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1.
中国西南地区冻雨灾害特征分析与评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1961-2015年中国西南地区96个气象台站逐日气象观测资料,采用模糊信息分配法分析了我国西南地区出现冻雨天气时有利气象要素的变化规律。选取气温、湿度及日照时间确定了西南地区冻雨天气判断的评估标准：日平均气温≤ 2℃,日最高气温≤ 8℃,日最低气温≤ 0℃,相对湿度≥ 80%,日照时间≤ 1 h。通过重建发现发生冻雨的天数在11月-次年3月间呈现单峰型变化,其季节内冻雨日数的演变规律是少~多~少,每年的1月冻雨日数最多。经检验上述指标可用于重建西南地区各站点冻雨强度指数,并由此评估了西南地区冻雨灾害的时空分布状况。四川盆地南缘、云贵高原大部,以及湖南省东部地区冻雨指数大,表明该区域遭受冻雨灾害严重;青藏高原、川西高原地区气温虽低,但相对湿度小,日照时间长,均不满足冻雨条件,因此发生冻雨灾害的风险小。近年来我国西南地区冻雨强度总体呈现减弱的趋势。 相似文献
2.
Snowstorms can produce varying degrees of damage depending on the amount and intensity of the snowfall over a given amount
of time. Concurrent weather conditions such as freezing rain and high winds often exacerbate the amount of damage received.
In order to assess the frequency of potentially damaging conditions during climatologically significant snowstorms, the top
ten snowstorms (TTS) at individual First-Order Stations in the eastern two-thirds of the conterminous U.S. were determined,
and the hourly weather conditions during each event were analyzed. The results show that TTS have occurred as early as September
and as late as June, with January being the peak month of occurrence. Hourly precipitation totals during TTS were 2.3 mm or
less 88% of the time. Seven percent of TTS were classified as a blizzard with over half of the blizzards occurring in the
West North Central region. The most common concurrent weather condition during a TTS was fog followed by blowing snow. Regionally,
heavy snow events in the Northeast had relatively higher precipitation amounts, colder temperatures, higher winds, and more
fog and blowing snow than any other region. 相似文献
3.
Yihui Ding Xiaolong Jia Zunya Wang Xianyan Chen Lijuan Chen 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2009,3(2):129-145
The present paper has made a comparison of major similarities and differences of extreme cold events between the cold and
warm periods for recent 50 years, in order to gain a better insight into the impact of the global warming on extreme cold
events in China. Two typical events of low temperature, ice freezing and snow disasters that occurred in January 2008 and
in the winter of 1954/1955, respectively, are selected as representative cases for the cold period (1950’s–1970’s) and the
warm period (1980’s-present). The contrasting study has revealed that these two events both occurred under long-persistent
blocking circulation over Eurasian continent, with continuous invasions of strong cold air into China mainland. They nearly
brought about similar weather disasters such as extensive low temperature, record-breaking freezing rains and exceptionally
heavy snowfalls. However, due to active northward transport of warm and moist air from Bay of Bengal and Indo-China Peninsula
in the warm period, the January 2008 case had longer freezing rain days and heavier snowstorms in South China, thus leading
to much more severe damage to electric grids and transportations. The case of the 1954/1955 winter was a stronger, extreme
cold event than the case of January 2008, in terms of magnitudes of temperature drop and severity of impact on river icing.
It was gradually recovered to normal condition while the case of January 2008 had a very rapid recovery to warming condition
due to impact of the global warming. 相似文献
4.
甘肃河西走廊地区气候暖湿转型后的最新事实 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用1981-2011年甘肃省河西走廊地区19台站逐日降水资料, 研究了该区域年和四季降水量、雨日、降水强度的气候变化特征. 结果表明: 整个河西走廊秋季及酒泉市东部到张掖市冬季降水呈显著增加; 夏季雨日显著减少, 秋季雨日显著增加; 秋季降水强度普遍增强. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代秋季、春季和冬季降水量占年降水量的比重分别提高了9.4%、3.9%和1.8%, 仍有暖湿化倾向, 其中, 秋季暖湿化显著, 而夏季降水比重却减少了15.3%, 有暖干化趋势. 2000年代降水量、雨日和降水强度极端气候事件明显增加: 从季节看, 秋季发生频率最高, 约占同季全部极端事件的80%左右, 其次是夏季和冬季, 各占60%, 春季和年各占50%; 从要素看, 雨日发生频率最高, 占全部极端事件的近70%, 降水量次之, 占60%, 雨强占50%. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代500 hPa、200 hPa和700 hPa 高度场、相对湿度及比湿有明显的年代际变化, 对秋季降水有利而对夏季降水不利. 相似文献
5.
