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1.
Charles McLane 《Ground water》2024,62(1):150-156
A well-planned field data collection program should be designed to (1) collect a sufficient set of data of the right types at the right locations, and (2) collect a parsimonious set of data to avoid unnecessary costs. Combining PEST and a simple analytic element method (AEM) groundwater flow model for the site of interest provides a relatively simple, low-cost method of developing such a program. AEM models are well suited to this approach because they are quick to develop yet hydraulically accurate, reducing impacts on project budgets at early data collection planning stages; and quick to run, solving rapidly for the many iterations that PEST requires to generate good parameter estimates. This article shows two examples of this method: one for a steady state watershed model, and one for a transient pumping test project to demonstrate that PEST coupled with a simple AEM model that sketches out the key features of a site conceptual model can be an efficient tool in planning key parts of a hydrogeologic site investigation. 相似文献
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由于航空电磁系统具有工作频率低、时间延迟短等特点,地形对航空电磁响应有很大影响,忽略地形影响会给航空电磁数据解释造成很大误差.本文将基于非结构化网格的矢量有限元法应用于模拟起伏地表条件下频域/时域(FD/TD)三维航空电磁系统响应.该方法由于采用非结构网格,与传统的结构化网格电磁正演算法相比,能更好地拟合地形和地下不规则异常体,提高对不规则地形和地下介质航空电磁响应的计算精度.通过将计算结果与半空间模型的半解析解及已发表的结果进行对比,检验了本文算法的精度.通过对典型山峰和山谷地形航空电磁响应分析对比,总结了地形对航空电磁响应的影响特征.研究结果对航空电磁地形效应的识别和校正具有指导意义. 相似文献
3.
航空电磁法作为一种地形复杂地区资源探测的有效方法,近年来得到了广泛的应用.然而,由于系统所处的动态环境,噪声干扰严重.为了改善航空电磁数据质量,提高地下电性反演的准确性,需要研发相关去噪技术.传统航电去噪大多针对特定噪声或单一测线上的信号进行处理,难以兼顾相邻测线之间观测信号的相关性.本文采用曲波变换进行二维航空电磁数据去噪.由于曲波变换具有多尺度和多方向性特征,可以在对噪声精细分析的基础上进行有效去除,同时还保证了整个测区内信号的相关性.进而,我们提出Sigmoid阈值函数对传统阈值函数进行改进,以进一步改善去噪效果.为了验证曲波变换方法对航空电磁数据去噪的有效性,将曲波变换和传统去噪方法分别应用于理论模型和实测数据进行对比.试验证明本文曲波变换用于航空电磁数据去噪具有明显的优越性. 相似文献
4.
Plume containment using pump-and-treat (PAT) technology continues to be a popular remediation technique for sites with extensive groundwater contamination. As such, optimization of PAT systems, where cost is minimized subject to various remediation constraints, is the focus of an important and growing body of research. While previous pump-and-treat optimization (PATO) studies have used discretized (finite element or finite difference) flow models, the present study examines the use of analytic element method (AEM) flow models. In a series of numerical experiments, two PATO problems adapted from the literature are optimized using a multi-algorithmic optimization software package coupled with an AEM flow model. The experiments apply several different optimization algorithms and explore the use of various pump-and-treat cost and constraint formulations. The results demonstrate that AEM models can be used to optimize the number, locations and pumping rates of wells in a pump-and-treat containment system. Furthermore, the results illustrate that a total outflux constraint placed along the plume boundary can be used to enforce plume containment. Such constraints are shown to be efficient and reliable alternatives to conventional particle tracking and gradient control techniques. Finally, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is identified as an effective algorithm for solving pump-and-treat optimization problems. A parallel version of the PSO algorithm is shown to have linear speedup, suggesting that the algorithm is suitable for application to problems that are computationally demanding and involve large numbers of wells. 相似文献
5.
