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1.
Several alternative estimation and interpolation methods for making annual precipitation maps of Asturias are analysed. The
data series in this study corresponds to the year 2003. There exists an evident relationship between precipitation and altitude,
with a high correlation coefficient of 0.70, that reflects the hillside effect; that is, the increase in the amount of precipitation
in more mountainous areas. The direct spatial variability of precipitation and of altitude and the cross variability of precipitation–altitude
are defined by two exponential variogram models: one with a short-range structure (15–30 km) that reflects the control exerted
by the lesser, local mountain ranges over the amount of precipitation; and another with a long-range structure (80 km) that
supposes the influence over precipitation of the major mountainous alignments of the inland areas of the Cantabrian Mountain
Range (Cordillera Cantábrica) situated between 60 and 90 km from the coastline. These variogram models had to be validated for coregionalization by the
Pardo-Igúzquiza and Dowd method so as to be able to make the cokriging map. The geometric estimation methods employed were
triangulation and inverse distance. The geostatistical estimation methods developed were simple kriging, ordinary kriging,
kriging with a trend model (universal kriging), lognormal kriging, and cokriging. In all of these methods, a 3 × 3 km2 grid was selected with a total of 2580 points to estimate, a circular search window of 60 km, and a relatively small number
of samples with the aim of highlighting the local features and variations on isohyet maps. The kriging methods were implemented
using the WinGslib software, incorporating two specific programs, Prog2 and Fichsurf, so as to be able then to make isohyet
maps using the Surfer software. All the methods employed, apart from triangulation, rendered realistic maps with good fits
to the values of the original data (precipitation) of the sample maps. The problem with triangulation lies not in the reliability
of the estimates but in the fact that it gives rise to contrived maps because of the tendency of isohyets to present abundant
triangular facets. The reliability of the methods was based on cross-validation analysis and on evaluation of the different
types of errors, both in their values and in their graphical representations. Substantial differences were not found in the
values of the errors that might discriminate some methods from others in an evident way. Bearing the aforesaid in mind, should
we have to make an evaluation of the different estimation methods in decreasing order of acceptance, this would be: kriging
with a trend model, inverse distance, cokriging, lognormal kriging, ordinary kriging, simple kriging, and triangulation. The
application of other estimation methods such as colocated cokriging, kriging with an external drift, and kriging of variable
local means (residual kriging) is dependent on the availability of a digital model of the terrain with an altitude grid of
the region. 相似文献
2.
A treatise on the use of geostatistics for the characterization of nonrenewable resources 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James R. Carr 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(1):61-73
Five decades of geostatistical development are reviewed to summarize the state of the art for spatial interpolation vis-à-vis kriging or a form thereof. Although a search of the literature reveals a variety of kriging methods, there are but two infrastructures for geostatistical interpolation: simple cokriging, for estimating a single variable using two variables, and generalized cokriging, for estimating one or more variables using the same number of variables that are estimated. The many forms of kriging are varieties of these two interpolation infrastructures. This notion is emphasized to aid the selection of an appropriate interpolation model for a nonrenewable resource. These models are discussed, and literature for the models and for applicable software is cited. Additionally, all aspects of spatial interpolation are discussed, including the adequacy of spatial sampling, distribution characteristics of spatial samples, semivariograms, search parameters, and selection of interpolation models in conformance with spatial data characteristics. Finally, the relationship between interpolation and raster-based geographic information systems is emphasized. 相似文献
3.
Christopher D. Lloyd Peter M. Atkinson 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):535-563
This paper focuses on two common problems encountered when using Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data to derive digital elevation models (DEMs). Firstly, LiDAR measurements are obtained in an irregular configuration and on a point, rather than a pixel, basis. There is usually a need to interpolate from these point data to a regular grid so it is necessary to identify the approaches that make best use of the sample data to derive the most accurate DEM possible. Secondly, raw LiDAR data contain information on above‐surface features such as vegetation and buildings. It is often the desire to (digitally) remove these features and predict the surface elevations beneath them, thereby obtaining a DEM that does not contain any above‐surface features. This paper explores the use of geostatistical approaches for prediction in this situation. The approaches used are inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK) and kriging with a trend model (KT). It is concluded that, for the case studies presented, OK offers greater accuracy of prediction than IDW while KT demonstrates benefits over OK. The absolute differences are not large, but to make the most of the high quality LiDAR data KT seems the most appropriate technique in this case. 相似文献
4.
