共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 467 毫秒
1.
First phase folds F1 developed in polydeformed Ajabgarh Group rocks of Proterozoic age are studied using various geometrical methods of analysis
for compatibility of homogeneous strain in both class 1–3 pairs by correlatingt′
ga/α plots with existing curves for competent layers and matchingt
ga/α plots with the flattening curves for the incompetent layers.
F1 folds were initiated by the process of buckling but underwent [(λ2/λ1) = 0.2 to 0.7] for competent layers andR- values of 1.1 to 5 for incompetent layers. The varying flattening is also revealed by the geometry of folds. The apparent
buckle shortening of folds which ranges between 49 and 67 per cent with a majority of the folds having shortening values between
50% and 55% (exclusive of layer parallel strain) and inverse thickness method strain up to 50%. Besides flattening, the fold
geometry was also modified by the pressure solution. This is borne by the presence of dark seams rich in phyllosilicates and
disseminated carbonaceous material offsetting limbs of buckled quartz veins in slates 相似文献
2.
In the history of superposed deformations of the iron formations at the western border of the Kolar Gold Field in S India, an important event was the successive growth of broadly coaxial plane noncylindrical folds in course of a progressive deformation concomitant with development of ductile mesoscopic shear zones. The noncylindrical folds were initiated as active folds by the creation of a buckling instability at successive stages on newly developed foliation surfaces. The nucleation of noncylindrical folds and the subsequent axial-plane folding of the tightened mature folds are explained by the mechanical inhomogeneity of the rocks and the heterogeneous character of strain. The correlation between increasing tightness and increasing noncylindricity of the folds indicates that the initial curvatures of hinge lines were accentuated by an extension parallel to the subhorizontal stretching lineation. From the patterns of deformed lineations over folds of varying tightnesses, it is concluded that the passive accentuation of hinge-line curvatures was mostly achieved when the folds had already become isoclinal or very tight. 相似文献
3.
P.F. Williams 《Journal of Structural Geology》1979,1(1):19-30
A group of folds in alternating pelites and cross-laminated siltstones is described. An interpretation of the finite strain state, in the competent silt layers, is proposed on the basis of an analysis of the angle between cross-lamination and the principal surface of accumulation. Strain magnitudes are greatest in the fold hinge where domains of layer parallel shortening and layer parallel extension are separated by a neutral surface. Strain magnitudes in the fold limbs are small and are largely related to the development of the asymmetry of the folds. In the incompetent pelitic layers, strain in the fold limbs has a large, layer parallel shear component. Deformation in the pelites is accompanied by, and presumably partially achieved by, migration of quartz from areas where there is a tendency for volume to decrease, to areas where it is tending to increase. This process involves local increases in volume of more than 50%.A kinematic model is proposed for development of the folds. It involves early development of small symmetrical folds followed by their modification to asymmetrical, parasitic structures on the limbs of later folds. In the late stages of folding, continued shortening perpendicular to the axial surface orientation is achieved by development of a conjugate crenulation cleavage. 相似文献
4.
The quantity ‘buckling rotation’ is defined, for buckle folds, as the total rotation of a fold limb minus the rotation that would occur due to pure shear if no competence contrast existed. Using existing models (theoretical and experimental) of buckle-fold development, the quantity ‘buckling rotation’ has been calculated for successive small increments of strain and plotted against strain or limb dip. The resulting curves are skewed and bell-shaped, indicating an initial sharp increase in buckling rotation early in fold development followed by a gentle, asymptotic decrease. The curve height and position are dependent on the competence contrast and, in multilayer systems, on the ratio of competent to incompetent layer thickness. The initial sharp increase in buckling rotation corresponds to the period of most active layer-parallel shortening during fold development. 相似文献
5.
