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1.
An analytical solution to describe the transient temperature distribution in a geothermal reservoir in response to injection of cold water is presented. The reservoir is composed of a confined aquifer, sandwiched between rocks of different thermo-geological properties. The heat transport processes considered are advection, longitudinal conduction in the geothermal aquifer, and the conductive heat transfer to the underlying and overlying rocks of different geological properties. The one-dimensional heat transfer equation has been solved using the Laplace transform with the assumption of constant density and thermal properties of both rock and fluid. Two simple solutions are derived afterwards, first neglecting the longitudinal conductive heat transport and then heat transport to confining rocks. Results show that heat loss to the confining rock layers plays a vital role in slowing down the cooling of the reservoir. The influence of some parameters, e.g. the volumetric injection rate, the longitudinal thermal conductivity and the porosity of the porous media, on the transient heat transport phenomenon is judged by observing the variation of the transient temperature distribution with different values of the parameters. The effects of injection rate and thermal conductivity have been found to be profound on the results. 相似文献
2.
For the prediction of energy production from multiple-fractured geothermal reservoirs, previous models basically focused on the one-dimensional conduction in the rock containing evenly distributed fractures of equal scale. Here, a novel model is described to numerically investigate the three-dimensional heat transfer in geothermal reservoirs with unevenly spaced disc fractures of various sizes including the aperture and radius. In terms of the water flow through each fracture, an approximate analytical solution is obtained on the assumption that the water pressure disturbances, induced by the fracture margin and extraction (injection) operation, at the injection (extraction) well center and at different locations within the injection (extraction) well range were approximately equal. By the integral equation scheme for two-dimensional planar fractures, the three-dimensional problem of heat exchange is simulated without the reservoir discretization. The singular integral is analytically calculated in polar coordinates whereas the nonsingular integrand is numerically estimated by the Gaussian quadrature method in Cartesian coordinates. Compared with the one-dimensional simplification, the three-dimensional heat conduction remarkably alters the prediction of extraction temperature. In addition, the reservoir temperature field is also significantly influenced by the spacings and dimensions of fractures. The present model may be used for the estimation, design, and optimization of a geothermal reservoir. 相似文献
3.
目前国内关于CO2咸水层封存尚处于先导性和试验性研究阶段,对超临界CO2注入过程中岩层力学响应和流体运移的理论与技术方面的认识还不完善。为研究CO2注入下岩层变形和流体运移,基于两相流动数学模型,给出了超临界CO2和咸水质量守恒方程;采用毛细压力和有效饱和度的关系式,将质量守恒方程变换成以毛细压力为变量的表达式,以便于考虑流体压力对岩层的影响。提出了无流体压力影响下的岩层力学本构模型,该模型能够同时考虑岩层的塑性变形和损伤。分析了两相流体-岩层相互作用机制:一方面,采用有效应力原理,考虑流体压力对岩层的力学影响;另一方面,通过岩层固有渗透率变化考虑岩层变形对流体运移的影响。 相似文献
4.
松辽盆地二氧化碳气藏成因及成藏期次分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过组分分析、碳同位素及氦同位素分析认为长岭二氧化碳气藏为幔源岩浆成因。文中充分利用包裹体的岩相学特征、均一温度特征、气体组分特征以及碳同位素特征等对长岭断陷CO_2气藏的成藏期次进行了分析,长岭断陷CO_2气藏包裹体温度为160～170℃,均超过该区古地温,推断为热流事件造成的,通过对松辽盆地大地构造环境以及其它分析,综合认为长岭断陷CO_2气藏主要形成于中生代末期至新生代,应为晚期成藏。 相似文献
5.
The Oberbeck-Boussinesq (OB) approximation is widely employed as a simplifying assumption for density-dependent flow problems. It reduces the governing differential equations to simpler forms, which can be handled analytically or numerically. In this study, a modified OB model is formulated to account for the variation of rock permeability and porosity with temperature during the hot fluid injection process in an oil-saturated porous medium under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium (LTE). The mathematical model is solved numerically using a fully implicit control volume finite difference discretization with the successive over relaxation (SOR) method to handle the non-linearity. Subsequently, the numerical model is validated with the analytical solution of the simplified problem successfully. Through detailed sensitivity analyses, the simulation results reveal the hot fluid injection rate as the most important operational parameter to be optimized for a successful thermal flood. The numerical runs show that that for single-phase core-flood simulation, the effect of temperature on the rock absolute permeability and porosity can be neglected without introducing any significant errors in the estimated recovery and temperature profile. 相似文献
6.
