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1.
San Miguelito山脉地区是一相对隆升地区 ,它由中晚新生代的硅质火山岩组成。该区发育一组近于平行的多米诺正断层 .断层长度和位移符合幂律分布。在二维空间断裂长度的分形分布指数是 - 1.4 9。在一维空间 ,多剖面取样方法得到断裂位移的幂律分布指数是 - 0 .6 6。而用所有一维综合数据作累计曲线图得到的直线部分的斜率是 - 0 .6 3。在长度与位移图上 ,长度与位移并不显示为线性关系 ,在长度 -位移图上数据点比较分散。分散的主要原因是断裂形成过程中的断裂连接作用。用断裂位移分布的一维幂指数 (- 0 .6 3)估算由正断层引起的拉伸应变… 相似文献
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本文介绍了断裂引起的应变量计算方法。断裂作用可导致连续应变和非连续应变。连续应变与断裂位移,断裂长度比值及断裂面上有效应力成正相关关系。影响非连续应变的因素有：断裂几何形态、断裂的旋转性、断裂规模。已经提出三种断裂旋转机制：刚性旋转,垂直剪切和斜向剪切。对于这三种机制,我们分别建立了断裂非连续应变的计算公式。这些公式与断裂的旋转角度和位移大小相关。刚性旋转时,断块内部没有任何塑性变形,因此地层的长度没有变化。它引起的非连续应变最小。垂直剪切作用使断块内地层变形,但水平方向的地层长度不变。推算的公式表明,对于相同的原始数据,它引起的非连续应变比刚性旋转机制引起的非连续应变大。斜向剪切也使断块内地层变形,但水平方向的长度也不变。在同等条件下,它引起的非连续应变比垂直剪切机制引起的非连续应变大。 相似文献
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敦-密断裂左行走滑三维有限元模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
敦-密断布列亚裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一, 具有左行走滑剪切性质, 其走滑位移量的大小一直存在很大争议。应用ANSYS三维有限元模拟软件, 对研究区地质体建立理想模型, 并采用分段施力和连续施力两种方法进行构造几何学错移的数值模拟, 探讨敦22密断裂带的走滑位移量。模拟结果表明: 采用分段施力方式得到的累计走滑位移量为273.8 km, 连续施力方式得到的位移量为406.8 km, 说明在不考虑外界阻力影响及地质体内部形变吸收的位移量时, 郯庐断裂由南到北具有整体统一的走滑位移量。综合考虑布列亚-佳木斯地块的阻挡及地质体内部的韧性变形和逆冲推覆构造对走滑位移量的吸收等地质因素, 认为敦-密断裂带实际位移量应比模拟数值小, 也证实了郯庐断裂走滑位移量可能存在由南至北逐渐递减的规律。 相似文献
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“V”型共轭走滑断裂是指共轭角为钝角的共轭走滑断裂,其“V”型开口方向为锐角且指示最大拉伸方向.前人开展了大量关于“V”型共轭走滑断裂发育背景及动力学机制的研究,但是目前未有针对“V”型共轭断裂几何学、运动学有关的综述.归纳已有“V”型共轭走滑断裂的几何学、运动学特征,总结现存的“V”型共轭走滑断裂的动力学机制,并选取青藏高原东南缘“V”型共轭走滑断裂,进行实例分析.分布于美国西部、欧亚板块中西部和西藏中部的“V”型共轭走滑断裂特征揭示共轭角大小与断裂滑动速率及断裂长度均呈负相关关系.“V”型共轭走滑断裂的成因主要有：（1）断裂剪切面的后期旋转,（2）断裂形成于先存构造薄弱带,（3）断裂遵循对偶一般剪切模型,（4）断裂遵守最大有效力矩法则.基于地球物理数据、地形高差对比以及几何特征的分析,认为青藏高原东南缘川滇块体内部的巴塘-理塘共轭走滑断裂和得荣-乡城共轭走滑断裂的成因机制符合对偶一般剪切模型中的重力扩展,这为理解青藏高原东南缘下地壳连续变形的动力学机制提供了重要启示. 相似文献