中国土壤温度的空间插值方法比较 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用中国698个气象站点1971~2000年的地面气候资料,采用三种不同方法预测中国0cm、20cm和40cm深度年均土壤温度的空间分布,其中普通克里格和泛克里格法直接以年均土壤温度数据为源数据、回归克里格法以中国年均气温数据和中国DEM数据为源数据进行预测。预测结果的准确性通过平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)值来评价。结果表明回归克里格法预测的MAE值和RMSE值均为最小,说明其预测结果的准确性最好、预测的极端误差也最小;其次为泛克里格法;普通克里格法预测的效果最差。回归克里格法预测结果由于采用了中国DEM数据进行修正,在空间特征表达方面能够更好地表达复杂地形地区的局部变异,其平滑效应明显小于泛克里格法和普通克里格法的预测结果。 相似文献
5.
山区地形开阔度的分布式模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地形开阔度是影响山地辐射平衡及其分量的重要地形因子,是山区散射辐射、地形反射辐射等计算的重要参数。在复杂的地形条件下,地形开阔度的计算很难用数学公式描述。 利用数字高程模型（DEM）,全面考虑了坡地自身遮蔽和周围地形相互遮蔽的影响,提出了山区地形开阔度的分布式模型和算法。以1 km×1 km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下中国地形开阔度的空间分布。同时,利用100 m和1 km两个分辨率的DEM数据,从不同DEM分辨率和不同地貌类型两个方面探讨了地形开阔度的空间尺度效应,阐明了区域地形开阔度随地形地貌和空间分辨率的变化规律。所提供的山地开阔度的数据可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用。 相似文献
6.
Steve W. Lyon Rasmus S⊘rensen Johan Stendahl Jan Seibert 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):723-740
Interpolation of point measurements using geostatistical techniques such as kriging can be used to estimate values at non-sampled locations in space. Traditional geostatistics are based on the spatial autocorrelation concept that nearby things are more related than distant things. In this study, additional information was used to modify the traditional Euclidean concept of distance into an adjusted distance metric that incorporates similarity in terms of quantifiable landscape characteristics such as topography or land use. This new approach was tested by interpolating soil moisture content, pH and carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio measured in both the mineral and the organic soil layers at a field site in central Sweden. Semivariograms were created using both the traditional distance metrics and the proposed adjusted distance metrics to carry out ordinary kriging (OK) interpolations between sampling points. In addition, kriging with external drift (KED) was used to interpolate soil properties to evaluate the ability of the adjusted distance metric to incorporate secondary data into interpolations. The new adjusted distance metric typically lowered the nugget associated with the semivariogram, thereby better representing small-scale variability in the measured data compared to semivariograms based on the traditional distance metric. The pattern of the resulting kriging interpolations using KED and OK based on the adjusted distance metric were similar because they represented secondary data and, thus, enhanced small-scale variability compared to traditional distance OK. This created interpolations that agreed better with what is expected for the real-world spatial variation of the measured properties. Based on cross-validation error, OK interpolations using the adjusted distance metric better fit observed data than either OK interpolations using traditional distance or KED. 相似文献
7.
Erosion surfaces and Neogene landscape evolution in the NE Duero Basin (north-central Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present a chronological model of erosion surface development in the Iberian and Cantabrian Ranges of north-central Spain. We map four erosion surfaces and interpret these to be related to Duero basin continental sediments and tectonic activity from Upper Oligocene to Plio-Pleistocene. The oldest erosion surface, SE1, formed across Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene synorogenic deposits; while surface SE2 was contemporaneous with the Middle Miocene alluvial systems, ending with an uplift stage in the Astaracian. The two most recent erosion surfaces, SE3 and SE4, developed during extensional tectonic episodes and are associated with the deposition of Upper Páramo sedimentary units at the end of the Miocene (Upper Turolian) and alluvial fan deposits, known as rañas (Plio-Pleistocene). With the exception of SE1, which seems to be associated with a relatively wet climate, the surfaces formed during periods of marked aridity and generally warm temperatures. Through geostatistical reconstruction of the best preserved surface (SE2), applying ordinary kriging method to the topography (DEM) of the erosion surface and its correlating sedimentary plains, we identify the deformation processes which occurred on this surface after its formation. 相似文献
8.
