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1.
Temporal variations of fluoride concentration in Isparta public water system and health impact assessment (SW-Turkey) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water–rock interaction is one of the prime factors affecting the fluoride contents of surface and groundwater. If fluoride
concentration of drinking water has been neglected, excess fluoride can cause serious dental and medical problems on human
health, which is well known at Golcuk-Isparta region. In the research area, Egirdir lake, Golcuk lake and surrounding springs
have been utilized as drinking water sources. Golcuk lake water and surrounding groundwaters have high fluoride content (1.4–4.6 mg/l),
which is above the WHO standards. Fluoride is predominantly supplied by dissolution of fluoride within the fluormicas of volcanics
during the circulation of water. Fluoride concentrations of waters have shown variations for dry and rainy seasons depending
on the degree of interaction between groundwater and volcanic rocks. It tends to decrease in rainy seasons and increase in
dry seasons for all years. In this study, temporal variations and spatial distribution of fluoride concentration in public
water system of Isparta were investigated to get benefit using GIS techniques from1990 to 2003 years. Extremely fluoride concentrations
were measured in the public water system in 1990 at almost every district of the city. In 2003, fluoride content of the public
water system decreased in some district of city due to drinking water has started obtaining from Egirdir lake in 1995. The
fluoride contents of Isparta drinking water ought to be modified with suitable mixture of lake waters and groundwater point
of view to health impact. 相似文献
2.
Naturally occurring As found in groundwaters has been identified to be a problem in at least 10 provinces of Cambodia with Kandal being one of the most heavily impacted. Estimates, using groundwater quality and population data for Kandal Province of Cambodia, suggest that over 100,000 people are at high risk of chronic As exposure. Levels in some areas approach 3500 μg/L, against the Cambodian Standard of 50 μg/L. Considerable work remains to adequately characterize the extent of As hazard and its possible health effects in Cambodia and the region. It is likely that additional populations will develop health problems attributed to As, of particular concern is arsenicosis. The symptoms of arsenicosis have been generally assumed to develop after 8–10 years of consumption of water with elevated As levels, however, new cases discovered in Cambodia have been identified with exposure times as short as 3 years. The rapid onset of arsenicosis may be attributed to contributing risk factors related to socioeconomic status, including malnutrition. It is thus imperative to develop strategies to rapidly identify possible regions of enrichment, to minimize exposure to As-rich waters, and to educate affected populations. To date the response to the As hazard has been led by the Ministry of Rural Development in cooperation with international organizations and NGOs, to identify at risk areas, and educate communities of the risk of As-rich water. However better coordination between government bodies, NGOs and donor agencies active in the field of water supply and treatment is essential to minimize future As exposure. 相似文献
3.
Hand-pump wells in the Tarkwa gold mining district and the geologically similar Bui area were chemically analysed and compared in an effort to determine whether groundwaters in the Tarkwa area have been affected by mining. Significant chemical differences attributed to mine water discharges have been observed in streams in the Tarkwa area. Groundwater chemistry from hand-pump wells in Tarkwa and Bui areas reveal similar hydrochemical facies, predominantly Ca–Na–Mg–HCO3–Cl. However, except for SO42–, ionic concentrations of groundwaters from Bui are greater than those from Tarkwa probably due to differences in (1) water availability during sedimentation (2) water-rock interactions and/or residence times for water. No demonstrable impact of mining on groundwaters from hand-pumped wells in the Tarkwa area has been noted. Hydrogeological inference suggests that the main streams which receive mine water discharges are both gaining and are groundwater divides. The overwhelming majority of population centres and mining operations are located on opposite sides of these groundwater divides, therefore, it is unlikely aquifers tapped for drinking by these communities would be affected by mining. 相似文献
4.