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2022年1月8日青海门源MS 6.9地震发生在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山断块内部,仪器震中位于海原活动断裂系西段的冷龙岭断裂带上,是该断裂系自1920年海原8.5级大地震后再次发生M>6.5的强震。考察结果的初步总结表明,此次门源地震产生了呈左阶斜列分布、总长度近23 km的南北两条破裂,在两者之间存在长约3.2 km、宽近2 km的地表破裂空区。南支破裂(F1)出现在托来山断裂的东段,走向91°,长约2.4 km,以兼具向南逆冲的左旋走滑变形为主,最大走滑位移近0.4 m。北支主破裂(F2)出现在冷龙岭断裂的西段,总长度近20 km,以左旋走滑变形为主,呈整体微凸向北东的弧形展布,包含了走向分别为102°、109°和118°的西、中、东三段,最大走滑位移出现在中段,为3.0±0.2 m。此外,在北支主破裂中—东段的北侧新发现一条累计长度约7.6 km、以右旋正断为主的北支次级破裂(F3),累计最大走滑量约0.8 m,最大正断位移约1.5 m。综合分析认为,整个同震破裂以左旋走滑变形为主,具有双侧破裂特点,宏观震中位于北支主破裂的中段,其地表走滑位移很大可能与震源破裂深度浅有关,其中的右旋正断次级破裂可能是南侧主动盘向东运移过程中拖曳北侧块体发生差异运动所引起的特殊变形现象。印度与欧亚板块近南北向强烈碰撞挤压导致南祁连断块沿海原左旋走滑断裂系向东挤出,从而引发该断裂系中的托来山断裂与冷龙岭断裂同时发生破裂,成为导致此次强震的主要动力机制。在此大陆动力学背景下,以海原左旋走滑断裂系为主边界的祁连山断块及其周边的未来强震危险性需得到进一步重视。 相似文献
6.
玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
2010年4月14日07时49分40.7秒, 青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县发生MS7.1级地震。通过现场调查发现, 玉树地震形成了东西两条地表破裂带——玉树地表破裂带和隆宝滩地表破裂带, 分别沿玉树活动断裂、隆宝滩活动断裂的上盘发育, 两条地表破裂带均呈NW向延伸, 二者之间相距22km。隆宝滩地表破裂带, 总体走向290°, 长21.5km, 呈左旋走滑运动, 左旋走滑位移量约1m。玉树地表破裂带, 总体走向310°, 长度23km, 可进一步分为三段。西段和中段表现为左旋走滑, 东段表现为左旋走滑逆冲运动。最大左旋走滑位移量在郭央烟宋多附近, 达2.4m。根据地震地表破裂的位移量大小和建筑物破坏情况认为, 玉树地震宏观震中在郭央烟宋多附近, 宏观震中坐标为:北纬33°03′11″、东经96°51′26″。 相似文献
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8.
塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂控制着碳酸盐岩储层的发育和油气的富集。受多期构造活动和地层岩性差异的影响,哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间结构多样、断裂演化过程复杂,走滑断裂带结构差异对油气富集的控制机理仍存在争议。本文基于高精度三维地震资料、钻井资料的一体化研究,建立起哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间变形样式及分层分段模型。通过分析走滑断裂控制下的单井油气产能差异,明确了走滑断裂构造变形差异对油气富集的控制作用。结果表明：(1)该区走滑断裂在平面上具有分段特征,断裂带相互交切导致断裂空间结构复杂,形成多种组合样式,单一断裂带可划分为尾部、主位移带、叠接区以及断裂间截切部位,共发育9种平面样式,分别是尾部的羽状、马尾状、雁裂状样式,主位移带发育的线性及分支型样式,断裂叠接部位发育的辫状及软连接型样式,截切部位的交汇型和终止型样式。走滑断裂变形特征符合Riedel剪切模型,主干断裂周围发育分支断裂,断裂的发育以生长连接为主,截切部位伴随有断裂相继滑动引起的调节变形;(2)走滑断裂的纵向分层变形控制着油气的运移和成藏过程。断裂贯穿膏岩层是油气向上运移的关键。奥陶系碳酸盐岩的改造作用控制着油气的储集规模及... 相似文献
9.