进行了快速冻融和酸雨侵蚀作用下的混凝土室内模拟试验, 研究了冻融和酸雨侵蚀作用下混凝土的质量损失和相对动弹性模量变化规律. 试验结果表明, 混凝土在冻融-酸雨复合环境下的损伤大于冻融作用下的损伤. 通过分析研究, 建立了冻融循环和酸雨侵蚀共同作用下不同水胶比混凝土的质量损失与冻融循环次数的函数关系及冻融与酸雨腐蚀共同作用下混凝土损伤演化方程, 为冻融环境混凝土结构耐久性设计与评估奠定了基础. 相似文献
6.
Juha Schweighofer 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(1):23-40
Similarly to other modes of transport, inland waterway transport has to deal with weather events, affecting navigation conditions and the infrastructure on inland waterways. Most significant extreme weather events result from high precipitation, droughts and temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. Heavy rainfall, in particular in association with snow melt, may lead to floods resulting in suspension of navigation and causing damage to the inland waterway infrastructure as well as the property and health of human beings living in areas exposed to flooding. Long periods of drought may lead to reduced discharge and low water levels, limiting the cargo-carrying capacity of vessels and increasing the specific costs of transportation. Temperatures below zero degrees Celsius over a longer period may cause the appearance of ice on waterways, leading to suspension of navigation and possible damage to infrastructure, for example, buoys. Neither extreme weather events as well as climate change are new phenomena nor is their general occurrence expected to change suddenly. However, due to climate change, extreme weather events may change positively or adversely in severity and frequency of occurrence, depending on the respective weather event and the location of its occurrence. This paper gives an overview of the impact of extreme weather events on inland waterway transport in Europe, focussed on the Rhine–Main–Danube corridor, followed by a discussion on how climate change will change these events and their impacts. 相似文献
7.
雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
雨水花园能够有效地蓄渗雨水径流、降低城市发展对水环境的不利影响.根据在西安市开展的一项连续4年对雨水花园入流与出流水文过程的监测研究,分析了雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果,并根据花园内土壤入渗率及颗粒组分随时间的变化,讨论了雨水花园运行效果的可持续性.结果显示:蓄水深度为15 cm,汇流比为20:1的试验用雨水花园,在4年监测的28场降雨中,仅有4场暴雨径流汇入雨水花园后发生溢流,且溢流量很小;试验期内,有2年未发生溢流,雨水径流全部入渗;最多的1年发生溢流3次,但年径流削减率仍高达96.8%;导致雨水花园发生溢流的均为短历时高强度暴雨.研究中还发现,雨水花园土壤入渗率在4年运行期内没有显著变化,一直稳定在2.4 m/d左右,花园内表层土壤砂粒含量由7.36%增加到20.55%,而粉粒和黏粒的含量则相应降低.可见,研究区雨水花园能够显著减少暴雨径流,且入渗性能稳定,具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
8.
High-impact mesoscale weather events, occurring in different parts of India in all seasons, lead to major weather- and climate-related
disasters. Several research groups and operational weather forecasting centres in India have adopted mesoscale models for
research and operational usage. This paper reviews the work done by different groups with respect to two specific events,
(1) unprecedented locally heavy rainfall near Mumbai (Santa Cruz) on 26 and 27 July 2005 and (2) the Orissa super-cyclone
of 29 and 30 October 1999 from its incipient stage on 24 and 25 October 1999. Considerable variability in the prediction of
the intensity and location of mesoscale heavy rainfall, as well as in the intensity and path of the super-cyclone, are found.