By measuring the ratio of wavelength to arclength of folds in closely associated disharmonically folded competent layers,
it is possible to determine which layer has undergone a greater layer-parallel strain and has a smaller competence. This method
may lead to a paradoxical situation. For example when foliated quartzite and mica schist layers are folded together, the mica
schist laminae show a much larger buckle shortening than the quartzite layers. On the other hand, the geometry of folds in
quartzite indicates that quartzite was more competent than the mica schist. The structure can be explained by different modes
of buckling, general buckling in quartzite layers and internal buckling in strongly anisotropic mica schists. 相似文献
6.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2001,23(6-7):845-856
A series of experiments is described in which layered specimens were shortened parallel to the layering. The specimens comprise two salt (NaCl) layers sandwiched between three layers of salt–mica synthetic schist. All specimens were prepared and deformed under the same conditions, except for the amount of shortening, which was varied. The resulting fold-shapes are variable, even where the amounts of shortening are the same. In one specimen, folds are believed to have developed essentially by buckling with very little concomitant bulk homogeneous shortening perpendicular to the axial-plane. The specimen lacks an axial-plane foliation. Other folds are believed to have experienced varying amounts of bulk homogeneous shortening before and during buckling, and all have axial-plane foliations that have developed by grain-scale transposition of the original bedding-parallel mica foliation. The difference in the behaviour of the various specimens is explained in terms of initial perturbations. These irregularities take the form of initial deflections in the almost planar bedding, variation in the degree of preferred orientation of the mica grains, and local compositional variation within individual salt–mica layers. 相似文献
7.
John R. Williams 《Tectonophysics》1980,64(1-2)
Finite element models are used to investigate the deformations in the incompetent material surrounding one or more buckling rock layers. The contact strain is found to decay away from the buckling layer as a periodically modified exponential function. The deformations are found to form definite circulation cells. The size and shape of these cells determine the interaction between neighboring layers. It is shown that these cells can cause layers to buckle out of phase, forming disharmonic folds. 相似文献
8.
川黔SN向构造带以单式或复式褶皱及相伴的断层组成。从晚古生代到侏罗纪地层全部卷入这个构造带,盖层构造明显受古构造控制。川黔SN向构造带基底具双层结构,下硬上软,带内SN向古隆拗开始于早寒武世,由南向北逐渐推进。 相似文献
9.
总结了褶皱相关断裂发育机制的3个构造几何学模型:同心圆褶皱模型、膝折带褶皱模型和弯流褶皱模型。基于燕山中部中、新元古界地层中发育的5个露头尺度褶皱及其中、小型断裂构造的实例剖析,探讨了收缩变形过程中褶皱与断裂构造发育时序与褶皱相关断裂构造的产生机制。研究指出,规模与所在褶皱构造相当或略小的断裂构造当中,既有形成时间早于褶皱变形的断层,也有在褶皱变形过程中调节褶皱不同部位应变差异的褶皱相关断裂构造,而且卷入后期变形的早期断裂可能成为制约褶皱成核位置的影响因素,以及成为枢纽叠覆楔构造的形成方式之一。断层位移-距离曲线特征和断层与褶皱变形几何学、运动学关系分析,可用来判断断层、褶皱变形发生相对时序。认为影响褶皱相关断裂构造发育的机制主要有3种:(1)纵弯滑褶皱作用中,翼部顺层滑动受到限制而无法持续时,将通过断层向上切层的方式予以调节,从而形成翼部或转折端揳入逆冲断裂以及背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲断层;(2)各种因素导致的褶皱曲率变化是褶皱相关断裂产生的重要机制之一,褶皱曲率变化可由褶皱轴面的合并和新生直观反映,轴面合并引起褶皱曲率变化的层位,可能是诱发褶皱相关断裂,如背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲构造开始产生的重要部位;(3)能干性差异和强硬层之间距离较大的岩层组合发生纵弯褶皱变形时,软弱岩系在褶皱核部的聚集和逃逸,是迫使递进收缩的强硬层产生褶皱相关断裂构造的重要机制。 相似文献
10.
Dorothee Dietrich 《Tectonophysics》1989,170(3-4):183-212
The Helvetic nappes of western Switzerland are discussed as an example of an arcuate foreland fold- and thrust belt in which active fold-axis parallel stretching occurred. Fold-axis parallel extension is recorded by:
1. (1) Incremental strain data from pressure shadow fibres. The significance of pressure shadow fibres for the determination of the deformation history of a region is discussed. Pressure shadows are used to quantify the amount of, and to describe the distribution of fold-axis parallel extension occurring in the Helvetic nappes.