气象站点观测降水难以精确反映降水时空分布与变化,而雷达降水存在复杂地形区域精度不高等问题。为了最大限度发挥两者的优势,文章以广东省北部山区为研究区域,选择2018-08-26—30一次暴雨过程为研究对象,结合地形、与海岸线距离、植被指数、经纬度等地表辅助参量,分析地面站点降水与地表辅助参量、雷达降水的相关关系,利用XGBoost算法与克里金插值方法,构建地面-雷达日降水数据融合模型,得到了空间分辨率为1 km的日降水融合数据集。此外,采用多元线性回归（LM）与克里金插值方法,实现了地面-雷达日降水数据的融合,并利用地面降水数据分别对XGBoost与LM日降水融合性能进行精度验证。结果表明：1）地面降水与雷达降水存在显著的正相关,地面降水与地表辅助参量之间的相关性随时间变化;2）XGBoost预测精度整体上高于LM预测结果;经模型残差校正后,XGBoost融合模型的精度整体上优于LM融合模型,这是因为XGBoost方法在捕捉地面降水与地表辅助参量、雷达降水之间关系性能上优于LM方法。 相似文献
9.
Samanta Biswajit Bandopadhyay Sukumar Ganguli Rajive Dutta Sridhar 《Natural Resources Research》2004,13(3):189-200
In this paper, sparse data problem in neural network and geostatistical modeling for ore-grade estimation was addressed in the Nome offshore placer gold deposit. The problem of sparse data arises because of the random data division into training, validation, and test subsets during ore-grade modeling. In this regard, the possibility of generating statistically dissimilar data subsets by random data division was also explored through a simulation exercise. A combined approach of data segmentation and application of a Kohonen network then was used to solve the data division problem. Two neural networks and five kriging models were applied for grade modeling. The neural network was trained using an early stopping method. Performance evaluation of the models was carried out on the test data set. The study results indicated that all the models that were investigated in this study performed almost equally. It was also revealed that by using the secondary variable watertable depth the neural network and the kriging models slightly improved their prediction precision. Further, the overall R
2 of the models was poor as a result of high nugget (noisy) component in ore-grade variation. 相似文献
10.
Seamus Coveney A. Stewart Fotheringham 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1191-1211
Digital elevation model (DEM) elevation accuracy and spatial resolution are typically considered before a given DEM is used for the assessment of coastal flooding, sea-level rise or erosion risk. However, limitations of DEMs arising from their original data source can often be overlooked during DEM selection. Global elevation error statistics provided by DEM data suppliers can provide a useful indicator of actual DEM error, but these statistics can understate elevation errors occurring outside of idealised ground reference areas. The characteristic limitations of a range of DEM sources that may be used for the assessment of coastal inundation and erosion risk are tested using high-resolution photogrammetric, low- and medium-resolution global positioning system (GPS)-derived and very high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning point data sets. Errors detected in a high-resolution photogrammetric DEM are found to be substantially beyond quoted error, demonstrating the degree to which quoted DEM accuracy can understate local DEM error and highlighting the extent to which spatial resolution can fail to provide a reliable indicator of DEM accuracy. Superior accuracies and inundation prediction results are achieved based on much lower-resolution GPS points confirming conclusions drawn in the case of the photogrammetric DEM data. This suggests a scope for the use of GPS-derived DEMs in preference to the photogrammetric DEM data in large-scale risk-mapping studies. DEM accuracies and superior representation of micro-topography achieved using high-resolution terrestrial laser scan data confirm its advantages for the prediction of subtle inundation and erosion risk. However, the requirement for data fusion of GPS to remove ground-vegetation error highlighted limitations for the use of side-scan laser scan data in densely vegetated areas. 相似文献
11.
Resource estimation of a placer deposit is always a difficult and challenging job because of high variability in the deposit.
The complexity of resource estimation increases when drill-hole data are sparse. Since sparsely sampled placer deposits produce
high-nugget variograms, a traditional geostatistical technique like ordinary kriging sometimes fails to produce satisfactory
results. In this article, a machine learning algorithm—the support vector machine (SVM)—is applied to the estimation of a
platinum placer deposit. A combination of different neighborhood samples is selected for the input space of the SVM model.
