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1.
《Marine Policy》2014
Marine planning presents considerable new challenges and opportunities for those responsible for managing the marine environment. In the UK, the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) provides a statutory framework for marine planning and has created a new administration responsible for its implementation. If marine planning is to be effective and achieve its stated goals it will require a pool of trained individuals who will be responsible for or will participate in marine planning. Based on data gathered during the development and delivery of an intensive professional course and a masters level programme, this paper explores the key elements of education and training required by marine planners. These include a knowledge of planning processes and national and international laws and conventions; an understanding of how marine plans can integrate with existing terrestrial and coastal plans and other management requirements; and an understanding of the marine and maritime environment, including the human activities and natural features. It concludes with a discussion of the different roles individuals may play in the planning process and thus their different training needs. 相似文献
2.
我国沿海地区是极端天气和气候事件易发频发区,也是重要的人口和经济聚集地。在全球气候变化背景下,风暴潮、海浪、海冰和海啸等海洋动力灾害的形成机理、发生规律、时空特征、损失程度呈现出新的特点,重特大海洋动力灾害对我国沿海地区造成的威胁不容忽视。文章阐述海洋动力灾害时空分布特征,在分析我国沿海地区应对海洋动力灾害现状基础上,提出我国沿海地区应对重特大海洋动力灾害的对策与建议:建议开展重特大海洋动力灾害防御相关立法研究,制订国家层面应对重特大海洋动力灾害专项应急预案,建立健全重特大海洋动力灾害保险风险补偿机制以及提升重特大海洋动力灾害科技支撑能力。 相似文献
3.
《Oceanologica Acta》1999,22(6):699-703
Marine scientists often assess habitats to understand the distribution and relative abundance of marine resources. Due to the spatial nature of habitats and associated temporal changes, however, assimilating data using traditional analytical methods is often difficult. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are proving to be effective tools to help address problems inherent in the analysis of spatial data, GIS can be used to effectively collate, archive, display, analyze, and model spatial and temporal data. Additionally, by combining dissimilar data types, such as socio-political boundaries, bottom types, and fish distributions, for example, resource managers can use GIS to make informed management decisions. In this way, GIS provides resource managers with a means to integrate scientific data with prevailing cultural values and traditions. We have developed a working GIS for the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary that allows interpretation of many terrestrial and marine data sets, including inter-tidal monitoring data, permit locations, seabird strandings, fisheries catch data, habitat types, marine political boundaries, as well as land cover classification from satellite imagery, watersheds, streams, roads, and political boundaries. We have linked terrestrial and marine data to create a broad spatial and temporal database that will be used in a variety of ways such as evaluating natural processes, permitting and monitoring coastal development and assessing environmental impacts (e.g. oil spills). 相似文献
4.
《Marine Policy》2013
The adoption of comprehensive marine spatial plans (MSP) requires that all aspects of value associated with marine biodiversity are considered in their development. Therefore, a holistic approach to MSP needs to include the ecological, social and economic aspects related to the range of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity. In temperate coastal areas however, extractive uses of marine biodiversity (i.e., fisheries) tend to receive more consideration than other non-extractive uses such as certain forms of recreation. This is primarily due to its economic and social importance and a lack of information on non-extractive uses of marine biodiversity. This study presents an assessment of the economic importance and spatial distribution of non-extractive uses of marine biodiversity (diving, kayaking, wildlife watching from boats and seabird watching) in the coastal temperate area of Wales and its application to MSP. The assessment of the economic importance and spatial distribution of these uses was ascertained through questionnaires with relevant users. Results indicated that the economic importance of non-extractive recreational uses of marine biodiversity in Wales is comparable to that of commercial fisheries for the same region. Spatially there was a significant degree of overlap among areas used by the different recreational groups studied here and the distribution of uses could be linked to different aspects of marine biodiversity, such as the presence of particular habitats in the case of divers. The integration of spatially explicit socioeconomic data for a range of different uses of marine biodiversity enables policy makers to gain useful insight into the potential consequences of implementing a spatial management regime, as certain uses can be sometimes overlooked but are still essential if we are to consider the impact of spatial planning on all economically relevant activities. Such data provide a balanced overview of the value of marine biodiversity to different sectors of society and contributes to the process of developing comprehensive marine spatial plans. 相似文献
5.