2. (2) The extension directions of conjugate systems of en échelon veins. It is shown that an analysis of the geometry of conjugate vein systems can reveal a regional deformation pattern. The relative age of the conjugate en échelon vein systems in the Helvetic deformation history can be assessed, the geometry of the conjugate sets relative to the local anisotropy plane is described, and the significance of the preferred orientation of their extension directions is discussed.
3. (3) Fold-axis parallel sections. A comparison of the regional distribution of the fold-axis parallel strain with the shape of the Helvetic nappes in fold-axis parallel sections shows that the fold-axis parallel strain cannot be related to the footwall topography of the nappes.
It is concluded that the fold-axis parallel extension in the Helvetic nappes was induced by a change of direction of overthrust shear. This change occurred late in the deformation history and was superposed on the already formed nappes. The changing direction of overthrust shear is the expression of an overall anticlockwise rotation going on in the overthrusting Alpine nappe pile, relative to the European plate, a rotation which lead to the arcuate shape of the Western Alps. 相似文献
11.
12.
胶南地区的伸展作用——以胶南—诸城一带为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
胶南地区的胶南—诸城一带存在两期不同方向的伸展构造。早期以形成近ＥＮ向的拉伸线理为特征，并在不同构造层次上显示出不同的变形。出露于研究区中部桃林尚庄隆起的含榴辉岩片麻岩中，主要以ＬＳ的组构为特征，显示出早期伸展作用下地壳岩石的垂直轴缩短、ＥＷ向拉伸的共轴应变；而在把下地壳含榴辉岩片麻岩与以变沉积岩为主的中上地壳岩石分开的韧性滑脱带上，此期伸展作用则表现为从东向西剪切的非共轴简单剪切变形，具有近水平的拉伸线理及近水平的ＥＷ向剪切褶皱和鞘褶皱枢纽。晚期伸展作用表现为近ＳＮ的伸展垮塌作用，形成向北和向南倾斜的两条韧性正剪切带，且遭受低角闪岩高绿片岩相条件下的透入性均匀简单剪切变形，剪切方向分别向北和向南。 相似文献
13.
Susan H. Treagus 《Tectonophysics》1973,19(3):271-289
A new theory is developed for single-layer buckling, where the layer is not parallel to the principal stresses. The model chosen consists of a single layer with Newtonian viscosity η embedded in an infinite matrix of viscosity η1. The layer lies at an angle θ to the bulk principal compressive stress in the embedding medium. It is deformed in equal-area plane strain, with the direction of no strain and the third principal bulk stress, parallel to the layer; hence the obliqueness to the principal stresses is only in two dimensions. It is shown that stress refraction is a necessary condition for this system, and an expression is derived for its value in terms of η, η1 and θ. Buckling stability equations are completely developed which satisfy the Navier-Stokes equilibrium equations for the buckling layer, and the condition of stress continuity at the layer-embedding medium interface. The dominant wavelength of the buckles is shown to be independent of θ, but the stress required increases with θ.The results of this work have an important bearing on natural folds, since there is no evidence that rock layers are initially parallel to the stresses which fold them, an assumption made in former buckling theories. It is suggested that refraction of stresses and the resulting incremental strains gives rise to the finite structure of cleavage refraction so common in deformed rocks, and that the progressive development of folds in layers oblique to the principal bulk stresses gives rise to asymmetry. 相似文献
14.
