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1.
基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统及应用   总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1  
研制了一套基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统,利用流域地形、土壤、土地利用等空间数据和水文气象数据,可以进行流域特征提取、空间数据内插、降雨径流模拟及计算结果的三维动态显示和统计。通过在黄土岭流域的应用,说明该系统具有较好的模拟降雨径流过程的能力,而且使用方便。  相似文献   

2.
采用1961-2015年659站日值降水数据,以持续1d和持续2d及以上暴雨作为短和长历时暴雨标准,分析不同历时暴雨变化趋势,结果表明,中国总降雨、总暴雨和短历时暴雨从东南沿海向西北内陆依次呈“增-减-增”的分布特征,且整体以增加趋势的站点占主导,而长历时暴雨则呈现出“增-减”的分布特征,且整体以减少趋势的站点占主导,并且检测出中国自东北向西南存在一条变干带。同时中国总暴雨对总降雨、长历时暴雨对总暴雨的贡献呈现出“东南高-西北低”的分布特征,而短历时暴雨对总暴雨的贡献呈现出“东南低-西北高”的分布特征。中国总暴雨对总降雨、短历时暴雨对总暴雨贡献的变化趋势呈现出“增-增减镶嵌-增”的分布特征,且以增加趋势的站点占主导,而长历时暴雨在东部沿海地区呈现出增减镶嵌的趋势,而西北内陆地区呈略微减少趋势,且以减少趋势的站点占主导,也检测出自东北向西南存在一条气候过渡带并与上述变干带基本重合。  相似文献   

3.
The degree of hydrological connectivity of hillslope elements in a semi-arid climate was studied at the season and event timescales. Field data were obtained in Rambla Honda, a Medalus project field site situated in SE Spain, on micaschist bedrock and with 300 mm annual rainfall. The season timescale was assessed using correlation analysis between soil moisture and topographic indices. The event timescale was studied by a quasi-continuous monitoring of rainfall, soil moisture, runoff and piezometric levels. Results show that widespread transfers of water along the hillslope are unusual because potential conditions for producing overland flow or throughflow are spatially discontinuous and extremely short-lived. During extreme events, runoff coefficients may be locally high (ca. 40% on slope lengths of 10 m), but decrease dramatically at the hillslope scale (<10% on slope lengths of 50 m). Two mechanisms of overland flow generation have been identified: infiltration excess, and local subsurface saturation from upper layers. The former occurs during the initial stages of the event while the latter, which is quantitatively more important, takes place later and requires a certain time structure of rainfall intensities that allow saturation of the topsoil and the subsequent production of runoff. Hillslopes and alluvial fans function as runoff sources and sinks respectively. Permanent aquifers are lacking in Rambla Honda. Variable proportions of hillslope areas may contribute to flash floods in the main channel, but their contribution to the formation of saturated layers within the sediment fill is very limited.  相似文献   

4.
中国西北汛期极端降水事件分析   总被引:32,自引:10,他引:22  
利用中国西北五省(区)1960—2004年125个台站汛期(5—9月)逐日降水资料,首先定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,然后统计出了不同台站近45 a逐年汛期发生极端降水事件的发生频次,并进行了时空分布特征分析,结果表明:中国西北汛期极端降水事件发生频次同降水量的空间分布有很大的差异;一致性异常分布特征是中国西北汛期极端降水事件发生频次的最主要空间模态;中国西北汛期极端降水事件发生频次的空间分布可分为以下6个分区:高原东部区、南疆区、北疆区、西北东部区、青海高原区及河套区;从长期变化趋势来看,高原东部区近45 a来汛期极端降水事件发生频次没有明显的变化趋势,北疆区、南疆区、青海高原区及河套区表现为较明显的的增长趋势,而西北东部区表现为较明显的减少趋势;中国西北汛期极端降水事件发生频次的各主要空间分区中,近45 a来13 a左右的周期振荡表现得比较显著。  相似文献   

