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1.
塔中地区中—上奥陶统内波内潮汐沉积与油气勘探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种小规模、分散的深水牵引流沉积,而且还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。通过对塔中地区中—上奥陶统碎屑岩段岩心观察和地震剖面的系统分析,发现了该岩段内由内波和内潮汐作用形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。已识别出4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及5种基本垂向沉积层序,同时还在研究区中一上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出了内波成因的大型沉积物波。这些内波、内潮汐沉积具有较好的油气潜能,是该区中—上奥陶统潜在的油气勘探新领域。 相似文献
2.
塔中地区中晚奥陶世内波、内潮汐沉积 总被引：35，自引：7，他引：28
现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种厘米级的深水牵引流沉积构造,还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。这种大型沉积物波既可沿斜坡向下迁移,也可沿斜坡向上迁移。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。塔中地区中上奥陶统碎屑岩段内发育内波及内潮汐形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。通过详细的岩心观察,识别出 4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及 5种基本垂向沉积层序。此外,通过地震剖面分析,在研究区中上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出顺坡向上迁移的大型沉积物波,该沉积物波的特征与现代海底发育的沉积物波的特征类似,运用内波理论可对其成因进行合理的解释。 相似文献
3.
深水沉积物波是一种海底普遍发育、规模较大的波状沉积体,大多数学者将它们解释为等深流沉积或浊流沉积。本文结合内波理论的研究进展，考虑内波沉积作用的水动力学特征，探讨了深水沉积物波的内波成因机制。得出以下几点认识：①海底流动单独作用无法满足沉积物波形成所需的流动层厚度及流动速度，较难解释沉积物波的迁移方向及规则的内部及外部形态。②内波可以引起海底流动，内波比表面波更容易形成更大规模范围内的沉积床形。③内波可以形成大型沉积物波，用内波可以较合理地解释内波的对称波形单元、非对称波形单元及上攀波形单元的成因。波动面离海底距离较大的行进内波及内驻波可以形成对称波形的沉积物波；波动面离海底距离较近的行进内波及内孤立波可以形成非对称波形的沉积物波；内波引起的海底流动进一步增强时，可形成上攀波形沉积物波。④行进内波可以形成向内波传播相反方向迁移的沉积物波，向海盆内部传播的内波可以形成向上坡方向迁移的沉积物波。 相似文献
4.
中国油气勘探的一个新领域——深水牵引流沉积 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
深水牵引流沉积主要分为等深流沉积和内波内潮汐沉积两类。前者可形成巨大的堆积体——等深积岩丘,其规模可与海底扇相比拟。现代海洋大陆坡及陆隆地带等深积岩丘非常发育;古代地层记录中也有等深积岩丘,如已开采数十年的阿拉伯克拉通白垩系等深积岩丘油田。后者则不仅可形成分选极好的砂级沉积物,而且可形成规模巨大的“沉积物波”,并成群成带地出现。海洋中沉积物波的迁移可形成巨大的沉积体。在世界各大洋深盆海底,均有大范围分布的现代大型沉积物波。中国地层记录中的大型沉积物波,首先在塔里木盆地塔中地区中一上奥陶统中被识别出来,并有良好油气显示。认为中国的广大地区发育有多个时代的海相深水沉积,深水牵引流沉积储集层是中国21世纪油气勘探具巨大潜力和现实可行性的新领域。其油气勘探首选地区是塔里木盆地、扬子地台南缘和鄂尔多斯西缘。 相似文献
5.
深水牵引流沉积的研究历程、现状与前景 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
深水牵引流沉积研究,是沉积学研究中一个较新的领域。在这个领域中,我国学者做出了应有的贡献,并且具有自己的特色和优势。目前研究的深水牵引流沉积,一是等深流沉积,二是内波、内潮汐沉积。等深流沉积研究开始于20世纪60年代,早期主要是对小规模的细粒薄层等深流沉积的研究,而现在已发展到对大规模等深流沉积体--等深岩丘的研究。内波内潮汐沉积研究始于20世纪90年代,也是从小规模内波、内潮汐沉积的鉴别开始,现在已达到研究深海大型沉积物波的阶段。今后等深流沉积研究的主攻方向,应是地层记录中的等深岩丘,并特别注意碎屑岩等深岩丘的发现和研究。内波、内潮汐沉积方面,最有矿产意义的当属由大型沉积物波构建的地质体。而首例地层记录中的大型沉积物波,已在塔里木盆地中部奥陶系中被鉴别出来,并具有含油气远景。从目前对内波、内潮汐的研究势头来看,我国很有希望在该领域继续保持国际领先地位。 相似文献
6.
