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1.
1986年6月中旬到7月中旬,采用飞机与地面定点测量,对上海地区SO_2空间及地面的分布、变化进行了观测研究,得出了如下结果:1.在降水较频繁的观测期间,上海近郊地面(龙华机场)SO_2的平均日变化呈一峰一谷分布,峰值在08时;约34ppb,谷值在02时,约10ppb,全天平均为18ppb。但在连续的晴天状况下,SO_2日变化呈二峰二谷分布,2.SO_2空间分布有两大特征。一是不稳定大气层结(晴天)下的向上递减型,1500m以下,城市比郊区大10ppb左右,1500m以上,市区、郊区的浓度趋于一致,相差只1—2ppb。二是层状云中SO_2浓度垂直分布先向上递增,约在1500m高度上达极值,然后又向上递减。3.资料分析发现,云中SO_2浓度越高的地方,云水的酸度也越大。4.冷锋,准静止锋天气过程,每次都伴随SO_2日均浓度分布曲线上的一个峰值。  相似文献   

2.
地面倒槽、华北地形槽和地面弱高压是天津冬季雾日多见的地面气压系统。为了解雾事件在上述三种天气系统下近地面层气象要素的演变规律,利用天津市250m气象铁塔梯度观测和常规气象观测资料,分别选取2002、2003和2004年相应气压场下的雾个例,比较分析了冬季雾天近地面层结构及低层水汽分布特征。结果表明:(1)三种天气系统条件下,均存在近地层逆位温层结和增湿现象,近地面40m以下高度为弱风。(2)地面倒槽形势下的平流雾过程中,逆温层结稳定且厚达千米,近地层呈多层逆温或弱逆位温层结;80m以上,雾前风力较强,雾中风力较弱;低空各层水汽显著上升时间提前于起雾时间约15h,且日夜增速持续均匀,雾中呈现出逆湿特征,雾顶超过250m。(3)华北地形槽和地面弱高压下的辐射雾过程中,日落后近地面浅薄逆温层结生成并于05时(北京时间,下同)左右达最强,日出后减弱,于11时左右消散;仅夜间近地层水汽显著增加,且塔层250m逆温强度达到3.0℃时才开始出现,距起雾时间约2～9h;雾形成后,逆温层底抬升,雾体中逐渐演变呈不稳定层结;雾中呈现下湿上干特征,雾厚分别为80m和60m左右。(4)华北地形槽和地面弱高压下的风廓线演变规律有显著差异,即前者80m以上6m.s-1左右南风和北风呈规律性日变化转换特征,而后者250m低层大气恒为弱风控制。  相似文献   

3.
施红蓉  李峰  吴蕾  金莲姬 《气象》2014,40(10):1259-1265
利用北京延庆风廓线雷达资料对2012年11月3日地面由降雨转为降雪的过程进行宏观和微观结构分析。结果显示:风廓线雷达的强度和速度产品能够很好地监测、诊断降雨到降雪相态变化的持续时间。降雨发生前,风廓线雷达反射率、信噪比、谱宽等因子均表现为不连续特征;地面降雨发生时,800~1000 m高度上出现明显的反射亮带;随着亮带的消失,地面降雨转变为降雪。地面降雨阶段,回波功率密度谱图呈现分层结构,1300 m以上表现为固态粒子特征,700 m以下为液态粒子,分层的高度与温度存在密切的关系,一般在274~275 K的环境内为融化层,融化层功率谱密度变化最为明显。另外,北京近3年层状云降水条件下.降雨和降雪阶段的垂直径向速度和信噪比数据统计表明,降雨发生时径向速度的范围一般在3~6 m·s~(-1)之间,信噪比在15~25 dB;而降雪发生时垂直径向速度值较小,在0~1.5 m·s~(-1),信噪比在3~15 dB之间。  相似文献   

4.
周晶  刘蕾  霍飞  鲍婷婷 《气象科学》2018,38(3):342-350
利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别选用新旧两种下垫面资料和不同城市冠层模型设计试验,以江苏一次秋末高温天气个例(2014年11月20—21日)为背景,研究城市化进程对气温的影响和可能机制。将模式结果与江苏国家气象观测站和地面加密区域自动站观测资料进行对比,并分析3组试验结果发现:(1)采用BEP城市方案对2 m气温、2 m相对湿度和10 m风速等物理量的日变化模拟最优。(2)相比USGS数据,MODIS较新地表覆盖变化数据能更真实反映研究区域当前地表类型分布情况,且能提高近地面风温湿要素空间分布的模拟。(3)分析不同试验模拟的地表能量平衡过程差异,发现相比UCM单层城市冠层方案,BEP多层城市冠层方案在白天能更好模拟出城市地区的温度升高以及相对应的地表感热通量和地面热通量的增加。  相似文献   