In order to reduce uncertainty in dynamical prediction, it is necessary that the model dynamics, physics, resolution, boundary
conditions and availability of data on land–ocean surface processes are tuned separately to the specific event types, such
as heavy monsoon rainfall, tropical cyclone genesis and movement and severe local thunderstorms, as the processes controlling
such types of events may require suitable treatments for their proper simulations through appropriate dynamics, physics and
resolution. 相似文献
9.
庐山冰期是否存在一直是国内外学术界争论的话题,至今也无法定夺。大量争论文献,特别是“冰斗”“U形谷”形态、“冰碛”的粒径、网纹红土的分布、孢粉的分析及古气候等研究较为支持施雅风、李吉均等前辈的观点,庐山不存在第四纪冰川。本文根据2008年冻雨灾害现象,进行大胆推测,是否是极端气候造成了庐山冰期？超级丰富的过冷却水加上极其苛刻的暖锋逆温层条件形成了极强极长时期的冻雨,冻雨是滴雨成冰减少了从雪到冰的这一漫长过程,庐山“冰川”是否是在短时间内形成？ 相似文献
10.
开展含缺陷空间(孔隙、裂隙)岩体内部冻胀力发生机制及演化规律分析,是岩体冻胀损伤、断裂评价研究的基础。孔隙、裂隙冻胀损伤发生空间尺度存在显著差异,其冻胀损伤机制及冻胀力演化分析也不尽相同,可将孔隙介质冻胀损伤理论归纳为四类：①基于水冰相变体胀的冻胀损伤模型,包括体积膨胀理论、静水压理论等;②基于水热迁移的冻胀损伤理论,包括分凝冰理论、全过程冻胀理论等;③基于孔隙水相变热力学平衡分析的损伤理论,包括毛细管理论、结晶压理论等;④孔隙介质力学理论。裂隙介质冻胀损伤一般认为发生在宏观空间尺度上,着重关注裂隙的冻胀扩展过程。其损伤理论可分为体积膨胀理论（包括水压致裂理论）和分凝冰理论,而裂隙介质冻胀损伤对微观过程（如未冻水迁移、岩/冰界面受力特性等）关注度有待深入。藉此分别讨论上述冻胀损伤理论原理、适用条件及局限性,并对不同缺陷形态（孔隙、裂隙）引起的冻胀力演化机制差异性进行简要分析。 相似文献
11.
酸雨区泥质岩崩解相对于非酸雨区显著增强,但其机制尚有待进一步研究。以酸雨条件下水化学损伤的形成及其发展特性入手,选取典型酸雨区攀枝花市机场滑坡粉砂质泥岩,进行不同pH值条件下（pH=7、5、3）的耐崩解性试验。通过测定试验后崩解液离子成分变化、观察酸雨作用前后粉砂质泥岩薄片镜下特征、分析试样崩解破坏模式,探究酸雨水化学损伤加剧粉砂质泥岩崩解的细观机制;引入比表面积增量指标表征崩解残留物破碎程度,定量评价酸雨水化学损伤对粉砂质泥岩崩解的加剧效果。研究结果认为,粉砂质泥岩酸雨水化学损伤主要源于特定矿物的溶蚀,为其崩解劣化提供额外路径;随着崩解液pH值降低,粉砂质泥岩水化学损伤增强,崩解路径增多,崩解破坏模式发生转化,崩解残留物愈发破碎;采用比表面积增量指标可良好反映崩解残留物的破碎程度,崩解残留物愈破碎,比表面积增量指标值越大,粉砂质泥岩崩解程度越高。结论可为酸雨地区岩土体工程性质评价及加固设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
12.
In late December 2013, Eastern Canada was hit by a severe ice storm that covered Southern Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes. Toronto, the largest city of Canada, was among the hardest hit. The freezing rain lasted for 3 days, leaving up to 30 mm coat of ice covering the ground and infrastructure. The urban forestry was badly hit as the ice accretion caused major tree failures and damage to the trees. Trees snapped as they were dormant and fragile during winter weather. In addition, tree limbs with branches heavily coated with ice brought down power lines. About 300,000 power customers (over a million people) were left without power for almost 3 days and tens of thousands for more than a week. The damages from the ice storm cost the city of Toronto over $106 million, while the cost of insured losses was in the range of $200 million. This short paper gives a brief overview of the ice storm, its impact on the city of Toronto, and the response and recovery measures that followed. 相似文献
13.