东昆仑断裂粘滑错动对青藏铁路变形效应的数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
东昆仑断裂是青藏高原北部现今仍在强烈活动的地震断裂之一,该断裂的未来地震活动及其突发性粘滑错动是青藏铁路面临的重大工程地质问题。基于东昆仑断裂的运动学特征,通过分别加入8 m和3 m的水平左旋位移,模拟了东昆仑断裂未来地震活动时震中位于铁路线附近和远离铁路2种情形下的铁路变形效应。模拟结果表明：震中位于铁路线附近时,断裂南侧基岩和第四系均发生8 m的左旋走滑位移,而铁路附近的第四系水平位移明显减小,铁轨和道床没有明显的断错,表现为4~5 m的连续左旋弯曲变形;铁路东、西两侧形成NE向的张裂陷和NW向的地震鼓包,而道床和铁轨的垂直位移幅度较小。震中远离铁路时的变形效应与震中位于铁路线附近时的变形相似,但位移幅度减小,铁轨和道床形成1~2 m的连续左旋弯曲变形。因此,东昆仑断裂未来再次发生7~8级强烈地震时,无论地震震中远离铁路还是在铁路附近,其断裂的突发性粘滑错动都将导致青藏铁路的大变形和破坏。 相似文献
10.
阿尔泰山活动断裂 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
文中介绍了位于亚洲腹地阿尔泰山地区的活动断裂。中国阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山西南麓 )和蒙古阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山的东麓 )以NNW向大型走滑断裂为主 ,科布多断裂是阿尔泰山东麓的一条主要NNW向走滑断裂 ,长度近 70 0km。第四纪中晚期右旋走滑速率可达 6 10mm/a ,其上发现有长逾2 0 0km的古地震形变带。富蕴断裂则是阿尔泰山西南麓的一条主要NNW向断裂 ,中晚第四纪的走滑运动速率为 (4± 2 )mm/a ,在中国阿尔泰山的西端还发育规模相对较小的NNW向右旋走滑断裂 ,中晚第四纪走滑速率为 (2± 1)mm/a。中国阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山的西南麓 )还发育NWW向右旋走滑逆断裂 ,其规模相对较小 ,至中国阿尔泰山西端NWW向的额尔齐斯断裂具有明显的右旋走滑性质。蒙古阿尔泰山的南端则发育近东西向的左旋走滑逆断裂。在与戈壁阿尔泰山交汇部位 ,左旋走滑运动具主导作用。戈壁阿尔泰山发育的戈壁阿尔泰断裂带断续延伸可达 10 0 0km以上 ,目前的研究认为 ,其滑动速率为 12mm/a。其中的博格德断裂上 195 7年发生了戈壁阿尔泰 8.3级地震 ,形变带长约 2 5 0km。阿尔泰山活动断裂的规模、运动强度和强地震活动表明这里不仅受到遥远的印度板块北向推挤作用的影响 ,而且受到较近的地球动力学过程的影响或控制。 相似文献
11.
基于尺度律的裂隙网络生成及其对地下厂房稳定性的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以锦屏二级为工程背景,通过对猫猫滩闸址区域内断层的统计,得到断层数量与尺度的幂律关系,并通过分段线性拟合的方法估算了断层系统的尺度-数量分维发现,当断层迹长 0.1 km时,分维 0.487 5;当断层迹长 0.1 km时,分维 1.496 1。通过该尺度律关系,结合蒙特卡洛法,推演了更小规模的节理的空间分布。运用DDA数值计算程序,分析并模拟了大水沟地下厂房的开挖过程,获得了高度节理化的由开挖引起的应力、位移变化图。 相似文献
12.
S-S. Xu A. F. Nieto-Samaniego S. A. Alaniz-Álvarez L. G. Velasquillo-Martínez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(5):841-853
The power-law exponent (n) in the equation: D=cL
n
, with D = maximum displacement and L = fault length, would be affected by deviations of fault trace length. (1) Assuming n=1, numerical simulations on the effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length–displacement relationship are done in this paper. The results show that: (a) uniform relative deviations, which means all faults within a dataset have the same relative deviation, do not affect the value of n; (b) deviations of the fault length due to unresolved fault tip decrease the values of n and the deviations of n increase with the increasing length deviations; (c) fault linkage and observed dimensions either increase or decrease the value of n depending on the distribution of deviations within a dataset; (d) mixed deviations of the fault lengths are either negative or positive and cause the values of n to either decrease or increase; (e) a dataset combined from two or more datasets with different values of c and orders of magnitude also cause the values of n to deviate. (2) Data including 19 datasets and spanning more than eight orders of fault length magnitudes (10−2–105 m) collected from the published literature indicate that the values of n range from 0.55 to 1.5, the average value being 1.0813, and the peak value of n
d (double regression) is 1.0–1.1. Based on above results from the simulations and published data, we propose that the relationship between the maximum displacement and fault length in a single tectonic environment with uniform mechanical properties is linear, and the value of n deviated from 1 is mainly caused by the sampling and linkage effects. 相似文献
13.