A study of the interrelation between surface water and groundwater using isotopes and chlorofluorocarbons in Sanjiang plain,Northeast China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bing Zhang Xianfang Song Yinghua Zhang Dongmei Han Changyuan Tang Lihu Yang Zhongliang Wang Tingyi Liu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(10):3901-3913
Surface water and groundwater are the main water resources used for drinking and production. Assessments of the relationship between surface water and groundwater provide information for water resource management in Sanjiang plain, Northeast China. The surface water (river, lake, and wetland) and groundwater were sampled and analyzed for stable isotopic (δD, δ 18O) composition, tritium, and chlorofluorocarbons concentrations. The local meteoric water line is δD = 7.3δ 18O–6.7. The tritium (T) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) contents in groundwater were analyzed to determine the groundwater ages. Most groundwater were modern water with the ages <50 years. The groundwaters in mountain area and near rivers were younger than in the central plain. The oxygen isotope (δ 18O) was used to quantify the relationship between surface water and groundwater. The Songhua, Heilongjiang, and Wusuli rivers were gaining rivers, but the shallow groundwater recharged from rivers at the confluence area of rivers. At the confluence of Songhua and Heilongjiang rivers, 88 % of the shallow groundwater recharged from Songhua river. The combination of stable isotopes, tritium, and CFCs was an effectively method to study the groundwater ages and interrelation between surface water and groundwater. Practically, the farmlands near the river and under foot of the mountain could be cultivated, but the farmlands in the central plain should be controlled. 相似文献
5.
气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中亚地区是我国天气的上游区,生态环境异常脆弱,必须要保证该地区生态环境和资源安全,水资源安全首当其冲.研究和评估气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响,具有重要的战略意义.近百年来中亚地区气候有暖湿化趋势,气温增温持续时间较长且增温幅度较大,近50a增暖更加明显(0.47℃·(10a)-1),其中冬季增温最快,预估未来会延续变暖的态势;同时20世纪80年代之后降水量持续波动上升.气候变化对该地区水资源的时空分布及湖泊变迁造成了重大影响,人类活动加剧了水资源短缺,近50a来锡尔河和阿姆河入咸海径流量均呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代之后拦水蓄水水库等水利工程的建设,加上灌溉用水的增加,导致两河入咸海水量骤减;而1987年之后两河入咸海水量回升,主要是气温回暖、降水增多,加速了常年积雪和冰川融化,使得进入河道的径流量增加.同时,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水质恶化.中亚水资源问题主要是跨国水资源分配和水环境恶化问题,要做好水资源评估和用水规划工作,建立覆盖全区域的水资源环境监测网络.中亚国家需要共同参与制定一套完整的、综合考虑人口、社会经济、生态环境等因素的水资源管理政治立法决策体系,构建中亚各国人水和谐、互利共存的水资源新秩序,以水资源可持续利用来支持经济与社会的可持续发展. 相似文献
6.
Sardinia is one of the Italian regions with the greatest number of dams per inhabitants, almost 60 for a population of only 1.5 million people. Many of these dam sites are located on non-carbonate rocks along the main rivers of the Island and their waters are used for irrigation, industrial, energy supply, drinking and flood regulation purposes.The Pedra 'e Othoni dam on the Cedrino river (Dorgali, Central-East Sardinia) is located along the threshold of the Palaeozoic basement on the Northern border of the Supramonte karst area, where water is forced to flow out of the system through several resurgences, the most famous of which is the Su Gologone vauclusian spring, used for drinking water supply. The other main outflows of the system, Su Tippari and San Pantaleo springs, are at present almost permanently submerged by the high water level of the Pedra 'e Othoni dam. In the near future water will be supplied also to other communities with a possible increase of water taken from the spring.The dam, originally meant to regulate the flooding of Cedrino river but actually used for all sorts of purposes (electricity supply, drinking water, irrigation of farmlands, industrial uses), has a maximum regulation altitude of 103 m a.s.l., only slightly less than a meter below the Su Gologone spring level (103.7 m), and 4 and 9 m respectively above the submerged Su Tippari and San Pantaleo springs.During floods of the Cedrino river, occurring on average twice a year, also the Su Gologone spring becomes submerged by the muddy waters of the lake for a time ranging between a couple of hours up to several days, making water supply impossible.The analysis of the available meteorological and hydrogeological data relative to the December 2004 flood, one of the severest of the past 100 years, suggests that the reservoir is filled in a few days time. Several flooding scenarios have been reconstructed using digital terrain models, showing that backflooding submerges most of the discharge area of the aquifer, having important repercussions also on the inland underground drainage system. The upstream flood prone areas prevalently comprise agricultural lands with some sparse houses, but also highly frequented tourist facilities. Fortunately flooding occurs outside the tourist season, thus limiting risk to a limited number of local inhabitants. Massive discharge at the dam site, instead, determines a more hazardous situation in the Cedrino coastal plain, where population density in low lying areas is much higher. To avoid flooding hazard upstream the water level in the lake should be regulated, keeping it low in the flood prone seasons, and having it filled from the end of the winter in order to have enough water stocked before the beginning of the summer. Discharge at the dam site, instead, should be done cautiously, preventing severe flooding of the coastal Cedrino plain. 相似文献
7.