5.
基于京津冀地区80个环境监测站PM_(2.5)浓度逐时监测资料和气象观测资料,以2016年12月16—21日和2017年1月1—7日雾和霾天气为例,分析PM_(2.5)浓度演变的气象条件。结果表明:气象条件在北京地区污染物浓度爆发性增长过程中具有重要作用。北京地区12月19—20日PM_(2.5)浓度出现爆发性增长,小时浓度在8 h内上升201μg·m~(-3),主要是边界层南风分量由地面增厚至700 m,700 m以上弱下沉抑制作用,结合地面辐合线维持所致;20—21日北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度维持高值且无日变化,是由于低空1.5 km出现弱回暖,逆温层显著增厚增强且无明显日变化,导致高浓度气溶胶无法有效扩散。综合来看,2016年12月16—21日污染物浓度爆发性增长的原因以外源性污染物输送为主;2017年1月3—4日污染物浓度爆发性增长原因与局地极端不利扩散条件及污染排放等其他因素有关。  相似文献   

6.
利用平面照相法,以江苏南热发电有限责任公司#Q2号烟囱为研究对象,进行了500次拍摄,通过风向风速、云量、太阳高度角等气象数据,确定了不同稳定度下南京北郊大气扩散参数的特征。与P-G扩散曲线对比发现,在强不稳定A、弱不稳定C、中性D层结中,南京北郊的大气垂直扩散参数在距离排放源200 m范围内更不稳定,而在200—1000 m范围内更稳定。其中,不稳定B层结的扩散曲线与P-G扩散曲线一致,较稳定E、稳定F层结出现于白天的频率很低。对比垂直扩散参数幂函数表达式σ_z=γx~α的系数值γ和α,本研究中α值分别比国家标准增加了28. 6%(A层结)、56. 4%(C层结)、30. 4%(D层结),而B层结的α值却比国家标准减少了22. 9%。此外,通过高斯扩散公式计算得到SO_2和NO_X扩散到观测点的浓度,发现该计算值仅占气象楼污染气体监测平台实测SO_2和NO_X浓度的0. 82%和0. 69%。结合风场发现,SO_2和NO_X实测值受观测点东部工业污染物排放的叠加效应影响较大。其中,NO_X的实测值在受到偏东风和偏南风的影响时具有较大值,且在0. 5～1. 5 m·s~(-1)的较弱风速影响时,NO_X的实测值将达到60μg·m~(-3)以上。  相似文献   

7.
利用乌鲁木齐市晴天CFL-03型风廓线雷达观测资料,分析了边界层日变化特征。得出结论如下:边界层结构季节变化明显。冬、春季300~600m以下风速较小,小于3m/s,且愈近地面风速愈小;以上风速大、风向恒定,基本为东南大风。夏季和秋季风速比冬季和春季小,流场特征较复杂,水平风速和风向变化较活跃,存在明显的风切变。折射率结构常数春、秋和冬季比夏季分别小1个、3个和1~3个量级;夏季最大,集中在10~(-16)~10~(-13) m~(-2/3)之间。春、夏和秋季晴天湍流动能耗散率量级分别在10~(-6)~10~(-2) m~2·s~(-3)、10~(-4)~10~(-3) m~2·s~(-3)、10~(-6)~10~(-3) m~2·s~(-3)之间;白天比夜间约大1个量级。晴天折射率结构常数和湍流动能耗散率日变化特征与风场日变化特征有较好地对应关系,即湍流发展旺盛的区域与风速较大的区域相一致。风廓线雷达资料反演的湍流动能耗散率对春季和夏季边界层结构日变化演变特征的监测较好。夏季夜间稳定边界层约400~500m,残余层可达到约1800m,对流边界层可发展到约2500m,混合层约2200m,夹卷层约300~400m。  相似文献   

8.
为探究沙尘天气发展规律和污染特征,以石家庄和济南为例,基于偏振-米散射激光雷达观测数据和城市颗粒物小时质量浓度等数据,分析2021年3月中国北方发生的两次强沙尘过程(3月15日与27日强沙尘过程,简称“3·15”过程与“3·27”过程)。结果表明：(1)两次过程沙尘入境时,两市PM10质量浓度快速上升,PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比迅速减小。(2)两次过程期间,两市PM10质量浓度符合正态分布,“3·15”过程石家庄和济南PM10质量浓度高斯拟合的决定系数分别为0.92和0.76,“3·27”过程分别为0.83和0.89。(3)沙尘爆发期,近地面消光系数和退偏比都明显增大。(4)因沙尘沉降和多沙尘源,沙尘传输过程中出现多层结构,可分为近地面沙尘层、低空沙尘层和高空沙尘层。近地面沙尘层出现时间和地面颗粒物质量浓度急剧上升时间基本一致。(5)离地面近且雷达数据质量可靠的195 m高度处,“3·15”过程(“3·27”过程)石家庄和济南退偏比最大分别为0.29、0.23(0.28、0...  相似文献   