Vectorized simulation of groundwater flow and contaminant transport using analytic element method and random walk particle tracking 
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下载免费PDF全文 Groundwater contaminant transport processes are usually simulated by the finite difference (FDM) or finite element methods (FEM). However, they are susceptible to numerical dispersion for advection‐dominated transport. In this study, a numerical dispersion‐free coupled flow and transport model is developed by combining the analytic element method (AEM) with random walk particle tracking (RWPT). As AEM produces continuous velocity distribution over the entire aquifer domain, it is more suitable for RWPT than FDM/finite element methods. Using the AEM solutions, RWPT tracks all the particles in a vectorized manner, thereby improving the computational efficiency. The present model performs a convolution integral of the response of an impulse contaminant injection to generate concentration distributions due to a permanent contaminant source. The RWPT model is validated with an available analytical solution and compared to an FDM solution, the RWPT model more accurately replicates the analytical solution. Further, the coupled AEM‐RWPT model has been applied to simulate the flow and transport in hypothetical and field aquifer problems. The results are compared with the FDM solutions and found to be satisfactory. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. 相似文献
6.
为了研究时间域航空电磁系统扩散特征,基于连续性边界条件将电磁场向下延拓得到地下介质中各点处的频率域响应,通过傅里叶变换将其变换到时间域.计算阶跃波形发射时垂直磁偶极子和水平磁偶极子在均匀半空间介质和两层介质中产生的电磁场,通过电流密度矢量图和随时间变化的电流密度等值线展示电磁场在地下介质中的扩散过程.电磁场在地下的扩散受电阻率结构的影响.在良导地区电磁场扩散慢、衰减快,而在高阻地区电磁场扩散快、衰减慢.垂直磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成一个电流环随时间向下、向外扩散.水平磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成两个互相叠加的电流环.时间域电磁场扩散代表着真正物理意义上的电磁扩散,因为它展示了地下电磁场空间分布随时间的变化和场强的衰减.基于对感应电流环的研究,我们探究了扩散深度和时间域航空电磁数据成像深度的关系.时间域电磁场扩散规律的研究不仅加深了对电磁扩散特征的理解,更有助于提高航空电磁数据解释水平. 相似文献
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航空电磁系统校准是开展实际测量工作的基础,校准情况直接影响数据处理和解释.传统校准方法通常假设在自由空间中进行,忽略导电大地耦合影响.然而,实际工作中很难找到绝对高阻的校准场地,导电大地对系统校准和观测数据的影响无法忽视.本文以频率域航空电磁系统为例,对导电大地上航电系统校准技术和校准误差改正方法进行研究.我们首先推导了层状导电大地上水平共面和直立共轴线圈系统的校准公式,结果表明导电大地对航电系统校准尤其是水平共面装置的高频信号影响很大.针对校准过程中大地电导率已知的情况,本文采用非线性方程求解技术一次性确定校准线圈位置和Q值;在没有任何辅助信息情况下,也可直接利用实测数据计算校正因子进行迭代求解.测试结果表明该方法快速、准确、有效.考虑到系统相位和增益调整直接影响观测数据,本文提出了航空电磁数据校准误差的改正算法.实测数据误差改正结果表明,导电大地对高频信号影响严重,校准误差改正后的航空电磁数据与实际地质资料更好吻合. 相似文献
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航空电磁作为一种高效的地球物理勘查技术手段,其发展在国外(加拿大、澳大利亚等国家)已十分成熟.然而,在我国该项技术仍处于发展当中,在国内目前尚未形成具有实际探测能力的航空电磁系统和解释手段.这一现状严重影响了我国对地形地质条件复杂区域(比如广大西部地区)矿产资源勘查的需求.本文旨在通过系统介绍航空电磁勘查技术中的基础理论、关键技术、仪器系统、数据处理、解释及应用,并对未来我国航空电磁勘查技术的发展提出建议,使读者了解该技术未来发展方向和研究热点,以期该项技术在我国得到快速发展并获得广泛应用. 相似文献
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Use of the Acoustic Energy Meter (AEM) for rapid geomorphological field assessment of rock hardness: comparison with Schmidt hammer R‐value 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Rapid, field‐based assessments of rock hardness are required in a broad range of geomorphological investigations where rock intact strength is important. Several different methods are now available for taking such measurements, in particular the Schmidt hammer, which has seen increasing use in geomorphology in recent decades. This is despite caution from within the engineering literature regarding choice of Schmidt hammer type, normalization of rebound (R‐) values, surface micro‐roughness, weathering degree and moisture content, and data reduction/analysis procedures. We present a pilot study of the use of an Acoustic Energy Meter (AEM), originally produced, tested and developed within the field of underground mining engineering as a rapid measure of rock surface hardness, and compare it with results from a mechanical N‐Type Schmidt hammer. We assess its capabilities across six lithological study sites in southeast Queensland, Australia, in the Greater Brisbane area. Each rock exposure has been recently exposed in the 20th/21st century. Using a ‘paired’ sampling approach, the AEM G‐value shows an inverse relationship with Schmidt hammer R‐value. While both devices show variability with lithology, the AEM G‐values show