北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积--深水大型沉积物波成因的再解释 总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23
北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部水深约1 000～ 1 000 m 处有两个大型沉积物波发育区。波长1 ～ 2 km,波高18 ～ 20 m,分布面积分别为350 km 2 与 20 km 2。沉积物波向上坡迁移,内部包括上攀床形单元、不对称波形单元及正弦波形单元。前人提出的大区沉积物波挪威海底层水溢流成因及小区沉积物Lee波迁移模式都存在许多问题。根据古气候及古洋流资料,研究区内沉积物波各单元形成时具备内波形成的条件,内波的发育与等深流的活动密切相关。运用内波理论可对沉积物波各构成单元作出合理的水动力学解释,研究区内两列同向内波的叠加、单列内波及内驻波先后作用海底,可分别形成大型上攀床形、不对称波形及正弦波形单元。 相似文献
7.
<正> 关于浊流沉积垂向上的结构构造特征的鲍玛序列(1962)已大多数学者所接受,认为这是鉴别经典浊积岩的标准层序。随着人们对深水异地沉积的另一重要领域——深水牵引流沉积的深入研究,鲍玛序列的多解性显得越来越明显。目前,对鲍玛序列各阶段存在的不同成因解释如表1所示。鲍玛序列各段部存在不同的成因解释,沉积物重力流及深水牵引流理论的发展要求重新审视鲍玛序列所代表的真正含义。等深流、内波流及内潮汐流等深水牵引流、沉积物重力流引发的牵引流对早期重力流沉积进行改造,可形成不同类型的沉积物重力流—深水牵引流沉积组合,该组合类似于鲍玛序列的沉积特征,因而在实际解释中极可能将其归为具鲍 相似文献
8.
深水沉积根据沉积物来源可以分为深水异地沉积和深水原地沉积.深水异地沉积是指海洋深水区经横向搬运而形成的沉积,它是相对于垂直降落沉积作用形成的原地沉积而言的.通常前者形成的沉积物比后者的粒度粗.深水异地沉积主要包括重力流沉积和深水牵引流沉积两大类;深水原地沉积主要包括深水泥页岩沉积.重力流沉积还可以按其发育的沉积环境而划分为扇状沉积体系(海底扇或湖底扇)、沟道或槽谷沉积体系、层状或带状沉积体系等.深水牵引流沉积是20世纪60年代以来沉积学迅速发展的一个新的研究领域.目前深水牵引流沉积的研究主要集中于等深流沉积和内潮汐、内波沉积.深水牵引流沉积的储集性能优于浊流沉积,故具有非常重要的含油气潜能. 相似文献
9.
内波沉积中指向沉积构造的形成机理 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
深海大型沉积物波的发现,引起了国内外内波成因理论的兴起和发展。研究认为,内波作用于海底时可对海底沉积物进行改造,形成指向沉积构造,这种指向沉积构造可为单向、双向或多向,而其中与内波传播方向相反的反向沉积构造可能是内波沉积所特有的。对于这种反向沉积构造的形成,以LaFond的理论为代表,认为内波引起的底流水平流速反比于密度界面距海底的高度,波谷接近海底,因而可形成反向沉积构造。经研究分析,发现内波与表面波在本质上具有一定的相似性,因而认为用一般意义上的波动理论来解释内波沉积中指向沉积构造的形成机理更加易于理解。明确指向沉积构造的形成机理对于内波沉积的识别具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积是二十余年来在古代深水环境中新发现的一种具牵引流性质的沉积相类型,由于地层沉积记录十分有限,制约了深水底流沉积的沉积学研究。大比例尺实测地质剖面和精细露头测量表明,底流沉积发育于凭祥盆地深水沉积之中,通过对其沉积构造精细剖析和古水流测量,识别出内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积,其中内波、内潮汐沉积以双向交错层理、单向交错层理、透镜状层理为特征,复合流沉积以复合流层理、丘状交错层理和较陡的爬升波纹层理为特征,进一步表明存在浊流和底流的交互作用,为古代地层中的深水底流沉积提供了又一研究实例。 相似文献
11.