9.
吴丹  李美琪  郭蕊  贾小卫  刘浩  柳泉 《干旱气象》2021,39(5):785-795
基于逐小时地面常规观测资料、L波段探空资料、风廓线雷达风场资料和日本葵花气象卫星数据及ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2018年2月15—25日琼州海峡持续性海雾过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次持续性海雾过程分为4个阶段、3种类型,即15—17日辐射雾、18—20日和24—25日平流雾、22日锋面雾。辐射雾期间,琼州海峡为均压型环流控制,夜间气温降低,水汽处于饱和状态,1000 m以下存在双层逆温结构,雾顶出现在第一逆温层底部。两次平流雾期间,琼州海峡为入海变性高压脊后部偏强的东到东南风控制,气温(相对湿度)长时间维持不变(饱和),但18—20日的低空湿平流较24—25日强,水汽辐合层较厚,且比湿持续增大,致使平流雾持续时间较长;600 m以下较大的垂直风切变使雾层混合均匀,雾顶可发展至1000 m以上。锋面雾期间,徐闻站为4 m·s^(-1)以上的偏北风且伴有弱降水,琼州海峡附近低空为湿平流(水汽辐合)中心和冷暖平流交汇的锋区。海雾各阶段,气-海温差在-2~3℃之间,当气-海温差增大时,海雾消散。  相似文献   

10.
一、分析方法本文包括三个部份:(1)逆温随纬度分布;(2)地形对逆温的影响;(3)武夷山逆温。第1和第2部份是用高空07时规定层和特性层资料,计算离地面2000米以内各个特性层的高度,然后根据规定层和特性层的高度和温度值用内插方法分层计算各高度的温度,上层温度较下层温度高(或等温)定为逆温层。分析逆温层时,我们按逆温层底离地面的高度(米)分为接地、0相似文献   

11.
Continuous measurements of ozone and its precursors including NO, NO2, and CO at an urban site (32°03′N, 118°44′E) in Nanjing, China during the period from January 2000 to February 2003 are presented. The effects of local meteorological conditions and distant transports associated with seasonal changed Asian monsoons on the temporal variations of O3 and its precursors are studied by statistical, backward trajectory, and episode analyses. The diurnal variation in O3 shows high concentrations during daytime and low concentrations during late night and early morning, while the precursors show high concentrations during night and early morning and low concentrations during daytime. The diurnal variations in air pollutants are closely related to those in local meteorological conditions. Both temperature and wind speed have significant positive correlations with O3 and significant negative correlations with the precursors. Relative humidity has a significant negative correlation with O3 and significant positive correlations with the precursors. The seasonal variation in O3 shows low concentrations in late autumn and winter and high concentrations in late spring and early summer, while the precursors show high concentrations in late autumn and winter and low concentrations in summer. Local mobile and stationary sources make a great contribution to the precursors, but distant transports also play a very important role in the seasonal variations of the air pollutants. The distant transport associated with the southeastern maritime monsoon contributes substantially to the O3 because the originally clean maritime air mass is polluted when passing over the highly industrialized and urbanized areas in the Yangtze River Delta. The high frequency of this type of air mass in summer causes the fact that a common seasonal characteristic of surface O3 in East Asia, summer minimum, is not observed at this site. The distant transports associated with the northern continental monsoons that dominate in autumn and winter are related to the high concentrations of the precursors in these two seasons. This study can contribute to a better understanding of the O3 pollution in vast inland of China affected by meteorological conditions and the rapid urbanization and industrialization.  相似文献   

12.
An updated version of the Regional Acid Deposition Model(RADM)driven by meteorologicalfields derived from Chinese Regional Climate Model(CRegCM)is used to simulate seasonal variationof tropospheric ozone over the eastern China.The results show that:(1)Peak O_3 concentration moves from south China to north China responding to the changing ofsolar perpendicular incidence point from south to north.When solar perpendicular incidence pointmoves from north to south,so does the peak O_3 concentration.(2)In the eastern China.the highest O_3 month-average concentration appears in July.thelowest in January and the medium in April and October.The pattern mainly depends on the solarradiation,the concentration of O_3 precursors NO_x and NMHC and the ratio of NMHC/NO_x.(3)Daily variations of O_3 over the eastern China are clear.Namely,O_3 concentrations rise withthe sun rising and the maximums appear at noon.then O_3 concentrations decrease.The highest dailyvariation range of O_3 appears in summer(40×10~(-9) in volume fraction)and the lowest in winter(20×10~(-9) in volume fraction).(4)Daily variations of O_3 over the western China are not clear.The daily variation range of O_3 isless than 10×10~(-9) in volume fraction.  相似文献   

