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1.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
2.
Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity’s ability to protect our planet’s climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. 相似文献
3.
A. P. Marques M. C. Freitas M. A. Reis H. Th. Wolterbeek T. Verburg J. J. M. De Goeij 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,49(1-3):211-222
Transplants of the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata were suspended in nylon bags in a special device allowing a fixed orientation of the lichen towards the wind direction, viz. facing the wind (F orientation) or shielded from the wind by its substrate (T orientation). The F- and T-orientation data were mutually compared and also with reference values (= time zero values of the transplants). The data were analysed via Monte Carlo added target transformation factor analysis (MCATTFA) to get information on possible emission-source profiles and their contributions to total-element levels in transplants, in F- and T-orientations. Both orientations did not differ for Na, Mg, P, Cl, K, Fe, Co, Ni, Ga, Se, Br, Sr, Ba, La, Nd, Sm, Lu and Ta, but showed some time-related differences for Cr and Zn. For the remaining elements the data presents a high variability. Under the conditions of the experiment, F- and T-oriented transplants generally did not result in differences in source profiles reflected, nor in differences in source contributions to element levels in the transplants. 相似文献
4.
全球雷电活动研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
雷电是发生在大气圈中伴随雷暴天气出现的一种瞬时高电压、大电流、强电磁辐射的灾害性天气现象。雷电活动对航空、航天、石油、化工、通讯等关系着国计民生的行业有着重要影响,因此越来越受到人们的关注。本文是关于近年来全球雷电专家对雷电活动研究成果的总结与归纳,主要是对雷电活动的探测手段、全球雷电活动特征、各种天气背景条件下（台风及中尺度对流系统等）雷电活动特征、雷电活动对气候变化的响应与影响等方面的研究进展,尽量完整及时的呈现出学界对雷电活动的最新研究进展。 相似文献
5.
北京种植桃气候适应性及优势分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
依据桃的光、温、水及病害发生等生长气候特性,选择了北京平谷地区典型的早、中、晚熟等4个品种桃,利用北京平谷地区30年的气候资料,从地形、土壤和水资源、冬季冻害和霜冻、开花授粉、果实生长期、日较差与病害等多方面分析论证了平谷桃种植的气候适应性及相对于北京南部平原地区的气候优势。分析表明,平谷桃种植在气候资源上具有地形小气候优势,且冬季无冻害之忧,春季几乎无低温霜冻之害,开花授粉期相对平原地区具有气候优势,果实生长期适宜日数较多,而不适宜的高温日数较大兴区偏少,在对果实品质有影响的日较差方面相对于平原地区具有明显优势,病害发生发展也较大兴区轻。与北京其他地区相比,平谷气候更适于发展桃种植。 相似文献
6.
IPCC于2019年8月7日通过了《气候变化与土地特别报告》决策者摘要,报告第3章评估了气候变化与荒漠化的关系,取得了一些新认识,包括全球旱地(dryland)和荒漠化的范围、荒漠化过程与影响因素、荒漠化的检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化的联系。在估计荒漠化变化、荒漠化变化检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化联系方面还存在不足。这些评估结果对我国认识旱地和荒漠化范围的变化、影响荒漠化因素、荒漠化过程、荒漠化变化检测与归因,荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,以及防治荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化方面等都有重要的启示。 相似文献
7.
S. Augusto P. Pinho C. Branquinho M. J. Pereira A. Soares F. Catarino 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,49(1-3):53-65
Polychlorodibenzeno-dioxins and polychlorodibenzeno-furans (PCDD/Fs) are considered among the most toxic compounds on earth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate atmospheric PCDD/F deposition and identify the areas with greater deposition of these compounds in an important industrialized and urbanized region of Portugal, using lichens as biomonitors. For this purpose, samples of the lichen Xanthoria parietina were collected at 60 sampling sites, covering urban, industrial, forestry and agriculture areas, and analyzed for PCDD/Fs, sulfur, nitrogen, zinc, iron, chromium, lead, cobalt, nickel, copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium and potassium. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in lichens were compared with the other elements and related to land-use and population density. The results obtained through the geostatistical interpolations and after principal component analysis have shown that PCDD/F deposition estimated by lichens is greater near industrial and highly populated urban areas. We found that lichens are suitable biomonitors of PCDD/F atmospheric deposition and can contribute to a better knowledge of air quality in a region, enabling identification of critical pollutant deposition areas. 相似文献
8.
