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1.
The Tuolumne batholith, Sierra Nevada, California, consists of several nested granitoid units and is an example of upper-crustal
normally zoned intrusions. The two outermost units of the batholith are separated by a wide gradational contact in what is
interpreted to represent a large magma chamber. In the Potter Point area near the eastern margin of the batholith, the gradational
contact is cross-cut by a network of interconnected mafic–felsic sheets, which grade into zones of magmatic erosion by stoping
where the host granodiorite between the sheets was entirely removed and replaced by younger enclave-rich quartz diorite. We
interpret these features to record disruption of a steep solidification front, which migrated inwards from the eastern batholith
margin and separated the mushy to solidified margin from the remaining active magma chamber. When intersecting the gradational
contact, the solidification front started to break up via a network of tectonically driven fractures accompanied by simultaneous
injection of localized magma pulses. The solidification front break-up is interpreted here as an initial stage of a “recycling”
process, whereby older magma mush is disrupted and incorporated into younger magma batches, a process we propose to have been
widespread along internal contacts in the Tuolumne magma chamber. 相似文献
2.
丹江口水库库区及周边地区河网形态、地貌特征及构造活动性意义 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
河流作为构造-气候相互作用最为敏感的地貌单元,记录了丰富的水系演化、构造变形以及气候变化等信息。通过研究河流的形成与演化过程来阐述区域地貌和构造活动特征是构造地貌研究的一个突破点,河流形态的空间变化是阐述河流形成与演化特征最为直观有效的方法。丹江口水库库区地貌特征复杂、地质灾害频发、差异性构造活动较为强烈,是开展构造地貌研究的理想场所。通过对丹江口水库库区及周边地区河流形态特征、地貌特征及构造活动特征等进行综合分析发现,河网分维值空间特征与区域内构造活动性较强的断裂的空间分布高度吻合,构造活动性较强的断裂带及周边地区,河网受到构造活动的影响,发育不成熟,河网分维值出现低值,分维值均小于1.115;构造活动性较弱的断裂带及周边地区,河网发育过程中未受到构造活动的影响,发育较成熟,河网分维值高,分维值均大于1.25;而河网分维值空间变化与地形坡度、平均高程等地貌参数相关性不显著。因此,区域构造活动性特征是河网形态空间变化控制的关键因素。利用河网形态的分维特征量化区域构造活动的强弱及各区域构造活动的差异,对于河流的形成与演化、构造活动性及预测地质灾害的发生等方面的研究都有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
3.
Alexander P. Petroff Olivier Devauchelle Arshad Kudrolli Daniel H. Rothman 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2012,344(1):33-40
Networks fed by subsurface flow are a natural, but dynamically simple, system in which to consider general problems of network growth. Here we present four examples in which this dynamic simplicity can be used to develop a quantitative understanding of a natural kilometer-scale network of streams. In these four sections, we investigate the relation between the position of a spring in the network and the groundwater flux into it, the flow of water through streams and the stream shape, and the influence of solar radiation on the rate of sediment transport around the streams. In each case, a quantitative comparison is made between theory and observation. 相似文献
4.
The advent of high-resolution digital seismic recording and advances in computer technology enable the combination of traditional regional seismic network observations with direct seismogram modeling to improve estimates of small earthquake faulting geometry, depth, and size. We illustrate a combined modeling approach using observations from three earthquakes that occurred within the environs of the New Madrid Seismic Zone: two Missouri earthquakes from September 26, 1990 and May 4, 1991; and the southern Illinois earthquake of February 5, 1994. We also re-examine the faulting geometry for two events from the 1960s that are inconsistent with the current estimate of the regional stress field. Based on direct modeling of the long-period seismograms associated with these events, we revise earlier estimates of the earthquake parameters for the March 3, 1963 and July 21, 1967 Missouri earthquakes. Comparing the new and revised results with existing earthquake mechanisms in the region, we find that tension-axes are generally aligned in a N-S to NW-SE direction, while the compression-axes trend in a NE to E direction. An interesting exception to this pattern are the March 3, 1963 and two nearby earthquakes that lie within a well-defined 30-km long left step in seismicity near New Madrid. 相似文献
5.