13.
龙凤山大气近地层O3浓度变化及与其它因素的关系   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
研究首次在龙凤山区域大气本底站测得的地面Ｏ３浓度及其变化的资料表明,中国东北农村地面大气Ｏ３浓度总体水平不很高,但在少数特殊的天气条件下,时均浓度可超过国家二级标准。Ｏ３浓度存在明显的季节和日变化,其月平均浓度１９９５年１月最低（２７．５ｐｐｂ）,１９９４年１１月最高（４３．２ｐｐｂ）。Ｏ３日变化幅度夏季的晴天最大（２８ｐｐｂ）,冬季的阴天最小（８ｐｐｂ）。气象要素（尤其是风速、气温和相对湿度等）和ＮＯｘ与地面Ｏ３浓度有较密切的关系。用多变量分析法探讨了地面Ｏ３各指标随气象因子和ＮＯｘ共同变化的规律,并拟合了寒冷和温暖期里与地面Ｏ３日最高浓度、日最低浓度及日变化幅度有关的方程。  相似文献   

14.
Measurements of ground level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and direction) has been made for 3 years from March 2007 to February 2010 at Nagercoil (8.2°N, 77.5°E, 23 m above sea level), an equatorial rural coastal site of southern India. The monthly average of daytime maximum of O3 concentrations ranged from 28 to 50 parts per billion (ppb) with an annual average of 19.8 ppb. Similarly, monthly average of NO2 concentration ranged from 3.4 ppb to 7.7 ppb with an annual average of 5.3 ppb. The monthly variation of meteorological parameters shows the little changes being a coastal site. The estimated summer crops yield losses by 1.1–15.6 % from present O3 concentration level associated with AOT40 index 3.1–5 ppm h.  相似文献   

15.
In order to study the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the factors controlling its concentrations, we monitored concentrations of H2O2 and other gases such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, and NO x as well as meteorological factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, and wind direction/speed during eight measurement periods from 2000 to 2002 in a Japanese red pine forest in Japan. The H2O2 concentrations ranged from below 0.01 to 1.64 ppb, and analysis of the diurnal variation in H2O2 concentration showed high concentrations around noon, and low concentrations in the morning and late afternoon. The H2O2 concentrations were high in early summer, when O3 concentration, temperature, and solar radiation were high, and were low in fall, when O3 concentration, temperature, and solar radiation were low. We propose that O3 concentration affects the production of H2O2 in the monitored region during the period under study, but that high H2O2 concentrations were sometimes caused by the transport of polluted air from urban regions. H2O2 concentrations decreased remarkably when SO2 concentrations increased by transported volcanic emission on Miyake Island. In the absence of the effects of SO2, H2O2 concentrations increased with increasing O3 concentration and temperature.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Vertical profiles of H2O, CO2, O3, NO and NO2 were measured during the Hartheim Experiment (HartX) to develop and calibrate a multi-layer resistance model to estimate deposition and emission of the cited gaseous species. The meteorological and gas concentration data were obtained with a 30 m high telescopic mast with 7 gas inlets located at 5 m intervals and meteorological sensors at 5, 15 and 30 m above ground; a complete gas profile was obtained every 9 min 20 s. Measured profiles were influenced by several exchange processes, namely evapotranspiration, dewfall, assimilation of CO2 in the tree crowns, soil respiration, deposition of NO2 and O3 to the soil and advection of NOx from the nearby highway. Surprisingly, no decrease in O3 concentration was observed in the crown layer during daytime, probably due to the relatively low density of foliage elements and strong turbulent mixing.The advantage of measuring in-canopy profiles is that turbulent exchange coefficients need not be estimated as a prerequisite to obtaining vertical flux estimates. In recent years, flux-gradient relationships in canopies have been subject to many criticisms. If fluxes are calculated at several heights considering only the transfers between the turbulent air and the interacting surfaces at a certain height, and those fluxes are then integrated vertically in a subsequent step, then exchange estimates (deposition or emission) can be obtained independent of turbulent exchange conditions.Typical estimated deposition velocities calculated for a 3-day period are between 4 and 10 mm/s for NO2 and about 4–9 mm/s for O3 (day and night values respectively). This leads to deposition rates of about 20–40 ng N/m2s for NO2 and about 30–40 mg O3/m2 deposited daily under the conditions encountered during HartX. Sensitivity tests done with the best available and most realistic values for model parametrization have shown that sensitivity is large with respect to the soil and cuticula resistances as well as for gas-phase ozone destruction and that more research is required to describe the effectiveness of cuticula and soil in modifying sink characteristics for NO2 and O3.With 12 Figures  相似文献   