定量描述地质构造的分布规律对诸如核废料地质处置、边坡稳定性分析、采矿工程以及水利水电工程都具有十分重要的意义。本文根据紫坪铺水库工程区域地质图,通过提取断层信息的方法,获得了断层分布图。对紫坪铺水利枢纽工程库区内尺度跨越3个数量级、共126条断层进行了统计分析,获得了断层长度-数量间的幂律关系,即N(r)~r-D。并通过分段线性拟合的方法,计算了幂指数的值。发现当断层长度r2.5km时,幂指数D=0.32;而当断层长度r2.5km时,幂指数D=1.58。该幂律关系对推演更小或更大规模断层分布具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
Displacement, length and linkage of deformation bands have been studied in Jurassic sandstones in southeastern Utah. Isolated deformation bands with lengths (L) that span more than three orders of magnitude show similar displacement (D) profiles with more or less centrally located maxima and gently increasing gradient toward the tips. Soft- and hard-linked examples exhibit steeper displacement gradients near overlap zones and immature hard links, similar to previously described fault populations. The deformation band population shows power-law length and displacement distributions, but with lower exponents than commonly observed for populations of larger faults or small faults with distinct slip surfaces. Similarly, the Dmax-L relationship of the deformation bands shows a well-defined exponent of ca 0.5, whereas the general disagreement for other fault populations is whether the exponent is 1 or 1.5. We suggest that this important difference in scaling law between deformation bands and other faults has to do with the lack of well-developed slip surfaces in deformation bands. During growth, deformation bands link to form zones of densely spaced bands, and a slip surface is eventually formed (when 100 m < L < 1 km). The growth and scaling relationship for the resulting populations of faults (slip surfaces) is expected to be similar to ‘ordinary’ fault populations. A change in the Dmax-L scaling relationship at the point when zones of deformation bands develop slip surfaces is expected to be a general feature in porous sandstones where faults with slip surfaces develop from deformation bands. Down-scaling of ordinary fault populations into the size domain of deformation bands in porous sandstones is therefore potentially dangerous. 相似文献
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走滑断层的走滑量研究是构造分析过程中的关键,本文运用走滑断裂拉张叠置部位的构造物理模拟方法作为走滑量求取的手段,利用与自然界吻合程度较好的脆性-塑性双层模型对走滑拉张叠置部位进行模拟,发现叠置区主要发育与主边界断层呈80°~90°的横向断层(T断层)和呈顺时针45°的斜向断层(R剪切)两种类型的次级断层。通过改变实验中走滑断裂的叠置长度、横向间隔距离以及走滑量,计算不同实验中横向断层与斜向断层数量的比例并对实测数据进行拟合,结果显示:(1)叠置长度以及走滑量的增加或者横向间隔距离的减小,都会导致横向断层与斜向断层数量比的增加;(2)每组实验中的上述四个实测变量之间存在着特定的对数关系,通过对自然界中的走滑断裂拉张叠置区进行同比例缩小的构造物理模拟实验,获得四者之间的函数关系,从而可以确定走滑量。将构造物理模拟计算走滑量方法应用于渤海海域辽东湾地区郯庐断裂带,得到其新构造运动以来约发生了2.1 km的右旋走滑活动。 相似文献
16.
The Sierra de San Miguelito is a relatively uplifted area and is constituted by a large amount of silicic volcanic rocks with ages from middle to late Cenozoic. The normal faults of the Sierra de San Miguelito are Domino-style and nearly parallel. The cumulative length and displacement of the faults obey power-law distribution. The fractal dimension of the fault traces is -1.49. Using the multi-line one-dimensional sampling, the calculated exponent of cumulative fault displacements is -0.66. A cumulative curve combining measurements of all four sections yielded a slope of -0.63. The displacement-length plot shows a non-linear relationship and large dispersion of data. The large dispersion in the plot is mainly due to the fault linkage during faulting. An estimation of extensional strain due to the normal faults is ca. 0.1830.The bed extension strain is always less than or equal to the horizontal extension strain. The deformation in the Sierra de San Miguelito occurred near the surface, producing pervasive faults and many faults are too small to appear in maps and sections at common scales. The stretching produced by small faults reach ca. 33% of the total horizontal elongation. 相似文献
17.