less scatter than the Schmidt hammer. We conclude that each device can contribute to useful rock hardness testing in geomorphological research, but the AEM requires further field testing in a range of environments, and in particular on older and naturally‐exposed rock surfaces. Future evaluations can extend this pilot study by focusing on sampling procedures, energy sources, and data reduction protocols, within the framework of a comparison study with other rock hardness testing apparatus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The analytic element method (AEM) has been applied to a 15,000-km2 area of the Paleozoic carbonate rock terrain of Nevada. The focus is the Muddy River springs area, which receives 1.44 m3/s (51 ft3/s) of regionally derived ground water, and forms the Muddy River. The study was undertaken early in 2000 to support the development of a cooling water supply for a gas-fired generation facility 20 km south of the Muddy River springs. The primary objectives of the AEM modeling were to establish a better understanding of regional fluxes and boundary conditions and to provide a framework for examination of more local transient effects using MODFLOW. Geochemical evidence available in 2000 suggested two separate flow fields, one in the north discharging at the springs, and a southern area of small hydraulic gradients. To be conservative, however, hydraulic continuity between the two areas was maintained in the 2000 AEM model. Using new monitoring well data collected in the south, and analyses confirming that seasonal pumping effects in the north are not propagated to the south, a later AEM model that included a barrier calibrated with relative ease. The analytic element model was well suited for simulating an area larger than the immediate area of interest, was easy to modify as more information became available, and facilitated the stepwise development of multiple conceptual models of the site. 相似文献
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Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) methods are increasingly being used as tools of geological mapping, groundwater exploration and prospecting for coal and lignite. In such applications, quantitative interpretation is commonly based on the layered-earth model. A new approach, a damped least-squares inversion with singular value decomposition, is proposed for interpretation of time-domain, towed-bird AEM data. Studies using theoretical and field AEM data indicate that inversion techniques are dependable and provide fast converging solutions. An analysis has been made of the accuracy of model parameter determination, which depends on resistivity and thickness distribution. In the common case of conductive overburden, upper-layer resistivity and thickness are usually well determined, although situations exist where their separation becomes difficult. In the case of a resistive layer overlying a conductive basement, the layer thickness is the best-determined parameter. In both cases, estimates of basement resistivity are the least reliable. Field data obtained with the Chinese-made M-l AEM system in Dongling, Anhui Province, China, were processed using the described inversion algorithm. The survey area comprised fluvial Cenozoic clays and weathered Mesozoic sediments. Inversion of AEM data resulted in accurate depth-to-bedrock sections and realistic estimates of the resistivities of overburden and bedrock which agree with the results of drilling and resistivity sounding. 相似文献
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时间域航空电磁作为一种高效地球物理勘探技术特别适合我国地形复杂地区(沙漠、高山、湖泊、沼泽等)资源勘查.然而,这些地区地形起伏较大,对航空电磁响应有严重影响,忽略地形影响会给航空电磁数据解释造成很大误差.到目前为止人们对航空电磁地形效应特征研究十分有限.本文提出了基于非结构化网格的有限元法模拟带地形时间域航空电磁系统响应.该方法与基于结构化网格的有限差分相比能更好地模拟地形.首先通过傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金方法对二维问题进行离散.通过使用MUMPS求解器,得到波数域电磁响应.利用反傅里叶变换将波数域电磁响应变换到空间域,并利用正弦变换将其变换到时间域,得到2.5维时间域航空电磁响应.通过将本文的计算结果与半空间模型解析解及其他已发表的结果进行对比,检验了本文算法的精度.最后,我们系统分析了山峰和山谷地形对航空响应的影响特征.本文研究结果对航空电磁地形效应的识别和校正具有指导意义. 相似文献