17.
China experienced worsening ground-level ozone(O2) pollution from 2013 to 2019. In this study, meteorological parameters, including surface temperature(T2), solar radiation(SW), and wind speed(WS), were classified into two aspects,(1) Photochemical Reaction Condition(PRC = T2× SW) and(2) Physical Dispersion Capacity(PDC = WS). In this way, a Meteorology Synthetic Index(MSI = PRC/PDC) was developed for the quantification of meteorology-induced ground-level O2pollution. The positive linear relationship between the 90 th percentile of MDA8(maximum daily 8-h average) O2concentration and MSI determined that the contribution of meteorological changes to ground-level O-3 varied on a latitudinal gradient, decreasing from ~40% in southern China to 10%–20% in northern China. Favorable photochemical reaction conditions were more important for ground-level O2pollution. This study proposes a universally applicable index for fast diagnosis of meteorological roles in ground-level O2variability, which enables the assessment of the observed effects of precursor emissions reductions that can be used for designing future control policies.  相似文献   

18.
A meteorological analysis is presented for environmental data set obtained from the Canadian Arctic haze study, which is part of AGASP-II. Results of the study indicated that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), sulphate (SO4 =), ozone (O3) and other air pollutants observed at Alert, N.W.T. underwent periodical fluctuations. It was found that high concentrations of these atmospheric constituents were associated with a deep (1430–2074 m) inversion and with a major anticyclone. In contrast, relatively low values of these constituents were associated with a cyclonic disturbance near Alert. High concentrations of these constituents occurred with air trajectories coming from the N-W direction, while low values occurred with S trajectories. In addition, examinations of satellite imagery with other meteorological data suggested that volcanic inputs of ash and gases from Augustine Island, Alaska were negligible for the observed high values of these constituents at the ground level at Alert.  相似文献   

19.
Measurements of surface ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx=NO+NO2) and meteorological parameters have been made at Agra (North Central India, 27°10??N, 78°05??E) in post monsoon and winter season. The diurnal variation in O3 concentration shows daytime in situ photochemical production with diurnal maximum in noon hours ranging from 51 to 54 ppb in post monsoon and from 76 to 82 ppb in winter, while minimum (16?C24 ppb) during nighttime and early morning hours. Average 8-h O3 concentration varied from 12.4 to 83.9 ppb. The relationship between meteorological parameters (solar radiation intensity, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction) and surface O3 variability was studied using principal component analysis (PCA), multiple linear regression (MLR) and correlation analysis (CA). PCA and MLR of daily mean O3 concentrations on meteorological parameters explain up to 80 % of day to day ozone variability. Correlation with meteorology is strongly emphasized on days having strong solar radiation intensity and longer sunshine time.  相似文献   

20.
Continuous measurements of surface ozone (O3), NOx (NO + NO2) and meteorological parameters have been made in Kannur (11.9?°N, 75.4?°E, 5?m asl), India from November 2009 to October 2010. It was observed that O3 and NOx showed distinct diurnal and seasonal variabilities at this site. The annual average diurnal profile of O3 showed a peak of (30.3?±?10.4) ppbv in the late afternoon and a minimum of (3.2?±?0.7) ppbv in the early morning. The maximum value of O3 mixing ratio was observed in winter (44?±?3.1) ppbv and minimum during monsoon (18.46?±?3.5) ppbv. The rate of production of O3 was found to be higher in December (10.1?ppbv/h) and lower in July (1.8?ppbv/h) during the time interval 0800?C1000?h. A correlation coefficient of 0.52 for the relationship between O3 and [NO2]/[NO] reveals the role of NO2 photolysis that generates O3 at this site. The correlation between O3 and meteorological parameters indicate the influence of seasonal changes on O3 production. Investigations were further extended to explore the week day weekend variations in O3 mixing ratio at an urban site reveals the enhancement of O3. The variations of O3 mixing ratio with seasonal air mass flows were elucidated with the aid of backward air trajectories. This study also indicates how vapor phase organic species present in the ambient air at this location may influence the complex chemistry involving (VOCs) that enhances the production of O3 at this location.  相似文献   

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