本文利用新的有限元方法研究了铲状正断层带在非均匀应力场下错动引起的位移场和应力场。研究发现：① 铲状正断层错动引起的断层面上的最大错距不是发生在地表,而是发生地表下面断层的中部;② 地表面最大水平位移和垂直位移都不是发生在地表断层上,而是发生在偏离断层一定距离的地方;③ 铲状正断层错动会在地表附近产生两个破裂区,一个在地表断层附近,一个在远离断层的上盘地表附近,这两个区与野外观测到的次生正断层区一致;④ 断层错动的应力降在断层内不是均匀的,最大值也是位于断层中部。 相似文献
18.
Faulting occurs over a large range of scale, parts of which are sampled by various techniques (e.g., microscopy, outcrop measurement, mapping, seismic reflection and other forms of remote sensing). Use of a single technique to measure displacement or strain will not sample faults at all scales and hence will give a biased estimate. In order to assess this bias, a knowledge of the distribution over all scales is needed.
Many samples of fault displacement appear to follow a power-law distribution, with departures which can be attributed to sampling effects. The number of faults with a displacement u is given by N(u) = Cu−D. The power-law distribution of displacement is consistent with similar distributions of other fault parameters and earthquake magnitudes. When sampling along a line (e.g., a bedding trace on a map or section), a self-similar fault population would have D = 1, whereas self-affine geometries yield D≠ 1. Displacement and extension are dominated by small faults when D > 1 and by large faults when D < 1. When sampling over areas or volumes these critical values are 2 and 3, respectively.
A set of strike-slip faults from the Badajoz-Córdoba Shear Zone, Spain, were sampled at two different scales using 1:50000 maps and outcrop measurements. Displacement ranges over 6 orders of magnitude. These and other fault populations typically have D ranging from 0.6 to 1.5.
The power-law relationship may be integrated to yield estimates of the displacement (or extension) for faults which lie beyond the resolution of the sampling system. For example, a knowledge of D allows the extension measured on a map or seismic section to be “corrected” for faults whose displacement is below the resolution of the survey. Based on an overall estimate of D = 0.9 for the Badajoz-Córdoba data, only some 40% of the extension would be recorded by map-scale faults. A corrected extension of 41% along the shear zone is estimated; which if typical for the entire 300 km zone represents some 87 km of along-strike extension. Thus, work suggests that significant displacement occurs on faults which are too small to be interpreted from conventional seismic profiles and geological maps. 相似文献
19.
Fault-Growth Pattern of the South Margin Normal Fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3-D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground-penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin Fault (YBSMF) in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations: the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half-graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value. 相似文献
20.
Conrad Childs Andrew Nicol John J. Walsh Juan Watterson 《Journal of Structural Geology》1996,18(12):1389-1397
The geometry and evolution of vertically segmented normal faults, with dip separations of < ca 11.5 m have been studied in a coastal outcrop of finely bedded Cretaceous chalk at Flamborough Head, U.K. Fault trace segments are separated by both contractional and extensional offsets which have step, overlap or bend geometries. The location of fault trace offsets is strongly controlled by lithology occurring at either thin (ca 1 mm-8 cm) and mechanically weak marl layers or partings between chalk units. Fault segmentation occurred during either fault nucleation within, or propagation through, the strongly anisotropic lithological sequence. An inverse relationship between fault displacement and number of offsets per length of fault trace reflects the progressive destruction of offsets during fault growth. The preservation of fault offsets is therefore dependent on offset width and fault displacement. Fault rock, comprising gouge and chalk breccia, may vary in thickness by 1.5–2.0 orders of magnitude on individual fault traces. Strongly heterogeneous fault rock distributions are most common on small faults (< 10 cm displacement) and are produced mainly by destruction of fault offsets. Shearing of fault rock with increasing displacement gives rise to a more homogeneous fault rock distribution on large faults at the outcrop scale. 相似文献