To deeply understand the micro-/mesoscale dynamic characteristics of the torrential rain process in Urumqi and improve the levels of torrential rain monitoring, forecasting and early warning, this paper analyzed the wind profile features and related scientific problems of three typical torrential rain events seen in 2013–2015 in this region. The research results suggested that: (1) Radar wind profiler can record in detail the movement condition of the atmosphere during the process of torrential rains. Carrying out detailed analyses on the wind profile data is conductive to the improvement in monitoring, forecasting and warning to torrential rain event at a single observation station. (2) When Urumqi experiences heavy rain weather, noticeable wind shear is usually observed above the observation station. In the upper air, it is southwest wind, while in the lower air it is northwest wind, which is the typical wind profile pattern for heavy rain events in the Urumqi region. (3) Obvious northwest low-level jet stream is found to go together with precipitation, and the jet is positively correlated with precipitation intensity. The velocity of low-level jet stream greatly impacts the amount and intensity of precipitation. (4) The rainstorm weather phenomena are clearly presented by the time–height chart of radar reflectivity factors. The high reflectivity values correspond positively to the height range of cloud–rain particles as well as the duration and intensity of precipitation, so it can be used as a reference index of precipitation monitoring and early warning. In a word, this research deepens on the recognition to the micro-/mesoscale weather systems during the process of heavy rains in Urumqi. Moreover, it would contribute to the application improvement of wind profiler data in analyzing the heavy rainfalls in this region. 相似文献
14.
稳定同位素和元素组成判定潜水河雨后地表径流水的构成 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
潜水雨后地表径流由地表下潜水、雨水地面上径流、雨水风化层径流构成，三部分水均随河道流量的增减而增减。其中地表下潜水超过一半，雨水挤压和置换雨前地表下潜水的作用是该流域降雨形成产流的重要作用。雨水地面上径流在流量过程线退水段转折点附近基本消失。 相似文献
15.
Climate change influences the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which have a strong impact on agroecosystems. At regional scale, agroecosystems are diverse in terms of ecological environment and farming practice, intrinsic properties that influence their vulnerability to such events. The link between extreme weather events and the vulnerability of agroecosystems can be conceptualized by experts, including farmers, advisers, and agricultural scientists. However, their knowledge is not easily taken into account in models. A transdisciplinary modeling approach was developed to map the vulnerability of agroecosystems based on expert knowledge using a combination of a fuzzy inference system and geographical information system. The developed approach was applied to assess the vulnerability of two major Belgian agroecosysems: (i) the vulnerability of cropland to heavy rain, and (ii) the vulnerability of grassland to drought. The approach is flexible and identifies the various factors underlying the vulnerability and provides a useful tool to study potential sources of adaptation and resilience within agricultural systems. 相似文献
16.
表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。 相似文献
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The climatic processes of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing affect the disintegration characteristics of clay-bearing rocks (shales, claystones, mudstones, and siltstones) to varying degrees. Although heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing are known to be the main processes responsible for physical disintegration of rocks under natural conditions, most of the previous investigators have used methods based only on water content variations (e.g., jar slake, slake index, and slake durability index tests) to assess the disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Such assessments may not be adequate to explain the field behaviour of clay-bearing rocks subjected to a full range of climatic processes. In order to evaluate the combined effects as well as relative contributions of various climatic processes on the disintegration behaviour, samples of selected clay-bearing rocks, consisting of 5–6 particles, each weighing 85–150 g, were subjected to multiple cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing. These treatments resulted in fragmentation of samples with fragments ranging from 50 to 2 mm and finer in dimensions. A new approach, referred to as the disintegration ratio, and defined as the area under the grain size distribution curve of the disintegrated material to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the samples, was used to account for fragmentation into varying sizes. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between fragmentation, mineralogical composition, and physical properties. 相似文献
20.
有压条件下湿粘土结冰温度的研究 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
应用过冷原理研制的冰点仪，对４种含水率的湿粘土，在０－２０ＭＰａ外载的范围进行结冰温度变化规律的试验研究。获得粘土的结冰温度与外载、含水率的关系和变化规律。 相似文献