During fluid injection in enhanced geothermal systems, thermo‐mechanical processes can play an important role. In fact, the phenomena of reservoir seismicity and the variation of injectivity with respect to injection water temperature can be attributed to the induced thermal stresses. In this paper, a three‐dimensional integral equation formulation is presented for calculating thermally induced stresses associated with the cooling of a fracture in a geothermal reservoir. By utilizing Green's function in the integral equation, the three‐dimensional heat flow and stresses in the reservoir are modelled without discretizing the reservoir. The formulation is implemented in a computer program for the solution of injection into an infinite fracture as well as for the injection/extraction in an arbitrarily shaped fracture. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
增强型地热系统(EGS)热开采过程中循环工质的温度和压力会经历较大范围的变化,这会造成循环工质的热物性变化,从而影响流体工质的输运和岩石-流体热交换;数值模拟EGS热开采过程,预测EGS的寿命、出力等性能指标有必要考虑循环工质的热物性变化.笔者在EGS热开采过程三维数值模拟中考虑水和超临界二氧化碳的变物性,实现了热流双向耦合.针对水EGS分析了各物性变化对EGS采热性能的影响,并对变物性条件的水和超临界二氧化碳EGS的采热性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:工质在密度影响下开采寿命为9.0 a在密度和比定压热容共同影响下的开采寿命为7.5 a,说明密度和比定压热容越大则EGS开采寿命越短;在黏度系数影响下的开采寿命为18.0 a,说明黏度系数越大则EGS开采寿命越长;导热系数则对EGS采热性能无明显影响.注入压力一定的条件下以水为工质的EGS具有较长寿命,但相同时刻的质量流率和热开采率低于以临界二氧化碳为工质的EGS. 相似文献
8.
Seyed Erfan Saberhosseini Reza Keshavarzi Kaveh Ahangari 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(6):152
One of the crucial consequences of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is abnormal reservoir uplifting under thermal steam injection, which can significantly influence the reservoir rock deformation, specifically thin bed reservoirs and causes intensive failures and fractures into the cap rock formations. A thorough understanding of the influences of rock thermo-mechanical properties on reservoir uplifting plays an important role in preventing those aforementioned failures within design and optimization process in SAGD. In addition, coupling of reservoir porous medium and flowing of specific fluid with temperature as an additional degree of freedom with initial pore pressure and in-situ stress condition, are also very challenging parts of geomechanical coupled simulation which would be clearly explained. Thus, a fully coupled thermo-poro-elastic geomechanical model with finite element codes was performed in ABAQUS to investigate the role of rock thermo-mechanical parameters on reservoir vertical uplift during steam injection. It is clearly observed that, any increase in rock thermo-mechanical properties specifically rock’s thermal properties such as specific heat, thermal expansion, and formation’s thermal conductivity, have significant influences on reservoir uplift. So by coupling the temperature as an additional degree of freedom with the coupled pore-fluid stress and diffusion finite element model of SAGD process, the more realistic simulation will be conducted; hence, the errors related to not having heat as an additional degree of freedom will be diminished. In addition, Young’s modulus and specific heat are the rock thermo-mechanical parameters which have the maximum and minimum effects on the reservoir uplift, respectively. 相似文献
9.
页岩气开采的相关实验、模型和环境效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
页岩气是一种重要的非常规天然气资源,正在改变世界能源、经济和政治格局。渗透率是评价页岩气藏商业开采可行性的重要参数之一,由于页岩的致密性,页岩气的流动机理不同于常规气藏,因此,页岩储层渗透率测试和页岩气流动模型已成为当前国际研究的热点课题之一。在对页岩气开采技术简单介绍的基础上,综述了页岩储层渗透率测试的试验和理论研究现状,分析了气体吸附对页岩渗透率的影响。阐述了页岩气流动模型的最新进展,分析了双重孔隙模型描述气体迁移的准确性,提出了描述均匀储层中页岩气解吸-扩散-渗流多级运移模型。评述了页岩气开采的温室效应和对地下水的影响,并简单介绍了适合页岩气开采的新技术即无水压裂开采技术,即采用CO2对页岩气藏分段压裂,同时将CO2埋存于废弃井中。最后,对页岩储层渗透率测试和页岩气流动模型研究的新发展以及无水压裂技术进行了展望。 相似文献
10.