The trade-off parameter of the SVM and the bandwidth of the kernel function are selected by genetic algorithm learning, and
the algorithm is tested on a testing data set. Results show that if eight neighborhood samples and their distances and angles
from the estimated point are considered as the input space for the SVM model, the developed model performs better than other
configurations. The proposed input space-configured SVM model is compared with ordinary kriging and the traditional SVM model
(location as input) for resource estimation. Comparative results reveal that the proposed input space-configured SVM model
outperforms the other two models. 相似文献
12.
A pedogeochemical exploratory survey of gold deposits was carried out in the region of São Sepé (southernmost Brazil). The region comprises a predominantly metamorphosed belt of volcanoclastics, sediments, serpentinites, basalts, gabbros, chert, tuffs, and banded iron formation of the Proterozoic age. The anomalies were identified first by stream sediment heavy mineral survey at the regional scale of exploration. Once spatial continuity was modeled, ordinary block kriging was performed to generate geochemical maps. Indicator block kriging also was used as an alternative in analyzing and interpreting geochemical data. A novel approach is proposed, which combines both ordinary and indicator kriging for delineating geochemical anomalies. Probability maps proved to be appropriate for selecting new sites for further exploration. Gold anomalies in soils trending NE were well defined by geostatistical analysis and subsequently confirmed by drilling. 相似文献
13.
秦岭中部山地降水的垂直变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
明确秦岭高海拔山区降水的变化规律,是深入理解秦岭作为中国南北地理过渡带特征、认识秦岭水资源在南水北调中线工程中重要作用的前提。但秦岭高海拔地区长期缺乏有效的降水观测数据,导致对其降水变化缺乏了解。利用2018年6月1日—2019年5月31日秦岭太白山海拔3760 m实测降水数据,发现在秦岭海拔3760 m处年降水量可达1300 mm,远高于汉江盆地和关中平原600~800 mm的年降水量。在此基础上,检验了克里金（Kriging）、反距离加权（IDW）和薄盘样条（ANUSPLIN）插值方法,以及GPM修正数据（GPM-cal）和ERA5再分析资料对秦岭中部山地年和季节降水空间模态的再现效果,各方案均能揭示秦岭高山区是降水高值中心,且降水随海拔的升高而增大,但利用克里金、反距离加权插值方案不能得到准确的高海拔降水值,与此相比,GPM-cal数据、薄盘样条插值与ERA5资料能较准确刻画秦岭中部山地年降水量随地形的变化。水汽通量分析显示,秦岭凭借高大地形对600 hPa高度以下的南来湿润气流具有明显的阻挡、强迫和拦截作用,使其南坡成为区域降水高值中心。结合高山区降水观测、薄盘样条插值、多源格点资料和数据修正方法,是认识秦岭山地降水形成和变化的有效途径。 相似文献
14.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):383-390
Topographic shading curtails the period and complicates the geographic patterns of insolation in mountainous areas. Maps derived from oblique aerial photographs of shadow lines cast by the irregular, mountainous east horizon in Provo, Utah are used as a case study to illustrate an alternative to existing techniques of solar radiation data collection. For study areas of several hundred square kilometers, this method may be superior in resolution and at the same time more error free and economically feasible than other methods. Measurement of solar inputs received at sample stations scattered through the mapped area show that the phenomenon of topographically delayed sunrise has a distinct effect on daily totals of radiation in the manner suggested by the maps. 相似文献
15.
Topographic shading curtails the period and complicates the geographic patterns of insolation in mountainous areas. Maps derived from oblique aerial photographs of shadow lines cast by the irregular, mountainous east horizon in Provo, Utah are used as a case study to illustrate an alternative to existing techniques of solar radiation data collection. For study areas of several hundred square kilometers, this method may be superior in resolution and at the same time more error free and economically feasible than other methods. Measurement of solar inputs received at sample stations scattered through the mapped area show that the phenomenon of topographically delayed sunrise has a distinct effect on daily totals of radiation in the manner suggested by the maps. 相似文献
16.
基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
数字高程模型(DEM)是地表形态高程属性的数字化表达,利用流域DEM数据构建数字水系模型并提取流域水文特征,是分布式水文过程模拟的重要基础。DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的处理、流向的确定以及DEM分辨率的大小都直接影响着流域水系特征提取的质量与效率。针对当前基于DEM提取河网与流域特征的诸多问题,阐述了DEM数据提取流域水系特征的原理,回顾了数字水系模型与流域特征提取方法,评述了洼地和平地的处理方法及水流方向的确定方法的研究进展,介绍了当前基于不同DEM数据类型的提取方法研究,探讨了DEM尺度和分辨率对提取流域特征的影响,总结了平缓区域数字水系和河网提取的研究进展。 相似文献
17.