Quantitative evaluation of the time-line reduction performance in high definition marine magnetic surveys 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The effectiveness of the time reduction procedure is the critical problem for the informative contents evaluation in the high definition (HD) geomagnetic marine surveys. The use of magnetogradiometers is a good solution for the time-reduction in the regional offshore studies but often, for technical reasons, this is not a practicable method in the very detailed coastal, canal or harbour surveys where the use of coastal base stations may be preferable. On the other hand the uncertainty of the full transferability of the coastal magnetograms to large areas of marine surveys can disrupt the time-reduced data sets by a geomagnetic residual time component. The phenomenon is related to the distance from the coastal observatory and to the homogeneity of the local magnetic characteristics of the crust. The maximum applicability distance of the time-line correction (TL) is qualitatively evaluated and is shown to be inconsistent with geomagnetic marine surveys in high definition. In this work we show a quantitative method to evaluate the stability of the coastal observatory magnetograms over the nearby marine area, together with the numerical degree of precision of the correction. The method is based on a double survey of the same profile (timer track: TT) at two different times. The surveys produce two different row data sets where the difference is related only to the geomagnetic time variations. Using the coastal observatory magnetograms we time-reduce the two data sets: if the coastal observatory magnetograms are fully coherent in the whole survey area the difference between the two reduced data sets will be zero. However, if the time variations measured in the observatory are inadequate in amplitude or phase to model the corresponding time variations in the surveyed profile (TT), the discrepancy between the time reduced data sets will not be zero. Similar TTs starting with various course from the base station permit the surveyed area to be split into sectors with variable degree of time coherence and to assign a degree of precision to the time-reduced survey. 相似文献
6.
《Marine Policy》2014
This paper presents the results of a nationwide survey in Ireland that explored the values, concerns and preferences of individuals towards the Irish marine environment. The results of the Irish survey are also compared to the results from similar surveys carried out in other maritime countries in the EU. The results of the Irish survey demonstrate a reasonable level of knowledge of the main threats facing Ireland׳s marine environment and of the importance of non-market as well as market ecosystem services provided by the seas around the Irish coast. The results also suggest that the Irish public are sceptical of the ability of government and private industry to manage the Irish marine economy but instead place a large amount of trust in the competency of scientists. The perception of whether or not they consider where they live as being a coastal area would also suggest that the Irish public hold a much more narrow view of what constitutes a coastal area than that held by statistical agencies such as Eurostat. 相似文献
7.
This article sets out to explore the extent to which the maritime policies that have been formulated in recent years are public policies on a par with other State-level policies, or whether the geographical domain where they are applied makes them exceptional. Maritime policy and territorial structure are very closely related, and it can be seen that maritime policies are beginning to shift towards the domain of State internal affairs, necessitating the rethinking of the way powers are distributed between territorial bodies that have the legal power to be involved in the formulation of these policies and some instruments, such as marine spatial planning. 相似文献
8.
深圳湾经过近三十年的围填海活动,沿岸动力条件发生较大变化,如今自然状态下难以发育沙滩。从构建高品质游憩空间、防护海岸和提升旅游开发价值来看,沙滩是深圳湾急需的资源。为了加强人和海洋的联系、激发深圳湾的活力,建立城市自然缓冲区、化解极端风暴的威胁,以此达到防护海岸和满足居民休闲游赏需求的目的,本研究以近岸海洋要素的自然属性为主,海洋开发活动等社会属性为辅进行综合分析,并辅以数值模型进行验证,在深圳湾内选择适宜开展沙滩修复的海岸。沙滩修复选址时考虑了波浪、潮流、地形、地貌、沉积物等近岸海洋要素;数值模型包括潮流场模型、波浪模型和沙滩长期的平面演化模型。本研究案例对岸线动态变迁较大,自然状态难以发育沙滩的海岸的人造沙滩选址和设计方案提供示范与借鉴。 相似文献
9.