In this study, the behavior of thermal fronts along the fracture is studied in the presence of fracture-skin in a coupled
fracture-matrix system. Cold water is injected into the fracture, which advances gradually towards production well, while
extracting heat from the surrounding reservoir matrix. The heat conduction into the fracture-skin and the rock-matrix from
the high permeability fracture is assumed to be one dimensional perpendicular to the axis of fluid flow along the fracture.
Constant temperature cold water is injected through an injection well at the fracture inlet. The fluid flow takes place along
the horizontal fracture which ensures connectivity between the injection and production wells. Since the rock-matrix is assumed
to be tight, the permeability of fracture-skin as well as the rock-matrix is neglected. The present study focuses on the heat
flux transfer at the fracture-skin interface as against the earlier studies on fracture-matrix interface, and the sensitivity
of additional heterogeneity in the form of fracture skin in a conventional fracture-matrix coupled system is studied. The
behavior of thermal fronts for various thermal conductivity values of the fracture-skin and rock-matrix is analyzed. Spatial
moment analysis is performed on the thermal distribution profiles resulting from numerical studies in order to investigate
the impact on mobility and dispersion behavior of the fluid in the presence of fracture-skin. The presence of fracture skin
affects the heat transfer significantly in the coupled fracture-matrix system. The lower order spatial moments indicate that
the effective thermal velocity increases with increase in skin thermal conductivity and a significant thermal dispersion is
observed at the inlet of the fracture owing to the high thermal conductivity of the fracture-skin at the early stages. Furthermore
the higher spatial moments indicate that the asymmetricity increases with decrease in skin thermal conductivity unlike the
case with half fracture aperture and fluid velocity and the kurtosis is maximum with higher skin thermal conductivity which
implies enhanced heat extraction from the fracture-skin into the fracture. Results suggest that the amount of heat extraction
by the circulating fluid within the fracture from the reservoir not only depends on the rock-matrix module of the reservoir
characteristics but also the fracture-skin characteristics of the system and subsequently influence the reservoir efficiency. 相似文献
11.
介绍了郑州市东区深层地热的特征,把深层地热资源划分为三层：埋藏深度320～850 m的第一地热储层,热储岩性为新近系中细砂层,热储平均厚度1553 m。热储温度33°C,地温梯度2.5～3.5°C/100 m。埋藏深度850～1 200m的第二热储层储岩性为新近系细砂、中细砂层,热储总厚度86～187m,热储温度45°... 相似文献
12.
CO2 can be used as an alternative injectant to exploit geothermal energy from depleted high-temperature gas res-ervoirs due to its high mobility and unique thermal properties.However,there has been a lack of systematic anal-ysis on the heat mining mechanism and performance of CO2,as well as the problems that may occur during geothermal energy exploitation at specific gas reservoir conditions.In this paper,a base numerical simulation model of a typical depleted high-temperature gas reservoir was established to simulate the geothermal energy exploitation processes via recycling CO2 and water,with a view to investigate whether and/or at which condi-tions CO2 is more suitable than water for geothermal energy exploitation.The problems that may occur during the CO2-based geothermal energy exploitation were also analyzed along with proposed feasible solutions.The re-sults indicate that,for a depleted low-permeability gas reservoir with dimensions of 1000 m × 500 m × 50 m and temperature of 150℃using a single injection-production well group for 40 years of operation,the heat mining rate of C02 can be up to 3.8 MW at a circulation flow rate of 18 kg s-1 due to its high mobility along with the flow path in the gas reservoir,while the heat mining rate of water is only about 2 MW due to limitations on the injectivity and mobility.The reservoir physical property and injection-production scheme have some effects on the heat mining rate,but CO2 always has better performance than water at most reservoir and operation condi-tions,even under a high water saturation.The main problems for CO2 circulation are wellbore corrosion and salt precipitation that can occur when the reservoir has high water saturation and high salinity,in which serious salt precipitation can reduce formation permeability and result in a decline of CO2 heat mining rate(e.g.up to 24％reduction).It is proposed to apply a low-salinity water slug before CO2 injection to reduce the damage caused by salt precipitation.For high-permeability gas reservoirs with high water saturation and high salinity,the supe-riority of CO2 as a heat transmission fluid becomes obscure and water injection is recommended. 相似文献
13.