Native Trees as Biomonitors of Chemical Elements in the Biodiversity Conservation of the Atlantic Forest 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elvis J. De França Elisabete A. De Nadai Fernades Márcio A. Bacchi Mitiko Saiki 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,49(1-3):579-592
The Atlantic Forest, a hotspot in the world with a great diversity of plants and animals, is located in the most industrialized area of Brazil, a potential source of chemical elements for the atmosphere. From its original area about 10% has been preserved mainly through the implementation of conservation units, among which the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) is one of the most representative. Here, leaves of the predominant species in the PECB were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the establishment of natural backgrounds of As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cs, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Rb, Sc, Se, Sr and Zn. Biomonitoring of the Atlantic Forest was realized through the tree community study taking in account the interspecies and the intraspecies variability of chemical concentrations. Results pointed out the low status of pollution based on the concentrations of chemical elements of environmental concerning. However, Br concentrations were higher in the understory species, which could be related to the possible effects of atmospheric pollution or sea influence. In addition, some Hyeronima alchorneoides trees showed to be hyperaccumulators of Co. 相似文献
9.
利用四川135个站自动与人工第2年平行观测气温资料,就自动与人工观测的气温的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明：气温各项目的自动观测比人工观测平均偏高,平均差值基本在0．2℃以内;气温、日最高、日最低的自动与人工观测比较,差值在±0．2℃之间的分别占58．71％、51．58％、62．68％,自动与人工观测值一致的分别占15．07％、12．16％、14．78％;自动与人工观测气温之间的对比差值存在明显的日变化,无明显的季节性和地域性差异;两种观测体制在观测时间上、观测方式上、测温传感器安装位置上,以及感应元件和测温原理的不同、仪器误差、热滞效应,都会造成观测结果出现差异。 相似文献
10.
This study assesses the performance of temperature extremes over China in two regional climate models(RCMs),RegCM4 and WRF, driven by the ECMWF's 20 th century reanalysis. Based on the advice of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices(ETCCDI), 12 extreme temperature indices(i.e., TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, TX90 p, TN90 p,TX10 p, TN10 p WSDI, ID, FD, and CSDI) are derived from the simulations of two RCMs and compared with those from the daily station-based observational data for the period 1981–2010. Overall, the two RCMs demonstrate satisfactory capability in representing the spatiotemporal distribution of the extreme indices over most regions. RegCM performs better than WRF in reproducing the mean temperature extremes, especially over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Moreover, both models capture well the decreasing trends in ID, FD, CSDI, TX10 p, and TN10 p, and the increasing trends in TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, WSDI, TX90 p,and TN90 p, over China. Compared with observation, RegCM tends to underestimate the trends of temperature extremes,while WRF tends to overestimate them over the TP. For instance, the linear trends of TXx over the TP from observation,RegCM, and WRF are 0.53?C(10 yr)-1, 0.44?C(10 yr)-1, and 0.75?C(10 yr)-1, respectively. However, WRF performs better than RegCM in reproducing the interannual variability of the extreme-temperature indices. Our findings are helpful towards improving our understanding of the physical realism of RCMs in terms of different time scales, thus enabling us in future work to address the sources of model biases. 相似文献
11.
IPCC第五次评估报告第二工作组报告《气候变化2014：影响、适应和脆弱性》以气候变化风险为核心理念,对气候变化的影响进行了系统性的评估,对适应气候变化相关的需求、选择、机会、约束和局限性等方面进行了全面综合的论述。报告发布正值《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判的关键时期,作为德班平台新协议谈判的重要信息来源,第二工作组报告将对全球长期目标、适应及其与减缓的关系、损失与损害等重要议题谈判产生重要的影响。为了在下阶段更好地开展国际谈判和国内相关工作,应深入解读报告的主要结论并做到科学的应用。 相似文献
12.
基于Web of Science（WOS）核心数据库中2007—2019年发表的2075篇以“气候变化”“感知”和“适应”为研究主题的文献,利用CiteSpace软件的网络可视化分析功能,并结合WOS的相关统计工具,对气候变化感知和适应行为领域的文献特征与演进历程进行研究,以期明确该领域的历史研究特征、知识基础和热点演变,并指出未来的研究趋势,为发展创新提供参考。结果表明：除气候变化、适应和感知外,脆弱性、影响、风险、管理、变化性、适应能力、恢复力、农业、风险感知、政策、干旱和农民也是气候变化感知和适应行为领域的热点词汇;在研究中不断涌现新的词汇,且越来越重视沿海地区和小农问题;公众的个体经验不断受到重视,同时气候变化敏感区将是本领域未来的热点研究地区;中国仍处于气候变化感知和适应行为领域研究的起步阶段。 相似文献
13.