基于取淡与流量控制的压咸调度方案研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
珠江三角洲素有"三江汇流、八门出海"之称,河网、河口系统之复杂在世界上首屈一指,咸潮活动也因复杂的水动力系统表现出异于世界其他河口的特点。同时,珠江三角洲人口众多、经济活动活跃,受咸潮影响人口超过1 000万人、取水规模超过1 000×104m3/d。为此,珠江防总从2005年起已连续8次实施了水量调度,提出了梧州压咸流量不低于1 800 m3/s的单一控制指标,保障了供水安全。在8次水量调度的基础上,根据咸潮与径流、潮汐的响应关系,分3个流量级提出了基于平岗泵站和联石湾水闸取淡目标的西江北江压咸补淡调度方案。 相似文献
8.
The inter-relationship between coastal sub-aquifers and the Mediterranean Sea, deduced from radioactive isotopes analysis 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Radioactive isotopes were used to estimate the rate of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer of Israel, the connection between the different sub-aquifers, and the connection between the sub-aquifers and the sea. This was done by dating both fresh and saline groundwaters from the vicinity of the shoreline, which were analyzed for their 14C and tritium content together with their chemical and stable isotope composition. The results indicate that the distinct sub-aquifers differ in their water chemistry and age. The saline groundwater in the lower sub-aquifers is older than ca. 10,000 years, as evidenced by the absence of tritium and low 14C activity (<12 PMC). On the other hand, saline groundwaters in the upper sub-aquifers contain tritium and are thus younger than 50 years, indicating recent intrusion of seawater. The ages of the saline groundwaters become younger upward from the lower sub-aquifers to the upper ones, reflecting the sea-level rise since the last glacial period. The older ages also imply slow groundwater flow in the lower sub-aquifers. The fresh groundwaters in most cases in the lower sub-aquifers were found to be older than ca. 10,000 years and this implies that the flow to the sea is blocked or restricted. 相似文献
9.
MD. Khalequzzaman 《Natural Hazards》1994,9(1-2):65-80
In recent years the frequency of abnormal floods in Bangladesh has increased substantially, causing serious damage to lives and property. The most crucial questions that need to be addressed are: what really causes the havoc-creating floods and is there any solution to the problem? The heavy monsoon downpour and synchronization of flood-peaks of the major rivers are generally considered to be the main causes of the floods. Some underlying factors also deserve serious consideration as possible contributors to the recent floods: change in the base level of the rivers due to local sea level rise and subsidence, inadequate sediment accumulation on flood plains, a possible increase in the watershed area due to seismic and neotectonic activities in the region, river bed aggradation due to siltation and damming of rivers, soil erosion due to unwise tilling practices, deforestation in the upstream region, and excessive development and population growth. Without regional cooperation among the co-riparian nations any major interbasin flood control activity is considered to be almost impossible. However, among other proposals in this paper, extensive annual dredging of the rivers, channels and creeks, and reoccupation of the abandoned channels in Bangladesh through re-excavations could still increase the water carrying capacity of the rivers. Land elevations could be increased if the dredged or excavated materials are dispersed on the flood plains, which would in turn reduce the severity of floods. 相似文献
10.
《Applied Geochemistry》1999,14(1):67-84
In this study, the chemical evolution of high Cl− Chardon mine groundwaters is modelled as a mixing between an oxidising recharge and an old marine component on which the water–rock interaction is superimposed. Chemical and isotopic similarities with saline Carnmenellis mine groundwaters are emphasised and a general comparison with other brines is discussed.The cation content of deep granitic groundwaters is indicative of the water–rock interaction. In the case of Chardon and Carnmenellis groundwaters, the high Na/Cl ratio can still be related to the contribution of a brine of sedimentary origin to the water salinity. The differences in the hydrochemistry related to their geological context only appears at the trace metals level. On the contrary, brines in plutonic rocks which exhibit a low Na/Cl ratio represent groundwaters having a residence time in the host rock, long enough to equilibrate with secondary aluminosilicates. In that case, the brine origin is difficult to assess if only based on the water cation content. 相似文献
11.