The influence of various chemical elements on radiative cooling of the gas flowing from a viscous jump is investigated in a model with a stationary shock in the atmosphere of a cool star. A closed system of equations is written for the thermal energy per heavy particle, the electron temperature, and the relative concentrations of elements in all ionization states. In addition to hydrogen and helium, atomic, singly ionized, and doubly ionized carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and iron are included, assuming they have their normal cosmic abundances. The high optical depth in Lyman-series lines leads to a return of the thermal energy to electrons via secondary collisions. As a result, the contribution of hydrogen to the cooling rate falls to the level of the contribution of metals, mainly carbon, magnesium, and iron. Thus, such shock models are able to explain the presence of bright metal lines in the spectra of cool and solar-type stars. 相似文献
14.
Herbert E. Huppert R. Stephen J. Sparks 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1981,75(3):279-289
This paper describes a fluid dynamical investigation of the influx of hot, dense ultrabasic magma into a reservoir containing lighter, fractionated basaltic magma. This situation is compared with that which develops when hot salty water is introduced under cold fresh water. Theoretical and empirical models for salt/water systems are adapted to develop a model for magmatic systems. A feature of the model is that the ultrabasic melt does not immediately mix with the basalt, but spreads out over the floor of the chamber, forming an independent layer. A non-turbulent interface forms between this layer and the overlying magma layer across which heat and mass are transferred by the process of molecular diffusion. Both layers convect vigorously as heat is transferred to the upper layer at a rate which greatly exceeds the heat lost to the surrounding country rock. The convection continues until the two layers have almost the same temperature. The compositions of the layers remain distinct due to the low diffusivity of mass compared to heat. The temperatures of the layers as functions of time and their cooling rate depend on their viscosities, their thermal properties, the density difference between the layers and their thicknesses. For a layer of ultrabasic melt (18% MgO) a few tens of metres thick at the base of a basaltic (10% MgO) magma chamber a few kilometres thick, the temperature of the layers will become nearly identical over a period of between a few months and a few years. During this time the turbulent convective velocities in the ultrabasic layer are far larger than the settling velocity of olivines which crystallise within the layer during cooling. Olivines only settle after the two layers have nearly reached thermal equilibrium. At this stage residual basaltic melt segregates as the olivines sediment in the lower layer. Depending on its density, the released basalt can either mix convectively with the overlying basalt layer, or can continue as a separate layer. The model provides an explanation for large-scale cyclic layering in basic and ultrabasic intrusions. The model also suggests reasons for the restriction of erupted basaltic liquids to compositions with MgO<10% and the formation of some quench textures in layered igneous rocks. 相似文献
15.
Herbert E. Huppert R. Stephen J. Sparks 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,75(3):279-289
This paper describes a fluid dynamical investigation of the influx of hot, dense ultrabasic magma into a reservoir containing lighter, fractionated basaltic magma. This situation is compared with that which develops when hot salty water is introduced under cold fresh water. Theoretical and empirical models for salt/water systems are adapted to develop a model for magmatic systems. A feature of the model is that the ultrabasic melt does not immediately mix with the basalt, but spreads out over the floor of the chamber, forming an independent layer. A non-turbulent interface forms between this layer and the overlying magma layer across which heat and mass are transferred by the process of molecular diffusion. Both layers convect vigorously as heat is transferred to the upper layer at a rate which greatly exceeds the heat lost to the surrounding country rock. The convection continues until the two layers have almost the same temperature. The compositions of the layers remain distinct due to the low diffusivity of mass compared to heat. The temperatures of the layers as functions of time and their cooling rate depend on their viscosities, their thermal properties, the density difference between the layers and their thicknesses. For a layer of ultrabasic melt (18% MgO) a few tens of metres thick at the base of a basaltic (10% MgO) magma chamber a few kilometres thick, the temperature of the layers will become nearly identical over a period of between a few months and a few years. During this time the turbulent convective velocities in the ultrabasic layer are far larger than the settling velocity of olivines which crystallise within the layer during cooling. Olivines only settle after the two layers have nearly reached thermal equilibrium. At this stage residual basaltic melt segregates as the olivines sediment in the lower layer. Depending on its density, the released basalt can either mix convectively with the overlying basalt layer, or can continue as a separate layer. The model provides an explanation for large-scale cyclic layering in basic and ultrabasic intrusions. The model also suggests reasons for the restriction of erupted basaltic liquids to compositions with MgO<10% and the formation of some quench textures in layered igneous rocks. 相似文献
16.
