数和滑动分布。在此基础上,研究尼泊尔MW7.8主震对定日地震的静态库仑应力触发影响。综合分析地震滑动机制和构造特征,认为定日断层为西倾隐伏断层。反演结果表明,地震破裂相对集中,主要深度在6~9 km,破裂以正断滑动为主。发震断层走向约178°,倾角约 48°,破裂区长约5 km,宽约5 km,最大滑动量约0.2 m,释放的地震矩约3.7×1017 N·m,对应矩震级MW5.6。尼泊尔主震同震库仑应力在定日地震震源处约为0.2 bar,造成藏南申扎-定结拉张地堑应变加载。  相似文献   

20.
选取2016-01-21青海门源MS6.4强震发震区域周围200 km范围的10个连续GPS观测站和74个流动GPS观测站资料,分析研究2016年门源MS6.4地震之前的区域地壳形变特征：1）基于10余年GPS资料的速度场计算结果表明,发震区域所处的祁连-海原断裂系具有显著高于周边区域的地壳应变率和地震矩累积率。在发震区域20 km × 20 km范围内,最大和最小主应变率分别为21.5 nanostrain/a（方向NW-SE,拉张）和-46.6 nanostrain/a (方向NE-SW,挤压),地震矩累积率达17.4×1015 N·m/a。主应变挤压的主轴方向与本次地震的震源机制相一致。2）基于震前6 a连续GPS观测站坐标变化时间序列的计算结果表明,自2010年以来,发震区域的面膨胀值随时间呈“非线性”不断变小的趋势,反映出发震区域一直处于应变的挤压缩减状态,但在震前的2~3个月,面膨胀与最大剪切应变均发生了一次明显的反向趋势变化。这些震前的地壳形变异常变化,或许反映了发震区应力-应变积累在接近临界破裂状态时的非线性调整。  相似文献   

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