闽台地震速报技术研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过系统地分析台网正式运行以来记录到主要的网内、网缘、网外地震的各种震相特征和定位参数 ,总结研究各区的震相特征、台站记录状况和震级的误差 ,力争提高台网地震速报的速度和精度。 相似文献
6.
7.
The morphology of the Alpine and adjacent landscapes is directly related to glacial erosion and associated sediment transport.
Here we report the effects of glacio-hydrologic erosion on bedrock topography in the Swiss Plateau. Specifically, we identify
the presence of subsurface valleys beneath the city of Bern and discuss their genesis. Stratigraphic investigations of more
than 4,000 borehole data within a 430 km2-large area reveal the presence of a network of >200 m-deep and 1,000 m-wide valleys. They are flat floored with steep sided
walls and are filled by Quaternary glacial deposits. The central valley beneath Bern is straight and oriented towards the
NNW, with valley flanks more than 20° steep. The valley bottom has an irregular undulating profile along the thalweg, with
differences between sills and hollows higher than 50–100 m over a reach of 4 km length. Approximately 500 m high bedrock highlands
flank the valley network. The highlands are dissected by up to 80 m-deep and 500 m-broad hanging valleys that currently drain
away from the axis of the main valley. We interpret the valleys beneath the city of Bern to be a tunnel valley network which
originated from subglacial erosion by melt water. The highland valleys served as proglacial meltwater paths and are hanging
with respect to the trunk system, indicating that these incipient highland systems as well as the main gorge beneath Bern
formed by glacial melt water under pressure. 相似文献
8.
基于我国南方地区岩溶发育极不均匀、水位水质动态变化快的特点,通过对信息熵法和防污性能法所得结果的对比,分析在缺少系列监测资料条件下,利用岩溶水系统防污性能评价结果快速布设地下河系统水动态监测网的可行性及其布设原则。根据防污性能评价结果,结合水循环特征,桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统水动态监测网需由17个监测站组成;采用信息熵法对现有35个监测站进行优化后,认为只需要12个监测站就可组成最优监测网,但这12个监测站点与采用防污性能评价法得到的点位完全重合,且均位于防污性能差的地区。对比分析认为,以地下水系统防污性能评价结果布设地下水动态监测网是可行性的,因为岩溶发育区既是防污性能差的地区,也是地下水动态变化快的地区,能充分反映地下河系统水质水量变化。采用防污性能评价法布设地下水动态监测网时,需要充分认识和了解地下河系统水文地质条件和地下河管道结构特征,且需要遵循以下原则:(1)在岩溶发育相对较弱的系统中部(基本上不存在防污性能差的地区)不设置监测站点;(2)在距离地下河出口较近的岩溶发育区内(即防污性能差的地区)监测站点可由地下河出口替代;(3)对于多支管道系统,岩溶发育相对较弱且距离较短的小型支管道上可以不布设监测站,由支管道与主管道交汇处的监测站代替。 相似文献
9.
本文论述了水文地质结构系统的基本思想以及建立水文地质结构系统模型的基本方法。具体研究了山西省太原地区的岩溶水文地质结构系统,将研究区划分为三个既相对独立又有一定联系的岩溶地下水亚系统,并分别建立了三个岩溶地下水亚系统的结构模型,即以多维脉络、三维层络、多层网络这些几何物理模型描述了该区岩溶地下水系统的四维特征;同时,对区内岩溶地下水资源的合理开发利用提出了具体方案。 相似文献
10.
Sofia Leal Thomas M. Melvin Michael Grabner Rupert Wimmer Keith R. Briffa 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2007,36(4):426-440
We present an extensive new network of ring-width chronologies, comprising data from 100 sites within the Austrian Eastern Alps, made up of multiple tree species. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify five separate high-frequency tree-growth signals from these data. Tree-growth variability at these sites is explained by site altitude and species differences that moderate the effects of the annually varying climatic forcing on tree growth. Recently developed, two-century long gridded climate data sets for the Greater Alpine Region were used to assess the relationship between climate and tree growth. Tree growth at low altitudes is controlled mainly by spring-summer moisture availability. At high altitudes precipitation is no longer a limiting factor and growth is mostly determined by summer temperature. In the intermediate altitudinal range, we did not find any direct relationships with specific climatic variables. High-altitude chronologies suitable for reconstructing past temperatures and low-altitude chronologies suitable for reconstructing past precipitation were identified. 相似文献
11.