Sediment waves are commonly observed on the sea floor and often vary in morphology and geometry according to factors such as seabed slope, density and discharge of turbidity currents, and the presence of persistent contour currents. This paper documents the morphology, internal geometry and distribution of deep‐water (4000 to 5000 m) bedforms observed on the sea floor offshore eastern Canada using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data and seismic stratigraphy. The bedforms have wavelengths of >1 km but fundamentally vary in terms of morphology and internal stratigraphy, and are distinguished into three main types. The first type, characterized by their long‐wavelength crescentic shape, is interpreted as net‐erosional cyclic steps. These cyclic steps were formed by turbidity currents flowing through canyons and overtopping and breaching levées. The second type, characterized by their linear shape and presence on levées, is interpreted as net‐depositional cyclic steps. These upslope migrating bedforms are strongly aggradational, indicating high sediment deposition from turbidity currents. The third type, characterized by their obliqueness to canyons, is observed on an open slope and is interpreted as antidunes. These antidunes were formed by the deflection of the upper dilute, low‐density parts of turbidity currents by contour currents. The modelling of the behaviour of these different types of turbidity currents reveals that fast‐flowing flows form cyclic steps while their upper parts overspill and are entrained westward by contour currents. The interaction between turbidity currents and contour currents results in flow thickening and reduced sediment concentration, which leads to lower flow velocities. Lower velocities, in turn, allow the formation of antidunes instead of cyclic steps because the densiometric Froude number (Fr′) decreases. Therefore, this study shows that both net‐erosional and net‐depositional cyclic steps are distributed along channels where turbidity currents prevail whereas antidunes form on open slopes, in a mixed turbidite/contourite system. This study provides insights into the influence of turbidity currents versus contour currents on the morphology, geometry and distribution of bedforms in a mixed turbidite–contourite system. 相似文献
12.
Three‐dimensional seismic analysis of sediment waves and related geomorphological features on a carbonate shelf exposed to large amplitude internal waves,Browse Basin region,Australia 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study analyses the three‐dimensional geometry of sedimentary features recorded on the modern sea floor and in the shallow subsurface of a shelf to upper slope region offshore Australia that is characterized by a pronounced internal wave regime. The data interpreted comprise an extensive, >12 500 km2 industrial three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey that images the northern part of the Browse Basin, Australian North West Shelf. The most prominent seismic–morphological features on the modern sea floor are submarine terrace escarpments, fault‐scarps and incised channels, as well as restricted areas of seismic distortion interpreted as mass wasting deposits. Besides these kilometre‐scale sea floor irregularities, smaller bedforms were discovered also, including a multitude of sediment waves with a lateral extent of several kilometres and heights up to 10 m. These sedimentological features generally occur in extensive fields in water depths below 250 m mostly at the foot of submerged terraces, along the scarps of modern faults and along the shelf break between the outer shelf and the upper continental rise. Additional bedforms that characterize the more planar regions of the outer shelf are elongate, north‐west/south‐east oriented furrows and ridges. The formation of both sediment waves and furrow‐ridge systems requires flow velocities between 0·3 m sec?1 and 1·5 m sec?1, which could be generated by oceanic currents, gravity currents or internal waves. In the studied setting, these velocities can be best explained as being generated by bottom currents induced by internal waves, an interpretation that is discussed against oceanographic background data and modelling results. In addition to the documentation of three‐dimensional seismic–geomorphological features of the modern sea floor, it was also possible to map kilometre‐scale buried sediment wave fields in the seismic volume down to ca 500 ms two‐way‐time below the present sea floor, indicating the general potential for the preservation of such bedforms in the sedimentary record. 相似文献
13.
Thierry Mulder Emmanuelle Ducassou Vincent Hanquiez Mlanie Principaud Kelly Fauquembergue Elsa Tournadour Ludivine Chabaud John Reijmer Audrey Recouvreur Herv Gillet Jean Borgomano Anais Schmitt Paul Moal 《Sedimentology》2019,66(4):1192-1221
New data collected along the slopes of Little and Great Bahama Bank and the abyssal plain of the Bahama Escarpment provides new insights about contour current‐related erosive structures and associated deposits. The Bahamian slope shows abundant evidence of bottom current activity such as furrows, comet‐like structures, sediment waves and drifts. At a seismic scale, large erosion surfaces and main periods of drift growth resulted from current acceleration related to plate tectonic processes and progressive opening and closure of gateways and long‐term palaeoclimate evolution. At present‐day, erosion features and contourite drifts are either related to relatively shallow currents (<1000 m water depth) or to deep currents (>2500 m water depth). It appears that the carbonate nature of the drifts does not impact the drift morphology at the resolution addressed in the present study. Classical drift morphologies defined in siliciclastic environments are found, such as mounded, plastered and separated drifts. In core, contourite sequences show a bi‐gradational trend that resembles classical contourite sequences in siliciclastic deposits showing a direct relationship with a change in current velocity at the sea floor. However, in a carbonate system the peak in grain size is associated with increased winnowing rather than increased sediment supply as in siliciclastic environments. In addition, the carbonate contourite sequence is usually thinner than in siliciclastics because of lower sediment supply rates. Little Bahama Bank and Great Bahama Bank contourites contain open‐ocean input and slope‐derived debris from glacial episodes. Inner platform, platform edge and open ocean pelagic input characterize the classical periplatform ooze during interglacials. In all studied examples, the drift composition depends on the sea floor topography surrounding the drift location and the type of sediment supply. Carbonate particles are derived from either the slope or the platform in slope and toe of slope drifts, very deep contourites have distant siliciclastic sources of sediment supply. The recent discovery of the importance of a large downslope gravitary system along Bahamian slopes suggests frequent interactions between downslope and along‐slope (contour currents) processes. The interlayering of mass flow deposits and contourites at a seismic scale or the presence of surface structures associated with both contour currents and mass flow processes shows that both processes act at the same location. Finally, contour currents have an important impact on the repartition of deep‐water coral mounds. Currents can actively interact with mounds as a nutrient and oxygen supplier or have a passive interaction, with mounds solely being obstacles orienting erosion and deposition. 相似文献
14.