为了进一步全面理解和探索青藏高原水文水循环过程,采用同位素方法并结合气象资料对青藏高原北麓河区域2011年6~12月降水和河水稳定同位素时空特征进行分析。探讨了北麓河降水同位素与日平均气温、降水量之间的相互关系,同时也对比分析了北麓河降水和河水的同位素变化特征。结果表明:北麓河降水同位素在整个观测期内总体受温度控制,但存在季节变化,其中6~9月降水同位素受到温度和降水量效应的共同控制,9月以后则主要受温度的影响。河水同位素与降水同位素相似的变化特征,体现了降水补给特征,另外降水量也能够影响河水同位素变化:降水量小则降水对其影响较小,反之则大。与北麓河降水线相比,河水δ18O~δD关系的斜率和截距偏大,揭示该区域河水除了受大气降水的补给外,还受到区域水体内循环和蒸发分馏作用的影响。 相似文献
12.
M. A. Hoque J. M. McArthur P. K. Sikdar J. D. Ball T. N. Molla 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(7):1549-1560
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is home to a population of 15 million people, whose water supply is 85% drawn from groundwater in aquifers that underlie the city. Values of Cl/Br >500 are common in groundwater beneath western Dhaka in areas <3 km from the river, and in rivers and sewers around and within the city. The study shows that groundwater beneath western Dhaka is strongly influenced by infiltration of effluent from leaking sewers and unsewered sanitation, and by river-bank infiltration from the Turag-Buriganga river system which bounds the western limit of the city. River-bank infiltration from other rivers around Dhaka is minor. Values of Cl/Br and Cl concentrations reveal that 23 % of wells sampled in Dhaka are influenced by saline connate water in amounts up to 1%. This residual natural salinity compromises the use of electrical conductivity of groundwater as a method for defining pathways of recharge by contaminated surface waters. Concentrations of As, B, Ba, Cd, Cu, F, Ni, NO3, Pb, Sb, Se and U in groundwater samples are less than WHO health-based guideline values for drinking water. 相似文献
13.
信阳市浅层地下水质量评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了保护信阳市浅层地下水资源环境,进一步合理开发该区浅层地下水,在对信阳市市区大量浅层地下水水样分析资料的基础上,从饮用水评价,农业灌溉用水评价,工业锅炉用水评价及综合评价等四个方面对该区浅层地下水质量进行了评价。评价结果表明：评价区内虽没有极差的Ⅴ级水,但在人口集中和用水集中的市区均为较差的Ⅳ级水,是人们生产和生活用水质量下降的主要原因;人口集中带来的生活污染是本区浅层地下水主要污染源,次要污染源为工业污染,这些理应引起高度重视,防止污染的进一步扩大。 相似文献
14.
As evidenced by catastrophic cadmium and mercury poisonings in japan, heavy metals belong to the most toxic environmental pollutants. Through the investigation of sediments, the extent, distribution and provenance of heavy metal contamination in rivers and lakes can be determined and traced. Eight heavy metals from the clay fraction of sediments from major rivers within the Federal Republic of Germany were determined by means of atomic adsorption spectrometry. Heavy metals especially known for their high toxicity are enriched most: mercury, lead and zinc by a factor of 10; cadmium by a factor of 50, as compared with the natural background of these elements. A mobilisation of heavy metals from the suspended load and from the sediments, as to be observed in rivers approaching the marine enviromment, could endanger marine organisms, thus negatively influencing the acquatic food chain. With a further increase of heavy metal pollution, a threat to the drinking water supplied by rivers and lakes cannot be excluded. 相似文献
15.
?eljka Romi?Mirna Habuda-Stani? Brankica Kalajd?i?Mirko Kuleš 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(1):37-44
Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the population of nearly 200,000 people in eastern Croatia. The largest town in the region is Osijek whose citizens are supplied with drinking water obtained from groundwater from the “Vinogradi” well field. This study investigated and determined As occurrence in groundwater of the Osijek area. Groundwater samples were taken from 18 water wells and 12 piezometers with a depth ranging between 21 and 200 m. Over the 10-a period to 2007, a mean As concentration of 240 μg L−1 was found. There was no statistically significant secular change in concentration over that period, however small but significant seasonal variations were noted, with the highest seasonal As concentrations over the period May 2006-February 2007 being observed in summer. The predominant As species observed was As(III), constituting 85% and 93% of total As in piezometers and water wells, respectively. Higher concentrations of As tended to be found in deeper wells with the mean As concentration in shallow groundwater (<50 m) and deep groundwater (>50 m) being 27 μg L−1, and 205 μg L−1, respectively. Geochemically, the groundwaters show similarities to those in other parts of the Pannonian Basin. Arsenic(tot) is weakly correlated with pH and Fe, negatively correlated with Mn and has no significant correlation with any of EC, COD-Mn or alkalinity. 相似文献
16.