With the increasing occurrence frequency of emergency events, emergency management (EM) has been a very important issue in management science. One of the major activities of EM is to evaluate and select the most desirable emergency alternative(s). This paper proposes a new framework combining the analytic network process (ANP) method, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, and 2-tuple linguistic technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TL-TOPSIS) method to solve the emergency alternative evaluation and selection problem. This study has been done in three stages. In the first stage, we use DEMATEL technique to obtain the network relation map (NRM) among emergency alternative evaluation criteria or sub-criteria. In the second stage, we use ANP method to calculate the global weight of each sub-criterion based on the NRM among emergency alternative evaluation sub-criteria. In the third stage, the ratings of emergency alternative with respect to each sub-criterion are described by linguistic items, and the TL-TOPSIS method is used to rank the emergency alternative. Finally, a practical example of urban fire emergency alternative selection is given to illustrate the application of the proposed framework.
相似文献12.
Tom R. Robinson Tim R. H. Davies Thomas M. Wilson Caroline Orchiston Nicolas Barth 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2016,10(2):146-163
Coseismic landsliding presents a major hazard to infrastructure in mountains during large earthquakes. This is particularly true for road networks, as historically coseismic landsliding has resulted in road losses larger than those due to ground shaking. Assessing the exposure of current and planned highway links to coseismic landsliding for future earthquake scenarios is therefore vital for disaster risk reduction. This study presents a method to evaluate the exposure of critical infrastructure to landsliding from scenario earthquakes from an underlying quantitative landslide hazard assessment. The method is applied to a proposed new highway link in South Island, New Zealand, for a scenario Alpine Fault earthquake and compared to the current network. Exposure (the likelihood of a network being affected by one or more landslides) is evaluated from a regional-scale coseismic landslide hazard model and assessed on a relative basis from 0 to 1. The results show that the proposed Haast-Hollyford Highway (HHH) would be highly exposed to coseismic landsliding with at least 30–40?km likely to be badly affected (the Simonin Pass route being the worse affected of the two routes). In the current South Island State Highway network, the HHH would be the link most exposed to landsliding and would increase the total network exposure by 50–70% despite increasing the total road length by just 3%. The present work is intended to provide an effective method to assess coseismic landslide hazard of infrastructure in mountains with seismic hazard, and potentially identify mitigation options and critical network segments. 相似文献
13.
With the increasing occurrence frequency of emergency events, emergency management (EM) has been a very important issue in management science. One of the major activities of EM is to evaluate and select the most desirable emergency alternative(s). This paper proposes a new framework combining the analytic network process (ANP) method, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, and 2-tuple linguistic technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TL-TOPSIS) method to solve the emergency alternative evaluation and selection problem. This study has been done in three stages. In the first stage, we use DEMATEL technique to obtain the network relation map (NRM) among emergency alternative evaluation criteria or sub-criteria. In the second stage, we use ANP method to calculate the global weight of each sub-criterion based on the NRM among emergency alternative evaluation sub-criteria. In the third stage, the ratings of emergency alternative with respect to each sub-criterion are described by linguistic items, and the TL-TOPSIS method is used to rank the emergency alternative. Finally, a practical example of urban fire emergency alternative selection is given to illustrate the application of the proposed framework. 相似文献
14.
M.C. Oncescu 《Tectonophysics》1982,90(1-2)
A set of 26 earthquakes recorded by a newly installed telemetered network was used for a simultaneous inversion of hypocenters and velocities. The travel-times and their partial derivatives were computed for flat-lying layers of constant velocity gradients.After a velocity model was found and the 26 foci relocated, three different velocity models for three different zones covered by the network were succesfully inverted (with the foci kept fixed).The procedure was applied for first arriving P-waves and also tried for S-wave arrivals. Two low-velocity zones were put into evidence. 相似文献
15.
Doklady Earth Sciences - Based on instrumental observations made at a number of the INTERMAGNET network observatories, at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory, and at the Center for Geophysical... 相似文献
16.