Drumond David Alvarenga Rolo Roberto Mentzingen Costa João Felipe Coimbra Leite 《Natural Resources Research》2019,28(1):145-152
Experimental variograms are crucial for most geostatistical studies. In kriging, for example, the variography has a direct influence on the interpolation weights. Despite the great importance of variogram estimators in predicting geostatistical features, they are commonly influenced by outliers in the dataset. The effect of some randomly spatially distributed outliers can mask the pattern of the experimental variogram and produce a destructuration effect, implying that the true data spatial continuity cannot be reproduced. In this paper, an algorithm to detect and remove the effect of outliers in experimental variograms using the Mahalanobis distance is proposed. An example of the algorithm’s application is presented, showing that the developed technique is able to satisfactorily detect and remove outliers from a variogram.
相似文献18.
In most modern coal mines, there are many coal quality parameters that are measured on samples taken from boreholes. These data are used to generate spatial models of the coal quality parameters, typically using inverse distance as an interpolation method. At the same time, downhole geophysical logging of numerous additional boreholes is used to measure various physical properties but no coal quality samples are taken. The work presented in this paper uses two of the most important coal quality variables—ash and volatile matter—and assesses the efficacy of using a number of geostatistical interpolation methods to improve the accuracy of the interpolated models, including the use of auxiliary variables from geophysical logs. A multivariate spatial statistical analysis of ash, volatile matter and several auxiliary variables is used to establish a co-regionalization model that relates all of the variables as manifestations of an underlying geological characteristic. A case study of a coal mine in Queensland, Australia, is used to compare the interpolation methods of inverse distance to ordinary kriging, universal kriging, co-kriging, regression kriging and kriging with an external drift. The relative merits of these six methods are compared using the mean error and the root mean square error as measures of bias and accuracy. The study demonstrates that there is significant opportunity to improve the estimations of coal quality when using kriging with an external drift. The results show that when using the depth of a sample as an external drift variable there is a significant improvement in the accuracy of estimation for volatile matter, and when using wireline density logs as the drift variable there is improvement in the estimation of the in situ ash. The economic benefit of these findings is that cheaper proxies for coal quality parameters can significantly increase data density and the quality of estimations.
相似文献19.
云南省掌鸠河流域近300年来聚落空间演变 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
研究聚落在山地中的空间演变过程对探讨历史时期山地的土地利用变化和人地关系具有重要意义。以云南省掌鸠河流域为研究区,综合利用地名志资料、历史文献资料和田野调查资料等建立聚落信息数据库,重建了流域内近300年来聚落的分布格局和演变进程。研究表明：在时间上,近300年来掌鸠河流域聚落的发展可分为缓慢增长阶段（1701-1800年）、高速增长阶段（1801-1950年）和缓慢增长阶段（1951-2000年）。在空间上,中下游河谷地带始终是聚落密度最大的区域,并呈现出由中下游向中上游,再由中上游向中下游,由河谷向两侧边远山区扩展的趋势。影响山地流域聚落演变的主要因素中,高程2200 m和2500 m、坡度20°是聚落扩展的重要界限,人口数量的增长是聚落数量增加和空间扩展的主要驱动力,少数民族的迁移与定居增强了聚落分布的垂直性特征。 相似文献
20.
The Capanema Mine, an iron ore deposit, is located in the central portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Mine development data from approximately 7000 drillholes were used for a comparative study between kriging variance and interpolation variance as uncertainty measurements associated with ordinary kriging estimates. As known, the traditional kriging variance does not depend on local data and, therefore, does not measure the actual dispersion of data. On the other hand, the interpolation variance measures adequately the local dispersion of data used for an ordinary kriging estimate. This paper presents an application of the concept of interpolation variance for measuring uncertainties associated with ordinary kriging estimates of Fe and silica grades. These data were selected for their distinct statistical characteristics with Fe presenting a negatively skewed distribution and, consequently, a low dispersion, and silica a positively skewed distribution and, therefore, a high variability. Comparative studies between the two uncertainty measurements associated with ordinary kriging estimates of Fe and silica proved the superiority of the interpolation variance as a reliable and precise alternative to the kriging variance. 相似文献