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The development of crosshole seismic tomography as an imaging method for the subsurface has been hampered by the scarcity of real data. For boreholes in excess of a few hundred metres depth, crosshole seismic data acquisition is still a poorly developed and expensive technology. A partial solution to this relative lack of data has been achieved by the use of an ultrasonic seismic modelling system. Such ultrasonic data, obtained in the laboratory from physical models, provide a useful test of crosshole imaging software. In particular, ultrasonic data have been used to test the efficacy of a convolutional back-projection algorithm, designed for crosshole imaging. The algorithm is described and shown to be less susceptible to noise contamination than a Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) algorithm, and much more computationally efficient. 相似文献
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各向异性介质中利用跨孔qP波和qSV波走时的统计法成像 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
跨孔层析成像通常在各向同性条件下进行,地壳中存在着广泛的各向异性,考虑各向异性介质的成像具有重要的理论意义和实际价值,本文以各向异性介质的走时扰动理论为基础,进行了qP波和qSV波跨孔走时的联合成像,与各向同性情形相比,各向异性介质的成像是一个更为病态的问题。本文首次将正则化方法与统计检验理论相结合,提出了统计法跨孔成像。数值模拟结果表明,此法具有精度良好、计算稳定和较少受初始模型限制的优点,并可进一步推广到其他地球物理反问题求解。 相似文献
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Jonathan E. Chambers Paul B. Wilkinson Alan L. Weller Philip I. Meldrum Richard D. Ogilvy Simon Caunt 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2007,62(4):324-337
Hidden mineshafts located in urban areas are a significant problem across much of the industrialized world. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a technique that can detect and characterize hidden mine entries by exploiting resistivity contrasts between the shaft and surrounding materials, resulting from either compositional or structural differences. A case study is presented in which both surface and crosshole 3D ERT surveys are used to image a hidden backfilled mineshaft at a built environment site, situated on Carboniferous Lower Coal Measures strata in the UK.Backfilled shafts generally present the greatest challenge for detection using geophysical methods, as contrasts between the fill and bedrock are typically low compared to air or water-filled conditions. Nevertheless, the shaft in this case was identified by both the surface and crosshole 3D surveys. The shaft appeared as a strongly resistive anomaly relative to background materials, which we interpreted as resulting from the disturbed fabric of the fill materials rather than any significant compositional differences. The study highlighted the respective strengths and weaknesses of the surface and crosshole ERT methodologies for this type of problem. The surface survey, which covered a non-rectangular area to accommodate irregular boundaries and other physical obstructions, provided a relatively rapid means of investigating the study site. However, this method had a limited depth of investigation and was constrained in its coverage by the locations of buildings. By contrast, the 3D crosshole method was able to image the shaft to the level of the deepest borehole electrodes. Although crosshole ERT is too expensive to be used for large-scale mineshaft surveys, this study clearly demonstrates its suitability for targeted investigations where surface methods cannot be deployed, such as scanning beneath surface structures or in situations where it is essential for resolution to be maintained with depth. 相似文献
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应用地震波速CT和吸收CT相结合的方法对山东省招远市界河金矿隐伏采空区进行了联合探测研究．波速CT是利用地震波走时资料反演地质体内部波速结构;吸收CT是通过能量变化观测反演吸收系数分布．地震波速对岩性敏感,吸收系数与岩石的完整性关系更密切在界河金矿采空区探测中利用地震波速和吸收系数为层析物理量,在巷道和地表间进行透射观测,以优于2m的分辨率清楚地揭示了测区内采空区和断裂破碎带的分布,探测结果已被后期的采掘所证实．探测的成功为解决同类问题提供了一种可行的方案,对促进工程地球物理探测技术的发展也有重要意义． 相似文献
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The integration of geophysical data into the subsurface characterization problem has been shown in many cases to significantly improve hydrological knowledge by providing information at spatial scales and locations that is unattainable using conventional hydrological measurement techniques. In particular, crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tomography has shown much promise in hydrology because of its ability to provide highly detailed images of subsurface radar wave velocity, which is strongly linked to soil water content. Here, we develop and demonstrate a procedure for inverting together multiple crosshole GPR data sets in order to characterize the spatial distribution of radar wave velocity below the water table at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) near Boise, Idaho, USA. Specifically, we jointly invert 31 intersecting crosshole GPR profiles to obtain a highly resolved and consistent radar velocity model along the various profile directions. The model is found to be strongly correlated with complementary neutron porosity-log data and is further corroborated by larger-scale structural information at the BHRS. This work is an important prerequisite to using crosshole GPR data together with existing hydrological measurements for improved groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling. 相似文献
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井间电阻率层析成象的几个问题研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
井间电阻率层析成象是一种较新的高精度电法勘探方法，尚有许多问题需要探讨。本文针对平滑度约束反演算法，研究了平滑因子及迭代次数对成象结果的影响，给出了约束条件的施加方法。 相似文献
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本文通过应用地震层析成像（cT）技术,对跨孔成像法采集得到的初至波走时,用基于最短路径法的弯曲射线追踪正演和基于LSQR算法的反演技术进行处理。与测井资料联合解释,得到井间波速分布图,对井控范围内的地层构造和地基注浆效果进行了研究,最终得到断裂构造带和人防空洞的分布。认为地震cT在进行城市环境地质调查与评价、浅层工程地质勘察时,能够解决地层岩性和构造的复杂性,对目标环境进行准确预测,在城市环境地质研究和基础设施建设中起重要作用,对促进城市地球物理勘察技术的发展有重要意义。 相似文献
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井间电阻率层析成像研究新进展 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
由于井间电阻率层析成像方法具有施工方便、成本低、对钻孔无破坏作用且穿透深度也较大等优点，因而得到越来越广泛的应用，在过去几年内对该方法研究的重点在于提高计算效率和改善成像质量，本文从井间电阻率层析成像的基本原理出发，对该方法近年的新进展进行了比较和综述，还介绍了概率层析成像算法的原理，认为今后几年内在此领域内的理论研究重点将是探索有效的反演方法和提高成像质量。 相似文献