Study of a thick section of late Paleozoic to mid-Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks in eastcentral Sierra Nevada has revealed an involved structural succession not readily apparent when analysed under the traditional assumptions of structural analysis (e.g. parallel structures are of the same age).Earliest structures in the area occur as sparse folds in late Paleozoic rocks, whereas in Triassic to mid-Cretaceous rocks earliest structures occur as penecontemporaneous slumps. Upon these earliest structures are superimposed slaty cleavage with associated lineations and subsequent crenulations. The slaty cleavage across the area is statistically parallel, as are the axial planes of crenulations which fold the slaty cleavage. Such a succession would traditionally be interpreted as representing two periods of deformation, the first forming the slaty cleavage and the second the crenulation of the slaty cleavage. There is evidence, however, to indicate that the slaty cleavage itself was formed during more than one period of deformation and the same may be true for the crenulations. Dykes emplaced in Jurassic rocks have been dated (U/Pb) as mid-Cretaceous and lie parallel to what is probably an early slaty cleavage direction. The dykes, however, also bear a slaty cleavage, albeit weaker than in the host rock. In addition, quantitative strain determinations of rocks in the area show that the older units are more strongly deformed than the younger units. These and other data suggest that the statistically parallel slaty cleavage and related structures (folds, lineations, etc.) found in the Jurassic and older rocks have formed during at least two, and possibly three, increments of strain, each increment separated by a lengthy period of geologic time, possibly as much as 45 Ma or more. Crenulations of the slaty cleavage at any point (subsequently formed after each period of slaty cleavage formation) may even predate slaty cleavage formed later at another nearby point.While it is possible to set up a chronology between earlier (tectonic and/or penecontemporaneous slumps) and later structures (slaty cleavage, folds, lineations, etc.), it is not valid to designate for the entire area a relative time sequence of formation of slaty cleavage and crenulations in the Jurassic or older rocks by the usual methods (e.g. S2, S3, F2, F3, etc.). These later structures can only be designated as Only in the youngest stratigraphic unit in the area, which has been subjected to one deformation (mid-Cretaceous), can a valid structural succession be applied areally.We suggest that multiphase, parallel structures, comparable to those we have described, may be a relatively common phenomenon in orogenic belts. Until one arrives at a thorough understanding of the detailed stratigraphy and the absolute ages of units in key relationships to the structures, it may only be possible to delineate the broadest of time sequences for the structures concerned. 相似文献
15.
Multiple deformation in all the Precambrian metamorphic-migmatitic rocks has been reported from Rajasthan during the last
three decades. But, whereas the Aravalli Group and the Banded Gneissic Complex show similarity in the style and sequence of
structures in all their details, the rocks of the Delhi Group trace a partly independent trend. Isoclinal folds of the first
generation (AF1) in the rocks of the Aravalli Group had gentle westerly plunge prior to later deformations. These folds show reclined, inclined,
and upright attitude as a result of coaxial upright folding (AFla). Superposition of upright folds (AF2) of varying tightness, with axial plane striking N to NNE, has resulted in interference patterns of diverse types in the
scale of maps, and deformation of earlier planar and linear structures in the scale of hand specimens. The structures of the
third generation (AF3) are either open recumbent folds or reclined conjugate folds with axial planes dipping gently towards NE or SW. Structures
of the last phase are upright conjugate folds (AF4) with axial planes striking NNE-SSW and E-W.
The Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC) underlies the Aravalli Group with a conglomerate horizon at the contact, especially in southern
Rajasthan. But, for a major part of central and southern Rajasthan, migmatites representing BGC show a structural style and
sequence identical with those in the Aravalli Group. Migmatization, broadly synkinematic with the AF1 folding, suggests extensive remobilization of the basement. Very rare relict fabric athwart to and overprinted by structures
of AF, generation provide tangible evidence for a basement.
Although the structures of later phases in the rocks of the Delhi Group (DF3 and DF4) match with the late-phase structures in the Aravalli Group (AF3 and AF4), there is a contrast in the structural history of the early stages in the rocks of the two groups. The folds of the first
generation in the Delhi Group (DF1) were recumbent to reclined with gentle plunge towards N to NNE or S to SSW. These were followed by coaxial upright folds
of varying tightness (DF2). Absence of westerly trending AF1 folds in the Delhi Group, and extreme variation in plunge of the AF2 folds in contrast with the fairly constant plunge of the DF2 folds, provide evidence for an angular unconformity between the Aravalli and the Delhi Groups.
