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阶梯-深潭是山区河流中常见的一种具有高效消能作用的河床结构。2009年采用人工阶梯-深潭系统对文家沟滑坡体上的新生泥石流沟治理进行野外治理实验。在主沟上游段人工构筑33级阶梯-深潭,经历当年几次暴雨,由于通过在深潭内耗散水流的大部分能量,阻止了沟谷下切并有效地控制了泥石流的发生。对野外实验和数值模拟的结果分析表明,在一定的流量下,阶梯-深潭发育的河流系统有助于单位时间内单位重量水流能量耗散率将趋于最小,可以提升河流系统的稳定性。在地震区的泥石流沟内构筑阶梯-深潭系统有利于加速其稳定的进程,并减少灾害的发生。 相似文献
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西南山区河流阶梯-深潭系统的生态学作用 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
山区河流发育的阶梯—深潭系统具有显著的生态学作用。阶梯—深潭系统增大水流阻力和河床抗冲刷力,稳定了河床和岸坡。大卵石堆积成阶梯,细颗粒泥沙在深潭河段的缓流滞流区沉积下来形成淤泥层,形成适宜多种生物的栖息地。选择小江支流——深沟、蒋家沟和小白泥沟,以及四川九寨沟和金沙江进行野外实验、取样分析。结果发现阶梯—深潭系统较发育的深沟和九寨沟底栖动物密度高达552个/m2,生物量高达5.96 g/m2。而邻近的小白泥沟和蒋家沟底栖动物密度仅0.75个/m2,生物量不到0.006 g/m2。考虑河流不同部位底质、水深、流速等特性,提出了生物栖息地多样性及其计算方法,研究发现大型无脊椎动物的生物多样性随栖息地多样性增加而增加。利用阶梯—深潭系统治理山区河流,既能保持河道稳定,又能维持较高的生物多样性,保持健康的河流生态系统。 相似文献
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阶梯-深潭系统的水力特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
阶梯-深潭系统是山区河流中常见的河床形态,具有稳定河床和消能减灾的作用,其水力特性较为复杂。在温峡水库下游温峡河修建典型的阶梯-深潭系统开展野外实验以研究阶梯-深潭系统的水力特性。利用先进的高频声学多普勒流速仪测量阶梯-深潭系统阶梯上游、阶梯上、深潭中和沿深泓线的水力特性。实验在10 L/s、50 L/s、100 L/s、150 L/s、290 L/s 和 420 L/s 6种流量工况下进行。实验结果表明:阶梯-深潭系统流场尤其是深潭流场具有很强的三维性,阶梯上与深潭中水力特性相差很大。阶梯上沿流向的时均流速远大于横向和垂向的时均流速,三向紊动强度处在一个量级且较小。深潭中的时均流速比阶梯上小,但紊动强度远大于阶梯,紊动强度随流量变大增大。实验工况下,阶梯上的相对紊动强度在0.1左右,深潭中则最大超过8.0。随着水流从阶梯上跌入深潭,机械能大量转化为紊动能消耗。实验流量范围内,雷诺应力随流量小幅增大,深潭中的雷诺应力约为阶梯上的50倍。阶梯-深潭系统消能率在实验工况下为64%~91%。 相似文献
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阶梯-深潭系统是山区河流广泛分布的控制性河床结构,泥沙输移过程中大颗粒碰撞阶梯关键石块,使其发生位移,强烈影响阶梯-深潭的稳定性。以单个阶梯-深潭的关键石块为研究对象,重点考虑碰撞对阶梯-深潭的影响,量化来沙中大颗粒碰撞作用并改进稳定性理论模型,利用新模型分析阶梯-深潭的临界条件和破坏机制。来沙颗粒对关键石块的碰撞作用受自身粒径、运动速度和阶梯下游冲刷程度影响且皆为正相关关系。颗粒撞击减小阶梯失稳临界流量,且参与碰撞的石块粒径越大,减小作用越明显。当η> 0.55时（η=D1/D,D1为碰撞石块粒径,D为关键石块粒径）,临界流量下降幅度达到50%以上,表明来沙中卵石漂石对阶梯-深潭稳定性发挥主要影响。山区河流发生低频率洪水或滑坡泥石流,向下游河道输运大粒径石块并与阶梯碰撞,显著增大转动合力矩并降低失稳临界流量,使得单个阶梯-深潭更易达到临界条件发生破坏。 相似文献
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通过2006—2010年4个修建人工阶梯-深潭系统的治理山区河流案例,总结其治理效果和最终破坏原因.以单个阶梯为分析对象,给出其受力表达式,建立单个阶梯-深潭的简化稳定性模型,进而分析来流量和冲刷角变化对其稳定性的影响.单个阶梯的稳定性取决于关键石块粒径、河道坡降、流量和冲刷角.洪水期的洪峰流量和阶梯下游冲刷是阶梯破坏的主要原因,上游来流量增加和冲刷角越大,阶梯越易发生破坏.人工阶梯-深潭系统在洪水期的稳定性是其发挥长期治理效果的关键. 相似文献
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山区阶梯式河道是自然界来水来沙和山区大比降河床相互作用所形成的,其水力特性、河道阻力较为复杂。为了深入研究其阻力机理,从河床结构阻水的角度提出阶梯式结构糙率尺度的概念,得到了适用于阶梯式河道跌落水流的形体阻力系数表达式,并由不同来源的阻力分量构成了新的山区阶梯式河道水流总阻力系数公式。新公式结果表明,通过不同类型河段的野外试验数据,表面泥沙、阶梯形状以及漂石产生的阻力系数分量之和与试验测量总阻力系数数据的误差较小。随着雷诺数和阶梯单元尺寸的增加,河床表面的泥沙肤面阻力系数基本不变,阶梯式结构形成的跌落水流过渡到滑行水流,阶梯形体阻力系数逐渐变小,而较大粒径松散漂石产生的水流阻力系数只随着雷诺数的增大而减小。 相似文献
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东江是珠三角网河区入汇河流之一,属少沙河流,其上游浅滩-深潭序列密集分布,河床结构的演变特性尚不清晰。选取东江浅滩-深潭序列河段进行现场河床质与推移质测量,结合试验得到不同流量和坡降中水流与河床在无上游来沙补给中的互馈机理。试验结果表明:浅滩与深潭交替造成沿程平均流速不连续变化,浅滩中部在洪水流量的塑造下容易产生紊动能峰值。无上游来沙条件下,序列中粗化层的形成、破坏过程交替与循环发生,其中静态分选是主导因素且导致沿程级配不连续。流量与坡降的增大促进浅滩-深潭序列发育,同时使得深潭与浅滩的纵向长度缩短;有上游来沙条件下推移质输沙率增大,无来沙条件下输沙率减小。 相似文献