17.
Geochemistry, genesis, and health implications of fluoriferous groundwaters in the upper regions of Ghana 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
The most appropriate and widely used source of drinking water for the populations of the upper regions of Ghana is groundwater.
In general, groundwater quality is acceptable except for some parts of the Bolgatanga and Bongo Districts, where there are
occurrences of elevated levels of natural groundwater fluoride. Concentrations of groundwater fluoride in excess of the World
Health Organization (WHO) maximum guideline value (1.5 mg/l) in the Bongo area have been known since 1978. However, the effect
of fluoride on people ingesting the water did not receive public and medical attention until October 1993, when health personnel
were asked to investigate the cause of stained teeth in school children. The investigation established that 62% of the total
population of school children in the Bongo area had dental fluorosis. Against this background, a study was initiated to understand
the geochemistry, genesis, and distribution of fluoride in relation to the geology of the area. Groundwater fluoride in the
upper regions ranges from 0.11 to 4.60 ppm, with the highest concentrations associated with the fluorine-enriched Bongo coarse-grained
hornblende granite and syenite suite. The source of groundwater fluoride within the Bongo granitoids is dissolution of the
mineral fluorite and dissolution of and anion exchange with micaceous minerals and their clay products. Applying the WHO recommended
guideline values for fluoride in drinking water reveals that 49% of wells in the area deliver water below the optimum level
of 0.5 mg/l F–; these populations are thus prone to dental caries. Twenty-eight percent of the wells fall within the optimum interval for
good dental health (0.5–1.5 mg/l F–). Twenty-three percent of the wells have concentrations above the recommended maximum guideline limit of 1.5 mg/l F–; this population is susceptible to dental and possibly skeletal fluorosis. Climatic conditions of the area suggest that the
individual water consumption is in the order of 3 to 4 l which is higher than the WHO estimate of 2 l/adult/day. In addition,
dietary intake for the upper region population is probably higher than WHO baseline values (0.2–0.5 mg/day). This implies
that a much higher population is susceptible to developing dental and skeletal fluorosis than originally suspected. Geochemical
symbol plot maps help geochemists understand factors controlling the distribution and uptake of fluoride in the upper regions,
but they are of minimal value to health officials responsible for planning epidemiological studies and dental health education
programs in the region. By casting fluoride data into contoured 'geochemical health-risk maps' using intake interval guidelines
more closely aligned to regional climatic and dietary conditions, health officals can better judge the impacts (regional and
population based) of fluoride on segments of the population, such as various sex and age groups.
Received: 11 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 June 1997 相似文献
18.
19.
特殊的地理地形和气候条件决定了中国洪涝干旱灾害频发。由于客观的禀赋条件,中国北方降水量小,水资源供需矛盾突出。在变化环境条件下,中国北方河川径流量呈现减少趋势,且随着经济社会的快速发展,区域需水较大幅度的增加,进一步加剧了北方水资源的供需矛盾;径流变化归因分析表明,人类活动导致的流域下垫面变化、工农业的快速发展及其他经济社会活动是北方河川径流减少的主要原因。实行最严格的水资源管理,加强节水型社会建设是解决北方水资源问题的根本出路。 相似文献
20.
岩溶城镇区人类活动对地下水水质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以重庆市南山老龙洞地下河流域为研究单元,通过主成分分析和实地调查,研究该区域人类活动对岩溶地下水水质的影响,并探讨污染物的来源。结果表明,受城镇区人类活动影响,老龙洞地下河流域地下水 NO3--N和PO43--P污然最为严重,按 GB5749-2006规定,研究区的地下水已不可作为饮用水源。老龙洞地下河水NO3--N含量逐年在减少,而PO43--P却在增加,赵家院子泉水PO43--P增长也十分迅速,老龙洞地下河流域地下水受城镇化影响越来越明显。老龙洞地下河水受城镇人类活动、工业活动、农业活动的共同影响,污染比泉水严重。老龙洞地下河中NO3-和SO42-含量的减少,说明采取一些积极的措施,地下水的污染是可以得到治理的。 相似文献