Depending on the importance of flattening attendant with and following buckling during AF2 deformation, the lineations of AF1 generation show different patterns. Where the AF1 lineations are distributed in circular cones around AF2 axes because of flexural-slip folding in layered rocks with high viscosity contrast, loci of early lineations indicate that
the initial orientation of the AF1 axes were subhorizontal, trending towards N280°.
The orientation of the axial planes of the earlier folds has controlled the development of the later folds. In sectors where
the AF, axial planes had N-S strike and gentle dips, or E-W strike with gentle to steep dips, nearly E-W horizontal compression
during AF2 deformation resulted in well-developed AF2 folds. By contrast, where the AF, axial planes were striking nearly N-S with steep dips, E-W horizontal compression resulted
in tightening (flattening) of the already isoclinal AF1 folds, and probably boudinage structures in some instances, without the development of any AF2 folds. A similar situation obtains when DF4 deformation is superposed on earlier structures. Where the dominant S-planes were subhorizontal, N-S compression during DF4 deformation resulted in either chevron folds with E-W striking axial plane or conjugate folds with axial plane striking NE
and NW. In zones with S-planes striking E-W and dipping steeply, the N-S compression resulted in flattening of the earlier
folds without development of DF4 folds. 相似文献
16.
Strain was estimated in a fold of Cambrian interlayered siltstones and pelites by determining the preferred orientation of chlorite grains with an X-ray goniometer. Strains so obtained and the postulate that continuity be preserved allowed unfolding of the fold and the determination of rigid body rotations that accompanied the strain. Petrologic investigation showed no sign of major differential volume changes in the siltstones, and this in conjunction with measured strains led to the conclusion that one of the silty layers making up the fold was not, originally, a bed of uniform thickness but a lenticular body, probably representing a single ripple on a ripple-marked tidal flat.Unfolding by piecemeal fitting of unstrained domains shows that none of the principal axes of strain lie consistently parallel to or at right angles to the fold axis. Rock material was displaced with components orthogonal to the profile plane as well as parallel to it. Strain due to compaction during an early history of increasing sediment overburden cannot be separated from strain during tectonic deformation. Its influence is most clearly seen in differential volume change between siltstones and pelites. Additional differential volume changes within pelite beds could have occurred at any time of the deformational history.A comparison of the orientation of strain and rotation axes in the two limbs of the fold, and also comparison of the same orientations in Eulerian coordinates (Cartesian coordinates in the observed fold) and in Lagrangean coordinates (Cartesian in the unfolded fold) make it probable that episodes of relatively uniform strain both preceded and followed the buckling episode that produced the sharp hinge in the competent silt-stone. The siltstone may have been less indurated and thus no more competent than the pelite during early deformation. 相似文献
17.
John Glover Stainforth 《Tectonophysics》1978,48(1-2)
In some metamorphic terrains, lineations in folded surfaces are coaxial to the folds at their hinges, but show a systematic dispersion on the limbs. A simple theoretical model is presented, based on two assumptions: (1) the layering is folded according to two idealised models, “ideal compression folding” and “ideal shear folding”, which assume that the rock material is homogeneous and the layering passive; (2) the lineation is a manifestation of the total product of the pre-folding and folding strains. In an ideal compression fold, only apparent lineations can be dispersed away from the fold-axial trend; in an ideal shear fold, however, both real and apparent lineations are dispersed in a similar way, the degree of similarity depending on the X/Y ratio of the pre-fold strain. The lineation loci of the two models are sufficiently distinct for them to be used, together with other features of the fabric, to distinguish between folds produced by dominantly vertical movements, and those produced by dominantly horizontal movements. 相似文献
18.