10.
《Marine Policy》2013
Numerous national governments and supranational organizations such as the OSPAR Commission, the European Union and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have underlined the importance of maritime spatial planning (MSP) for balancing and solving conflicts between the needs of different sectors and conservation in the marine space. In the last decade, many maritime spatial plans have been developed around the world. The drivers to develop these plans and the approaches to find solutions for the particular problems differ significantly. The Portuguese national marine jurisdiction is one of the largest in Europe. For the continental part, a maritime spatial plan was initiated in 2009, and entered in 2010 in the final stage of approval. One of the driving forces for this MSP initiative was the claim to extend its continental shelf. The development process was led by a multidisciplinary team. Despite the challenges, the existing as well as potential future marine resources and activities were characterized, mapped and categorized. To overcome conflicts resulting from the many overlapping uses and to assure sustainable development of all sectors, a conflict analysis and evaluation of potential future uses were necessary. The applied zoning scheme represented an exercise of conflict solving and proved to be a powerful tool to promote discussion and participation among stakeholders. The successful implementation of Portuguese MSP will rely largely on its ability to provide efficient management, financial and legal mechanisms to achieve the integration of all strategies and spaces under the Portuguese maritime jurisdiction. 相似文献
11.
随着全球经济的快速发展，海上运输由于其运力大、运费低而变得更具实用性。然而，这也意味着在海上航道行驶的船只正变得越来越多，这将导致在复杂的海洋环境中航海船只发生事故的可能性会很高。据相关历史的统计，在海域中航行缺乏高精度导航数据会导致大量事故，这种累积的事故信息可以被用来提高航海的安全性。本文通过将蕴含在AIS (Automatic Identification System) 大数据中的经验导航信息挖掘出来，以辅助实现复杂海事环境下安全可靠的船舶路径的生成。本文提出了一种基于大数据自动生成船舶路径的新方法。该方法首先在大量船舶轨迹上通过DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) 聚类形成不同的轨迹矢量簇。然后，迭代计算轨迹矢量簇的中心线，并从这些中心线之间的节点-弧段拓扑关系来构建航道网络。最后，基于航道网络来实现船舶路径的生成，对于航道网络未覆盖的海域，则通过海洋环境风险栅格的路径规划来实现船舶路径的生成。不同海域不同AIS数据集进行的多次实验结果表明，本文提出的船舶路径生成方法是有效性。 相似文献
12.
Multivariate principal components analysis and cluster analysis were performed on data representing presence or absence of 498 species of juvenile and adult fish species in twenty-four coastal marine systems (bays, coastal lagoons, estuaries and coastal zones) distributed from southeast to southern Brazil. Five groups of coastal systems were identified based on fish assemblage similarity: estuaries and bays of the southeast area; an estuary of the southern area; coastal lagoons; rocky coastal zones; and the continental platform. Species assemblages for each zone were identified and used as surrogate habitat indicators to compare and contrast the groups. Stepwise multiple regression of environmental and physical variables as predictors of the number of species indicated that only ‘ area ’ was included in the model as the most important variable explaining the variation of the number of species in these data sets. The total number of fish species increased as surface area increased. 相似文献
13.
应用模式输出统计的逐步判别方法，对山东南部沿海４～７月海雾出现作２４ｈ的判别预报。候选预报因子包括：日本数值预报传真图、近岸台站的观测、经验设计因子及其一些组合因子。对１９９３年４～７月独立资料，进行试报检验，结果表明，预报准确率达７７％ 相似文献
14.