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卵砾石河道广泛存在于山区河流中,在卵砾石河床近底层的水流流速低于上方流速,速度剖面出现拐点,类似于自由剪切流动,传统的指数型和对数型水流阻力公式计算误差偏大。将自由剪切流理论类比到山区卵砾石河道,并考虑山区河流特殊流态、流场和剪切力的影响,引入雷诺数(Re)、弗劳德数(Fr)和摩阻流速利用水槽数据进一步修正了该类水流阻力公式。筛选位于意大利南部的亚平宁山脉140条山区河流野外数据对新公式进行验证,并检验对比了已发表的多个山区河流阻力公式。结果表明:修正后的水流阻力公式Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数最接近1、均方根误差最小、相对误差最小。自由剪切流动的类比是从湍流结构角度推导河道水流阻力,能更好地阐释特殊水流结构,进而提高计算精度。 相似文献
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卵砾石河道广泛存在于山区河流中，在卵砾石河床近底层的水流流速低于上方流速，速度剖面出现拐点，类似于自由剪切流动，传统的指数型和对数型水流阻力公式计算误差偏大。将自由剪切流理论类比到山区卵砾石河道，并考虑山区河流特殊流态、流场和剪切力的影响，引入雷诺数（Re）、弗劳德数（Fr）和摩阻流速利用水槽数据进一步修正了该类水流阻力公式。筛选位于意大利南部的亚平宁山脉140条山区河流野外数据对新公式进行验证，并检验对比了已发表的多个山区河流阻力公式。结果表明：修正后的水流阻力公式Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数最接近1、均方根误差最小、相对误差最小。自由剪切流动的类比是从湍流结构角度推导河道水流阻力，能更好地阐释特殊水流结构，进而提高计算精度。 相似文献
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Stability of landslide dams and development of knickpoints 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Wenchuan earthquake triggered many landslides and numerous avalanches and created 100 odd quake lakes. The quake lakes
may be removed or preserved. The removal strategy was applied to several large landslide dams, which were dangerous because
massive amounts of water pooled up in the quake lakes. The dams could eventually fail under the action of dam outburst flooding,
potentially endangering the lives of people in the downstream reaches. This paper studied the stability of landslide dams
and the development of knickpoints by field investigations and experiments, and analyzing satellite images. The study concluded
that if landslide dams were preserved, they would develop into knickpoints and act as a primary control of riverbed incision
and, thus, reduce the potential of new landslide. The stability of landslide dams depends mainly on the development of the
step-pool system and stream power of the flood flow. If a landslide dam consists of many boulders, a step-pool system may
develop on the spillway channel of the dam, which would maximize the resistance, consume most of the flow energy and consequently
protect the dam from incision. The development degree of the step-pool system is represented by a parameter S
p, which was measured with a specially designed instrument. A preservation ratio of landslide dams is defined as the ratio
of preserved height after flood scouring to the original height of the dam. For streams with peak flood discharge lower than
30 m3/s, the preservation ratio is linearly proportional to S
p. For rivers with a peak flood discharge higher than 30 m3/s (30–30,000 m3/s), the minimum S
p value for stable channel increases with log p, in which p is the unit stream power. For a landslide dam with a poorly developed step-pool system, S