The progressive development of folds by buckling in single isolated viscous layers compressed parallel to the layering and embedded in a less viscous host is examined in several ways; by use of experiments, an analogue model to simulate simultaneous buckling and flattening and by an application of finite-element analysis.The appearance of folds with a characteristic wavelength in an initially flat layer occurs in the experiments for viscosity ratios (μlayer/μhost = μ1/μ2) of between 11 and 100; progressive fold development after the initial folds have appeared is similar in the experiments and in the finite-element models. Except for the finite-element model for μ1/μ2 = 1,000 layer-parallel shortening occurs in the early stages of folding and a stage is reached where little further changes in arc length occur. The amount of layer-parallel shortening increases with decreasing viscosity contrast, and becomes relatively unimportant after the folds have attained limb dips of about 15°–25°.Thickness variations with dip are only significant here for the finite-element model with μ1/μ2 = 10, and in experiments for μ1/μ2 = 5 where the layer is initially in the form of a moderate-amplitude sine wave. The variations range from a parallel to a near-similar fold geometry, and in general depend on the viscosity contrast, the degree of shortening and the initial wavelength/thickness ratio. They are very similar to the variations predicted by the analogue model of combined buckling and flattening. The difference between the thickness/dip variations in a fold produced by buckling at low viscosity contrast and one produced by flattening a parallel fold is marked at high limb dips and very slight at low limb dips.Many natural folds in isolated rock layers or veins show thickness/dip relationships expected for a flattened parallel fold, and some show relationships expected for buckling at low viscosity contrasts. Studies of the wavelength/thickness ratios in natural folds have suggested that competence contrast is often low. Many folds in isolated rock layers or veins whose geometry may vary between parallel and almost similar, and may be indistinguishable from those of flattened parallel folds, have probably developed by a process of buckling at low viscosity contrasts. 相似文献
19.
作为变质核杂岩构造的重要组成部分,拆离断层带内广泛发育的褶皱构造与其寄主岩石一样记录了中下地壳拆离作用过程。选取辽南变质核杂岩金州拆离断层带内褶皱构造作为研究对象,基于叶理与褶皱构造关系分析,划分了褶皱期次与阶段性;通过形态组构分析、结晶学组构分析及石英古温度计等技术方法的应用,初步分析了拆离断层内褶皱的形成机制,为辽南地区拆离作用过程提供约束。根据褶皱形成与拆离作用的时间关系,将拆离带内褶皱分为拆离前褶皱、拆离同期褶皱和拆离后褶皱;拆离作用同期的褶皱按时间早晚分为早期(a1)阶段、中期(a2)阶段、晚期(a3)阶段。不同阶段褶皱的野外形态、叶理与褶皱关系等方面的差异,以及形态组构与结晶学组构的特征,为判断和恢复褶皱的形成机制提供了佐证,揭示出拆离断层带褶皱是在纵弯压扁和顺层流变的共同作用下递进剪切变形的产物。在拆离作用过程中, a1阶段和a2阶段褶皱以纵弯、压扁褶皱作用为主,a3阶段褶皱以弯滑作用为主。褶皱作用记录了拆离断层一定温度范围内(主要集中在380~500 ℃)的变形特征,拆离作用从早期到晚期的演化整体处于相对稳定的应变状态下。对金州拆离断层带而言,在区域NW-SE向伸展过程中,还伴随着NE-SW向微弱的收缩。 相似文献
20.
William J. Gregg 《Journal of Structural Geology》1985,7(1):45-56
At Islesboro, Maine, cleavage is well developed in low greenschist-facies siltstones and interbedded pelites of early Paleozoic age. The siltstones contain a spatial sequence of mica film structures that corresponds to increasing intensity of mesoscopic cleavage. In the most weakly foliated rocks, cleavage is defined by the preferred orientation of individual mica particles. In siltstones displaying slightly higher strain, these particles are accompanied by short, discontinuous mica film segments, thought to have formed by the recrystallization of early pore-space layer silicates. In moderately cleaved rocks, these segments link up to form lengthened mica films by a process thought to include intergranular fracture, transgranular fracture and layer silicate crystallization. In strongly cleaved rocks, the lengthened mica films become longer and thicken appreciably by solution transfer of quartz and residual accumulation of layer silicates and opaque minerals. Layer silicate crystallization is evident at all stages of mica film development, but is especially marked by the growth of decussate mica inside late-stage, thick mica-rich layers. This sequence of mica film development is probably characteristic of fine-grained psammitic rocks, and may not necessarily occur in carbonate-rich or mica-rich rocks. 相似文献