海上养殖业对粮食安全有着至关重要的作用。然而,海上养殖的无序扩张和开发,阻碍了海上交通,同时也造成了海洋环境问题。为及时、准确地获取海上养殖信息,满足海岸带调查以及推进海上养殖规范化、科学化,提出一种基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine, GEE)平台实现长时间序列下海上养殖区信息快速提取的方法。本研究构建了一个基于随机森林分类的海上养殖区信息提取模型,该模型综合利用了Sentinel 1卫星SAR影像数据的VV和VH极化波段,以及Sentinel 2卫星的多光谱影像数据。此外,模型还融合了4个用于增强养殖区特征的指数,以提高养殖区域信息提取的准确性和效率。这种方法的应用旨在优化海上养殖区的识别过程,通过精确分析和利用不同数据源的互补优势,展现了〖JP2〗遥感技术在海洋养殖监测领域的巨大潜力。本研究对2017—2021年平潭县海上养殖区域进行判定与提取,实验结果表明,以养殖密度较低,养殖特征不明显为特征的海上养殖区,基于GEE平台的海上养殖区信息提取方法精度在90%以上,表明在复杂水体背景下对养殖区快速识别取得较好的效果,可为海上养殖科学规划与规范化管理提供有效的参考依据。 相似文献
15.
微藻对油污染物的不同响应,势必造成其群落种类组成和结构的变化,进一步影响海洋生态系统的变迁。由于油污染对于浮游植物的影响具有污染源及生物响应的多样性、多维度性和复杂性,产生影响的时效长但可显示度低等特点,造成该研究领域的极大限制。作者以石油标准品20-3和3种石油化学品(双酚、对苯二甲酸、对二甲苯)作为油污染源,利用多孔板高通量检测方法及大数据处理分析软件Simca-P,对中国沿海常见单种微型藻类的种群消长受油污染影响进行了研究。以石油标准品20-3为油污染源,分析了31株微藻增殖对不同油标浓度的不同响应;利用Simca-P软件对3种不同浓度的石油化学品对4种典型微藻(柔弱角刺藻(Chaetoceros debilis)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、剧毒卡罗藻(Karlodinum veneficum))增殖的影响进行了比较分析。研究结果显示:不同种类微藻因油污种类及其浓度不同,其响应存在显著差异。利用多孔板以及微藻的吸光特征,可以高通量快速筛查不同微藻对不同油污及其不同浓度的响应差异,并利用计算机软件对大数据的分析能力,挖掘和比较不同微藻与不同油污之间的相互关系,从而就油污染对微藻影响这种多维度复杂关系进行研究。 相似文献
16.
海岸线作为海洋与陆地的分界线,是海域管理的重要界限和基础地理数据,也是地图编绘、海洋调查和海岸带演变研究的重要内容,准确掌握其位置、长度等信息,是提高海域管理科学化水平的必不可少的环节。文章结合广东省海岸线修测实际工作中发现的问题,对围海养殖区海岸线界定方法进行探讨。针对养殖区已进行土地确权的情况进行深入分析,并提出：以自然属性为主要依据判定海岸线位置;承认土地权利人的权利在先;围海养殖区的海岸线统一以靠陆一侧的外边缘线进行界定等解决方案。期望可以为海岸线修测和海域管理提供有益的参考。 相似文献
17.
This paper reviews the emergence of the spatial dimension of marine and coastal zone administration, and examines several initiatives around the world that contribute to this idea. Spatial data have been recognised as an important resource to improve decision-making and resource management in both the land and marine environments in terms of sustainable development. Many countries are developing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) to improve access and sharing of spatial data, however, most of these initiatives stop at the coastline. Recently, global and regional activities such as the 3rd United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA) have brought to international attention the importance of effective administration of the marine and coastal environments. 相似文献
18.