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The two-dimensional implementation of the analytic element method (AEM) is commonly used to simulate steady-state saturated groundwater flow phenomena at regional and local scales. However, unlike alternative groundwater flow simulation methods, AEM results are not ordinarily used as the basis for simulation of reactive solute transport. The use of AEM-simulated flow fields is impeded by the discrepancy between a continuous representation of flow and a typically discrete representation of transport, and requires translation of the flow solution to a discrete analog. This paper presents a variety of methods for analytically calculating conservative discrete water fluxes and integrated components of the dispersion tensor across cell interfaces. An Eulerian finite difference method based on these AEM-derived parameters is implemented for use in simulation of 2D (vertically averaged) solute transport. This implementation is first benchmarked against existing methods that use standard finite difference flow solutions, then used to investigate the effects of an inaccurate discrete water balance. It is shown that improper translation of AEM fluxes leads to significant water balance errors and inaccurate simulation of contaminant transport. 相似文献
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The airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method has a high sampling rate and survey flexibility. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches must use high-resolution physical grids to guarantee modeling accuracy, especially for complex geological structures such as anisotropic earth. This can lead to huge computational costs. To solve this problem, we propose a spectral-element (SE) method for 3D AEM anisotropic modeling, which combines the advantages of spectral and finite-element methods. Thus, the SE method has accuracy as high as that of the spectral method and the ability to model complex geology inherited from the finite-element method. The SE method can improve the modeling accuracy within discrete grids and reduce the dependence of modeling results on the grids. This helps achieve high-accuracy anisotropic AEM modeling. We first introduced a rotating tensor of anisotropic conductivity to Maxwell’s equations and described the electrical field via SE basis functions based on GLL interpolation polynomials. We used the Galerkin weighted residual method to establish the linear equation system for the SE method, and we took a vertical magnetic dipole as the transmission source for our AEM modeling. We then applied fourth-order SE calculations with coarse physical grids to check the accuracy of our modeling results against a 1D semi-analytical solution for an anisotropic half-space model and verified the high accuracy of the SE. Moreover, we conducted AEM modeling for different anisotropic 3D abnormal bodies using two physical grid scales and three orders of SE to obtain the convergence conditions for different anisotropic abnormal bodies. Finally, we studied the identification of anisotropy for single anisotropic abnormal bodies, anisotropic surrounding rock, and single anisotropic abnormal body embedded in an anisotropic surrounding rock. This approach will play a key role in the inversion and interpretation of AEM data collected in regions with anisotropic geology. 相似文献
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基于CiteSpace和知网数据库的《湖泊科学》创刊30年(1989-2018年)发表论文的文献计量学分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
湖泊科学是研究湖泊及其流域在人与自然相互作用下对生态系统、环境间的关系的一门交叉学科.为了探究湖泊科学研究的发展与研究前沿,通过对《湖泊科学》创刊30年（1989-2018年）来发表的全部2555篇论文的统计,分析了年发文量与影响因子年际变化趋势,并运用CiteSpace V软件绘制了可视化知识图谱.结果表明：30年来《湖泊科学》年发文量、被引频次及影响因子整体呈稳步增加的趋势,期刊拥有较为稳定与广泛的学术影响力.相关研究范围主要涉及全球气候变化、湖泊生态系统及群落结构、湖泊富营养化等方面,研究区域则多为湖泊分布较广、生态系统较脆弱且环境问题较为突出地区.文献关键词的分析得出了研究热点与趋势的三个阶段.CiteSpace对作者所在机构的分析表明,近10年来,高校已经超过研究所成为期刊作者主体.关键词词频分析表明,"太湖"、"沉积物"、"富营养化"一直是刊发内容的热点,而近10年来,浮游植物及群落结构、三峡水库逐渐成为热点.随着湖泊研究与遥感技术、统计与模拟、环境化学等进一步交叉,湖泊科学研究向着深入化、精细化方向发展.目前,湖泊科学研究已形成了湖泊水文与生态系统、湖泊生态恢复与环境评价、沉积环境与全球变化等较为稳定的研究团队,高校与科研院所成为湖泊研究主体,具有显著的区域性和集聚效应.期刊论文读者下载量统计分析表明,《湖泊科学》官网（www.jlakes.org）已经成为读者阅读和下载论文的主要渠道.根据知网数据库的统计分析,30年来,刊发论文均获得了不同数量的读者引用,单篇最高被引636次,篇均被引24次.期刊高被引论文分析说明,湖泊作为生态环境保护的重要载体,加强湖泊污染问题的预防、湖泊富营养化预测及其生态修复技术等业已成为相关研究的热点与趋势所在.同时,随着全国湖泊流域数据平台的建设与大数据融合,湖泊流域物质交换、人文影响定量评估、健康与管理、湖泊湿地生态系统保护等方面的研究将进一步加快,而湖泊研究成果在区域的应用,将为改善水环境质量,确保区域生态环境安全,为湖泊生态保护及环境改善提供有力支撑. 相似文献
17.