文章以莱州湾凹陷垦利油田沙河街组储层为例,对传统的回归统计模型和基于BP神经网络的人工智能预测模型评价储层渗透率方法和效果进行了对比研究。目标储量报告里定火沙三段中孔、中渗;岩性（粒度）和孔隙度是储层渗透率的主要影响因素。根据岩心及测井数据,建立了孔隙度——粒度二元回归渗透率统计评价模型和BP神经网络渗透率预测模型。通过检验样本集精度对比,分析了隐含层数、隐含层节点数等网络结构参数变化对模型预测结果的影响,重点分析了不同的测井参数输入对BP神经网络模型预测结果的影响。优化后的BP神经网络模型对检验样本集的渗透率预测结果精度最高,其平均相对误差为37%,比传统的二元回归统计模型精度提高了26%。对目标油田三口井连续处理,BP神经网络模型渗透率预测结果更加合理,可以满足开发层段产能分析等生产需求。 相似文献
17.
Kinematics of the eastern Caucasus near Baku, Azerbaijan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fakhraddin Kadirov Michael Floyd Akif Alizadeh Ibrahim Guliev Robert Reilinger Sadi Kuleli Robert King M. Nafi Toksoz 《Natural Hazards》2012,63(2):997-1006
The potential for large, shallow earthquakes and their associated seismic hazard in the eastern Caucasus, an area of dense population and sensitive industrial infrastructure, remains speculative based on historical precedent and current geologic and seismologic observations. Here we present updated and expanded results from a GPS network between the northern edge of the Lesser Caucasus and Greater Caucasus, providing geodetic constraints to the problem. A significant strain rate is observed in a profile over a distance of about 150?km across the Kura Basin. We attribute this to inter-seismic strain accumulation on buried fault structures and present simple elastic dislocation models for their plausible geometry and slip rate based on the known geology, seismicity and the GPS velocities. Due to the close proximity of the strain anomaly to Baku, further observations are needed to determine whether observed contraction is due to inter-seismically locked faults and, if so, implications for the seismic hazard in the region. 相似文献
18.
HE Ying ZHU Xingguo Department of Geology Northwest University Xi''an Shaanxi XU PeicangXi''an Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Xi''an Shaanxi 《《地质学报》英文版》1998,72(2):191-197
Types of polymerized molecular network structure and degree of bond breakdown for glass phases of magmatic inclusions and glassy matrix in volcanic rocks from the Shengli oilfield have been defined by the laser Raman spectroscopic investigation. There are significant differences in types of polymerized molecular network structure and degree of bond 'breakdown of the magmatic glass phases between the non-CO2 and COa gas pools: magmatic glass phases of fluid inclusions and matrix in volcanic rocks from the CO2 gas pool contain more sheet network molecules and have a greater degree of bond beakdown than those from the non-CO2 gas pool; and when gas bubbles occur in evolving magma, magma saturated with volatile components has more sheet network molecules. The results suggest the magma-degassing mechanism of the formation of CO2 gas pools in the Shengli oilfield. 相似文献
19.
20.
The sawing rate is one of the most significant and effective parameters in extracting building stones via diamond wire sawing. This parameter designates the capability of diamond wire sawing for sawing different stones; in addition, the parameter gives rise to economical considerations for quarry designers. In this study, the existent relations between stone geotechnical parameters and the sawing rate of stones via diamond wire sawing were analyzed using regression and correlation coefficient as well as the collected data from Marmarit stone quarries. Moreover, we estimated the sawing rate of Marmarit using the dimensional stone rock mass rating (DSRMR); upon comparison of the data obtained from DSRMR our pre‐collected data on quarries, we did not gain satisfactory results from DSRMR, hence we used artificial neural network (ANN). The results showed that the percentage of Silica, the coefficient of water absorption, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and abrasive hardness are the proper parameters for creating the ANN. Discontinuities have the least effects possible on diamond wire sawing. Having given the training possibility of the ANN, and its ability to evaluate relations among input parameters, the ANN, which was being trained with Marmarit's traits, was an accurate network for estimating diamond wire sawing in Marmarit quarries, although it could not generalize this network for other stones such as Chini and Crystal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献