深水沉积物波及其在南海研究之现状 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
深水沉积物波的研究始于20世纪50年代。根据成因和结构特征，可以将深水沉积物波划分为细粒底流、细粒浊流、粗粒底流和粗粒浊流等类型。不同类型的沉积物波具有不同的形态、物质组成及分布特征。已提出的深水沉积物波的形成模式主要有背流波模式、逆行沙波模式、内波模式及底形和斜坡失稳混合模式等。1994年太阳号95航次和1999年ODP184航次揭示并证实，南海北部东沙岸外1144站所处的深水陆坡区发育有一高速沉积物牵引体。根据最新的地震资料分析发现，该牵引体实际上由一系列逆陆坡向上倾方向迁移的沉积物波组成，这一发现对于南海北部大陆边缘古海洋、古环境和古气候研究，以及南海深水油气勘探具有重要意义。 相似文献
15.
关于深水环境下内波、内潮汐沉积分类的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
深水环境下内波、内潮汐沉积从在地层记录中被发现已过去20年,在这20多年里虽然积累了不少资料,但至今未对内波、内潮汐沉积进行细分。本文以地层记录中已发现的内波、内潮汐沉积为基础,结合内波、内潮汐的破碎过程和海洋物理学中内波的研究现状,对深水内波、内潮汐沉积的分类进行了探索。将其分为3个层次下的9种类型,分别为：正压内潮汐沉积、斜压内潮汐沉积、正压短周期内波沉积、斜压短周期内波沉积、等深流叠加内波沉积、低密度浊流叠加内波沉积、长周期内波叠加沉积、驻波沉积和其他内波叠加沉积。地层记录中已发现的内波、内潮汐沉积分别归为：正压内潮汐沉积、正压短周期内波沉积和长周期内波叠加沉积3类,其余类型尚未被发现。这样的分类较合理地解释了为什么在现代海洋中内波、内潮汐无处不在,但地层记录中的内波、内潮汐沉积却少得可怜的现象,同时将内波、内潮汐沉积研究和海洋物理学中对内波的研究结合起来,并能将内波、内潮汐沉积研究置于更为广阔的研究背景之中,使之可以和大洋突发事件、天文旋回及大洋环流等联系起来。 相似文献
16.
Sedimentary processes in the Selvage sediment-wave field, NE Atlantic: new insights into the formation of sediment waves by turbidity currents 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Russell B. Wynn Philip P. E. Weaver Gemma Ercilla Dorrik A. V. Stow & Douglas G. Masson 《Sedimentology》2000,47(6):1181-1197
An integrated geophysical and sedimentological investigation of the Selvage sediment-wave field has revealed that the sediment waves are formed beneath unconfined turbidity currents. The sediment waves occur on the lower continental rise and display wavelengths of up to 1 km and wave heights of up to 6 m. Wave sediments consist of interbedded turbidites and pelagic/hemipelagic marls and oozes. Nannofossil-based dating of the sediments indicates a bulk sedimentation rate of 2·4 cm 1000 years–1 , and the waves are migrating upslope at a rate of 0·28 m 1000 years–1 . Sediment provenance studies reveal that the turbidity currents maintaining the waves are largely sourced from volcanic islands to the south. Investigation of existing models for sediment-wave formation leads to the conclusion that the Selvage sediment waves form as giant antidunes. Simple numerical modelling reveals that turbidity currents crossing the wave field have internal Froude numbers of 0·5–1·9, which is very close to the antidune existence limits. Depositional flow velocities range from <6 to 125 cm–1 . There is a rapid increase in wavelength and flow thickness in the upper 10 km of the wave field, which is unexpected, as the slope angle remains relatively constant. This anomaly is possibly linked to a topographic obstacle just upslope of the sediment waves. Flows passing over the obstacle may undergo a hydraulic jump at its boundary, leading to an increase in flow thickness. In the lower 15 km of the wave field, flow thickness decreases downslope by 60%, which is comparable with results obtained for other unconfined turbidity currents undergoing flow expansion. 相似文献