冰冻圈影响区恢复力研究和实践:进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化引起全球冰冻圈各要素普遍退缩,进而深刻影响着区域生态安全和社会经济发展。恢复力(resilience)以降低脆弱性为目标,维持和培育社会-生态系统应对外界胁迫和干扰的能力,为应对冰冻圈变化引起的负面影响、实现区域可持续发展提供了重要的理论和实践框架。文中辨识了全球变暖背景下冰冻圈过程和功能变化对主要社会-生态系统的影响,综述了当前冰冻圈影响区恢复力相关的主要研究和实践进展,探讨了加强冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统恢复力的路径。我们认为未来要进一步加强区域和全球冰冻圈变化及其影响综合评估,深入研究冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统变化的驱动机制、级联效应和稳态转换;在实践上将减缓、适应和转型有机结合,建立管控区域社会-生态系统演化的综合监测、评估、预警和决策系统,从而促进系统朝着更具恢复力和可持续的路径发展。 相似文献
14.
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles. 相似文献
15.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
16.
对ISCCP、常规观测以及MODIS总云量3种目前使用较多的总云量资料进行对比分析, 重点考察时间序列较长的ISCCP和常规观测总云量, 给出定量对比结果, 为使用这3种总云量资料的用户提供参考。研究表明:ISCCP与常规观测总云量相比, 7月二者的空间分布具有很好的一致性, 但白天ISCCP总云量比常规观测总云量多, 夜间却往往比常规观测总云量少, 二者误差分布表现为东部和东南部小于西北部的特征; 而1月二者空间分布比较一致, 但是在天山和东北地区高、低值中心经常不匹配, 这两个区域总云量资料需慎用; 7月ISCCP总云量精度明显高于1月。ISCCP、常规观测以及MODIS总云量对比结果表明:1月MODIS总云量比其他两种资料大, 而7月为最小。相对常规观测, 1月ISCCP总云量精度优于MODIS, 而7月MODIS总云量略优于ISCCP。 相似文献
17.
18.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
19.
基于GIS的三门峡市苹果种植气候适宜性区划 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了探明三门峡市苹果气候适应性及种植规模扩展空间,利用三门峡、灵宝、卢氏、渑池4个县级气象站点和苹果种植区及周边19个区域多要素气象站点资料,依据海拔高度将苹果种植区划分为塬区、浅山区和中山区3种区域,运用模糊隶属度评价各区气候因子,筛选出年均气温、年降水量、6—8月平均气温作为区划指标,针对不同气候要素采用克立格或反距离权重的GIS方法进行小网格插值,最终形成精细化的三门峡市苹果种植气候适宜性区划图。区划结果表明:最适宜区多位于三门峡市中部和中南部,适宜区多位于东部和北部,不适宜区为北部边缘地带。当前三门峡市苹果种植主要分布于灵宝中部、南部和陕县西南部,是苹果的主产区和优质区;其他未开展苹果种植的卢氏县北部、陕县东南部处于最适宜区域,渑池县大部分处于适宜区,是未来苹果种植面积扩展的首选地区,但尚需综合考虑土壤、地形、气候等因素对苹果品质的影响。 相似文献
20.
“北京气象”手机客户端气象信息GIS快速可视化技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着移动互联网和智能手机技术的发展,客户端APP应用是满足便捷、高效、可移动、可定位气象信息服务的重要途径和手段。通过对格点天气、雷达回波、专题图等更新频次高、空间分辨率高、数据量较大的气象信息手机客户端GIS快速可视化关键技术的研究和实践,提出在服务器端应用支撑层部署Surfer专业绘图软件,在客户端数据资源层部署Google预先渲染好的离线栅格瓦片地图,应用支撑层部署开源的OpenLayers WebGIS二次开发组件,在两端应用逻辑层采用数据缓存和分布式存贮技术的手机客户端气象信息GIS快速可视化J2EE技术架构,实现了格点产品、雷达回波、专题图等气象信息GIS快速可视化展示。 相似文献