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Analyses of travel times and amplitudes of crosshole georadar data provide estimates of the electromagnetic velocity and attenuation of the probed media. Whereas inversions of travel times are well established and robust, ray-based inversions of amplitudes depend critically on the complex directive properties of the georadar antennae. We investigate the variations of radiation patterns in the presence of water-filled boreholes and/or changes of electrical material properties in the vicinity of the transmitters or receivers. To assess the implications of such complicating factors for ray-based georadar amplitude tomography, we generate crosshole georadar data for a suite of canonical models using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates. The emitting dipole-type antenna is approximated by an infinitesimal vertical electric dipole, whereas a corresponding receiving antenna is emulated by recording the vertical component of the transmitted electric field. Inversions of the amplitudes of these synthetic data demonstrate that the presence of water-filled boreholes as well as changes in the material properties along the boreholes may cause substantial artifacts in the estimated attenuation structure. Furthermore, our results indicate that ray-based amplitude tomography of crosshole georadar data is unable to constrain absolute values of attenuation. Despite these inherent limitations, the method is surprisingly robust at detecting and constraining relative changes in attenuation. In particular, we find the method to be highly effective for locating conductivity contrasts that are not associated with corresponding changes in dielectric permittivity, and hence, cannot be located by travel time tomography alone. 相似文献
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井间电磁（EM）成像系统的技术目标是实现井间电学特性的直接测量,并提供井间电阻率的二维及三维图像.从1997年开始,胜利油田与美国EMI公司合作,开展了EM技术的应用与研究,主要是通过大型、系统的现场试验,在大井间距的条件下,进一步验证仪器的性能,进行油藏研究的适用性和可行性分析;以系统的现场实测数据为依据,加快成像处理方法和软件的开发;开展穿透金属套管井的EM试验,探讨金属套管条件下的电阻率成像方法。两年来,利用EMI提供的XBH2000型测量系统,对胜利油田典型的低电阻率砂泥岩剖面,成功地进行了3对井、10个井次的试验。试验证明了仪器性能的可靠,取得了测量重复性好、系统完整的井间EM数据.并反演得到电阻率成像,在分析井间油气分布和油层开采动态方面,取得了良好的地质效果. 相似文献
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Tomography is the inversion of boundary projections to reconstruct the internal characteristics of the medium between the source and detector boreholes. Tomography is used to image the structure of geological formations and localized inhomogenieties. This imaging technique may be applied to either seismic or electromagnetic data, typically recorded as transmission measurements between two or more boreholes. Algebraic algorithms are error-driven solutions where the goal is to minimize the error between measured and predicted projections. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of the ray propagation model, the measurement errors, and the error functions on the resolving ability of algebraic algorithms. The problem under consideration is the identification of a two-dimensional circular anomaly surveyed using crosshole measurements. The results show that: (1) convergence to the position of the circular anomaly in depth between vertical boreholes is significantly better than for convergence in the horizontal direction; (2) error surfaces may not be convex, even in the absence of measurement and model errors; (3) the distribution of information content significantly affects the convexity of averaging error functions; (4) measurement noise and model inaccuracy manifest in increased residuals and in reduced convergence gradients near optimum convergence; (5) the maximum ray error function increases convergence gradients compared with the average error function, and is unaffected by the distribution of information content; however, it has higher probability of local minima. Therefore, inversions based on the minimization of the maximum ray error may be advantageous in crosshole tomography but it requires smooth projections. These results are applicable to both electromagnetic and seismic data for wavelengths significantly smaller than the size of anomalies. 相似文献
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地震井间曲射线反射加透射层析（CCRTT） 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文提出了一种新的地震井间层析方法，即曲射线反射＋透射（ＣＣＲＴＴ）层析方法。该方法可以提高对油气储层层析成像的分辨率。适合用于储油层薄且与周围地层速度对比差大的油区。文中还从理论上ＣＣＲＴＴ可以提高分辨，使成像射线分布均匀，改善图像重建质量，对油田资料用ＣＣＲＴＴ图象重建的结果可以分辨１ｍ厚的油层。 相似文献
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Seismic attenuation tomography in frequency domain and its application to engineering 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Seismic tomography is a new geophysical technique being developed to meet the needs of mining and engineering projects. Attenuation tomography, as one kind of seismic tomography technique, is a powerful prospecting tool for determining structure defaults such as fault, broken zone, and hidden voids, but it has been little discussed up to now. Its principle and applications are presented in detail. Attenuation tomography technology includes the following main points. First, on the basis of spectrum analysis to each seismic record, geometric correction is conducted, then common source parameters are introduced into common shot records in order to keep absorption effect of the geological media separate from source spectrum influence. Finally, an equation set is obtained which consists of absorption coefficients, common source parameters and energy field data observed. This technique can be employed together with velocity tomography to provide more evidence for engineering and geological diagnosis. Its applications to exploration of mineral and engineering have led to satisfactory results. 相似文献
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It seems that electromagnetic tomography is quite suitable to be used in metal and groundwaterexploration. especial for limestone areas where the absorption coefficient of electromagnetic wave is smalland geological body has a large property contrast with country rock it should be pointed out that there exitsome uncertainties in geological interpretation of EM tomogram, corresponding laboratory tests for rockphysical property are always necessary.Resistivity tomography provides us a new useful… 相似文献