西藏朗久地热田及其温泉水化学特征研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
西藏朗久地热田位于喜马拉雅——冈底斯微板块北西缘,区内构造、岩浆与变质作用强烈,在构造活动与河流的共同作用下其热储盖层遭到严重破坏,导致冷、热水发生混合。区内碳酸盐岩广布,未完全冷却的花岗岩为地热田的热源,热储平衡温度在191.11～213.85℃之间。区内地表水为HCO3-Ca型,温泉水阴离子为Cl-HCO3型,阳离子为K-Na型。温泉水TDS为2000～2300mg/L,Na+/Cl-＞1,其演化程度介于部分成熟水与未成熟水之间,水岩反应尚未达到平衡。几种典型热液矿物饱和度指数均大于零,区内热液蚀变作用对温泉水化学组成贡献较大;温泉水PCO2＞2000Pa,与背景值形成较大的梯度差,会发生强烈的CO2脱气。 相似文献
17.
The coupled heat-fluid-stress problem of circular wellbore or spherical cavity subjected to a constant temperature change and a constant fluid flow rate is considered. Transient analytical solutions for temperature, pore pressure and stress are developed by coupling conductive heat transfer with Darcy fluid flow in a poroelastic medium. They are applicable to low permeability porous media suitable for liquid-waste disposal and also simulating reservoir for enhanced oil recovery, where conduction dominates the heat transfer process. A full range of solutions is presented showing separately the effects of temperature and fluid flow on pore pressure and stress development. It is shown that injection of warm fluid can be used to restrict fracture development around wellbores and cavities and generally to optimize a fluid injection operation. Both the limitations of the solutions and the convective flow effect are addressed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
在高温热田的井孔施工及测试实践中,通常由于高温热水在地层或井简内闪蒸汽化,形成复杂的两相流动而无法直接从单井放喷资料中计算地层参数。西藏羊八井属于高温热水型地热田,第四系热储内热液温度约介于140—155℃之间,埋藏深度大略为70—200米左右,井口闭井压力大多在2—4个大气压之间。热储流体在上述深度、温度和压力的配置下,在地层内处于单相液态,而在开发动态下则在大部分井筒上部达到饱和点而汽化,形成相对稳定的汽化面,构成双相流和单相流之间的界面。 相似文献
19.
发展清洁、稳定、可再生的干热岩型地热资源对于缓解能源危机、减轻环境污染、改善人类健康具有重要意义。增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,EGS) 是一项改造干热岩天然储层,高效开发地热能资源的先进技术。以澳大利亚库珀盆地地热储层为研究对象,基于水力压裂实测微震数据,建立了三维分区均质渗透率模型和非均质渗透率模型,分别进行储层温度场、流场及采热性能变化的研究,并对比其差异。结果表明:在同样的注采流量下,由于非均质模型中微震事件集中于井口附近,进而形成明显的优势流动通道,流体从注入井更快流向生产井,温度下降速度相对更快,分区均质模型中优势流动通道没有非均质模型明显,温度下降速度较慢;地热模型运行期间分区均质模型的采热量变化相对稳定,降幅为3.74%,非均质模型采热量降幅较大,为12.72%。分区均质模型的模拟结果相比于非均质模型,温度下降幅度小、采热量高;但实际储层中的渗透率分布不均,分区均质模型的模拟采热量相比实际采热量偏高,因此在实际应用中,非均质模型的模拟结果对实际工程更具参考意义。 相似文献
20.
Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 WANG Yan LIU Yan-guang BIAN Kai ZHANG Hong-liang QIN Shen-jun WANG Xiao-jun 《地下水科学与工程》2020,8(4):305-314
Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs. 相似文献