p is smaller than the minimum value and the outburst flood incises the spillway channel and causes failure of the dam. For
preserved landslide dams, sediment deposits in the quake lakes. A landslide dam may develop into a knickpoint if it is stabilized
by long-term action of the flow. Large knickpoints can totally change the fluvial processes and river morphology. Uplift of
the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has caused extensive channel bed incision along almost all rivers. For many rivers, the incision
has been partly controlled by knickpoints. Upstream reaches of a knickpoint have a new and unchanging base level. This brings
about a transition from degradation to aggradation and from vertical bed evolution to horizontal fluvial process. Multiple
and unstable channels are prominent in the reaches, upstream of the knickpoints. If hundreds of landslide dams occurred simultaneously
on a reach of a mountain river, the potential energy of bank failure and the slope erosion would be greatly reduced and sediment
yield from the watershed may be reduced to nearly zero. The quake lakes may be preserved long term and become beautiful landscapes.
Streams with long-term unfilled quake lakes have good aquatic ecology. 相似文献
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Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m3. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow
control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool
system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million
m3 of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully
was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm
flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou
Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool
system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased
threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion,
the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams.
Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams.
Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all
of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed
with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m3. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy
dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce
the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed
incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris
flows. 相似文献
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以往对沙波的研究多针对河流中下游、河口海岸段的细沙(粒径D<1 mm),而长江上游等卵砾石输移河段(D>2 mm)是否会出现沙波以及卵砾石沙波的临界条件,尚需开展进一步研究。通过长江上游九堆子、筲箕背等卵石滩的现场踏勘,观察到明显的天然沙波形态。采用中值粒径D50=1.8 mm和5.3 mm的天然沙和D50=4.8 mm的轻质沙进行水槽试验,成功模拟出砾石沙波。根据恒定均匀流条件下,产生沙波的比降、水位、流量等水流条件及试验沙的粒径、比重,提出卵砾石沙波的临界条件公式。结果表明,卵砾石沙波的临界条件可以用量纲起动功率w* 、R／D及比降S表达,并据此提出判别系数GDcr。当研究河段的卵砾石输移带上的水流条件满足判别系数GDcr,则可以判断能够产生沙波现象。 相似文献