推动海洋资源-环境-经济系统协调联动是提升沿海地区海洋承载力的必要途径,也是建设海洋强国的重要议题。基于海洋资源-环境-经济系统承载力评价指标体系,运用极差非零标准化、熵值法、状态空间模型以及耦合协调度函数模型,对2008—2018年广东沿海经济带海洋资源-环境-经济系统承载力时空耦合特征进行比较分析。结果表明：广东沿海经济带海洋资源-环境-经济系统综合承载力指数在时序上呈波动下降态势。其中,海洋经济系统承载力水平较高且主导效应明显,相反,海洋资源系统、环境系统承载力水平相对较低,长期处于满载状态。各地市承载力水平空间差异较大,粤西沿海地区的湛江、阳江综合承载力水平最高,粤东沿海地区的潮州、揭阳综合承载力水平最低。从耦合协调度时序变化来看,耦合度、协调度呈波动上升态势,表明海洋资源-环境-经济系统内部相互作用及各子系统间发展的同步性有所强化;耦合协调类型空间差异显著,以高耦合、高协调类型为主,耦合协调度较高的区域主要集中在粤西沿海的阳江、湛江等地区,东莞、潮州等地区为低值区。 相似文献
19.
P. Balaguer A. DiedrichR. Sardá M. FusterB. Cañellas J. Tintoré 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(3):241-249
Recreational boating is an important, growing leisure activity on the island of Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. This spatial analysis of anchoring of recreational boating along the coast of Mallorca is intended to generate new data to contribute to the achievement of a comprehensive marine and coastal spatial planning on the island in addition to providing important information related to the pressure of increasing demand for anchoring space that, if not properly managed, could jeopardize the coastal and marine environments. The study combines data from the natural (habitats, geology), physical (wave patterns), and social sciences (survey interviews), using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as the main analytical tool. The final result is an estimate of the average amount of seabed available for anchoring during the highest levels of boating activity in Mallorca (i.e. summer high season) based on a number of different sustainability scenarios (i.e. average distance between boats, weather conditions). In addition to being applicable to any location wishing to manage recreational boating activity, the methodology presented in this study represents an integrated, multidisciplinary approach which could be applied to a number of management scenarios with a spatial dimension in marine environments. 相似文献
20.
Impacts of Kelvin wave forcing in the Peru Humboldt Current system: Scenarios of spatial reorganizations from physics to fishers 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Sophie Bertrand Boris Dewitte Jorge Tam Erich Díaz Arnaud Bertrand 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,79(2-4):278
Because climate change challenges the sustainability of important fish populations and the fisheries they support, we need to understand how large scale climatic forcing affects the functioning of marine ecosystems. In the Humboldt Current system (HCS), a main driver of climatic variability is coastally-trapped Kelvin waves (KWs), themselves originating as oceanic equatorial KWs. Here we (i) describe the spatial reorganizations of living organisms in the Humboldt coastal system as affected by oceanic KWs forcing, (ii) quantify the strength of the interactions between the physical and biological component dynamics of the system, (iii) formulate hypotheses on the processes which drive the redistributions of the organisms, and (iv) build scenarios of space occupation in the HCS under varying KW forcing. To address these questions we explore, through bivariate lagged correlations and multivariate statistics, the relationships between time series of oceanic KW amplitude (TAO mooring data and model-resolved baroclinic modes) and coastal Peruvian oceanographic data (SST, coastal upwelled waters extent), anchoveta spatial distribution (mean distance to the coast, spatial concentration of the biomass, mean depth of the schools), and fishing fleet statistics (trip duration, searching duration, number of fishing sets and catch per trip, features of the foraging trajectory as observed by satellite vessel monitoring system). Data sets span all or part of January 1983 to September 2006. The results show that the effects of oceanic KW forcing are significant in all the components of the coastal ecosystem, from oceanography to the behaviour of the top predators – fishers. This result provides evidence for a bottom-up transfer of the behaviours and spatial stucturing through the ecosystem. We propose that contrasting scenarios develop during the passage of upwelling versus downwelling KWs. From a predictive point of view, we show that KW amplitudes observed in the mid-Pacific can be used to forecast which system state will dominate the HCS over the next 2–6 months. Such predictions should be integrated in the Peruvian adaptive fishery management. 相似文献