With the increasing number of channels in AEM systems, computer data handling is becoming a necessity. The experience gained in processing of seismic and aeromagnetic data cannot be applied directly to low-frequency (100-5000 Hz) AEM methods. A novel scheme has been designed for AEM data processing and tested on 2900 km (1800 miles) of Input surveys. In the first step, the digital flight tapes are merged with digitized flight path recovery to form the primary data set. The validity of the raw data is controlled by the computer, but the interpreter has an option of checking them in perspective plots of channel amplitudes. The primary data set is reduced by processors which determine the location and type of anomalies and discard noise. Unlike the widely used deconvolution, the sequential processor determines first the anomaly location and then estimates parameters, such as peak amplitude, base width, and excess area, which are used as acceptance criteria. Interpretation parameters, such as σt, conductor depth, and dip are estimated by comparison with quantitative models. The recorded channel amplitudes are plotted together with the selected interpretation parameters in a profile form. The secondary data set which includes only the interpretation parameters for selected anomalies is graphically displayed as a schematic map of apparent σt. Elongated features are traced by a fan strike recognition routine and a trend map is automatically compiled and plotted. Disk storage is essential for second pass processing during which parts of the primary data set are searched for undiscovered anomalies matching the analyzed trend. The suggested procedure for AEM data processing is demonstrated on an Input MK V survey, Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba. 相似文献
18.
非线性科学在地球物理学和地震学中的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文作者承担了国家地震局科技监测司“八五”地震科技信息研究规划：国外非线性科学研究现状与发展专题，现已完成１９９４年度计划内容，取得了初步成果。基于这些成果，本文作者编写了“非线性科学在地球物理学和地震学中的应用研究专辑”，较系统地介绍了前苏联及俄罗斯有关非线性科学在地球物理学和地震学中的应用研究情况，主要内容包括：前苏联及俄罗斯非线性科学在地球物理学和地震学中的应用研究计划，研究进展及深入研究的方向。 相似文献
19.
航空电磁法的探测能力受飞行高度、发射波形、发射磁矩和发射基频等因素的影响,致使不同分量间的勘探能力存在差异.航空电磁如对所有磁场和磁感应分量、on-和off-time数据进行观测和解释,不仅数据量大、耗时长,而且出现大量冗余数据.目前国内针对此问题尚无系统解决方法.本文针对吊舱式直升机航空电磁系统,采用积分方程法求解频率域响应,经汉克尔变换转换到时间域,计算了地下三维目标体的B和dB/dt时间域响应.利用异常体响应与背景场响应作比值,并通过设定响应阀值定义最大勘探深度,进而分析不同发射波形、不同分量以及on-和off-time期间的航空电磁系统的探测能力.基于本文分析手段,可根据实际勘探目标,确定一套探测能力较强的航空电磁最佳参数组合,为野外测量和数据处理提供技术指导,高效完成勘探任务. 相似文献
20.
K.R. Fowler J.P. Reese C.E. Kees J.E. Dennis Jr. C.T. Kelley C.T. Miller C. Audet A.J. Booker G. Couture R.W. Darwin M.W. Farthing D.E. Finkel J.M. Gablonsky G. Gray T.G. Kolda 《Advances in water resources》2008
Management decisions involving groundwater supply and remediation often rely on optimization techniques to determine an effective strategy. We introduce several derivative-free sampling methods for solving constrained optimization problems that have not yet been considered in this field, and we include a genetic algorithm for completeness. Two well-documented community problems are used for illustration purposes: a groundwater supply problem and a hydraulic capture problem. The community problems were found to be challenging applications due to the objective functions being nonsmooth, nonlinear, and having many local minima. Because the results were found to be sensitive to initial iterates for some methods, guidance is provided in selecting initial iterates for these problems that improve the likelihood of achieving significant reductions in the objective function to be minimized. In addition, we suggest some potentially fruitful areas for future research. 相似文献