5.
随着全球气候变化加剧,极端降雨增多,暴雨内涝灾害频发,严重威胁城市的可持续发展。快速掌握暴雨给城市交通及人群的影响,有助于提高灾害应急管理水平和事件响应能力。利用实时动态的交通路况信息和手机定位请求数据,通过一种融合STL时序分解技术与极端学生化偏差统计检验的时间序列异常探测方法,监测和分析暴雨内涝灾害事件中,城市道路交通和人群活动的时空响应特征,并以2018年7月16日发生在北京的极端暴雨事件为例开展实证研究。研究结果显示,在降雨集中的早、晚高峰两个时段(8—9时、18—19时),市区的拥堵道路数量超出往常水平最高可达150%,异常检测分析显示拥堵道路数量和交通拥堵指数均达到异常甚至极端水平。人群活动的异常响应分析结果显示,暴雨事件引起定位请求量异常升高、异常点增多,且异常点的空间分布与1 h前的降雨量分布存在较高相关性。以上结果不仅证明了大数据及异常检测方法对于快速洞察暴雨事件对城市交通及人群影响的有效性,也为城市暴雨内涝灾害的应急响应与管理提供了新的技术手段。  相似文献   

6.
CHEN Hao 《地理学报》2001,11(1):71-79
From a long-term point of view, the balance between erosion and sediment yield in a drainage system can basically realize, i.e., the delivery ratio can be close to 1. However, substantial variations among individual rainfall events or between annual delivery ratio exist, causing frequent sediment retaining or re-erosion and re-delivery of the retained sediments in a short period of time. Thus the delivery ratio will be < 1 or > 1. The sediment delivery ratio is closely related to the spatial distribution of rainfall and magnitude of rise and fall of peak flood and that of runoff depth in the drainage system. Delivery ratio of single event in a drainage system and changes of delivery capacity of silt-laden runoff in various classes of gullies can be expressed by transformation mechanism of shear force of a single rainstorm event with flood resulting from increase and decrease of peak flood per unit area.  相似文献   

7.
Mauritius is a volcanic island with a raised interior where extreme rainfall events dominate rainfall erosivity. Intra-event characteristics of the 120 highest erosive events at six selected locations between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed to provide the first detailed intra-storm data for a tropical island environment. On Mauritius, spatial variation is evident in the characteristics of extreme erosive rainfall recorded at the stations, with a noticeable increase in rainfall depth, duration, kinetic energy, and erosivity of extreme events with altitude. Extreme events in the raised interior (central plateau) show high variability of peak intensity over time as well as a higher percentage of events in which the greatest intensity occurs in the latter part of the event. Intra-event distribution of rainfall in the interior of the island shows that rainfall there has a higher potential to exceed infiltration rates as well as the ability to generate high peak runoff rates and cause substantial soil loss. The study suggests that even though within-event rainfall characteristics are complex, they have implications for soil erosion risk, and that, in tropical island environments, the within-storm distribution of rainfall should be incorporated in soil-loss modeling.  相似文献   

8.
From a long-term point of view, the balance between erosion and sediment yield in a drainage system can basically realize, i.e., the delivery ratio can be close to 1. However, substantial variations among individual rainfall events or between annual delivery ratio exist, causing frequent sediment retaining or re-erosion and re-delivery of the retained sediments in a short period of time. Thus the delivery ratio will be < 1 or > 1. The sediment delivery ratio is closely related to the spatial distribution of rainfall and magnitude of rise and fall of peak flood and that of runoff depth in the drainage system. Delivery ratio of single event in a drainage system and changes of delivery capacity of silt-laden runoff in various classes of gullies can be expressed by transformation mechanism of shear force of a single rainstorm event with flood resulting from increase and decrease of peak flood per unit area.  相似文献   

9.
在科尔沁沙地奈曼旗,大于10 mm的降雨属极端降雨。根据当地多年平均降雨量,设置雨量×降雨次数的双因素模拟试验(T1,共288 mm、分18次;T2,共288 mm、分9次;T3,共576 mm、分36次;T4共576 mm、分18次;CK,接收当年的自然降雨),考察极端降雨对科尔沁沙地一年生植被的密度、多样性指数、生物量及根冠比的影响。结果表明:(1)在萌发期,植株密度在各处理下均维持在2 000株·m-2;而在生长发育后期,T3、T4维持在400株·m-2,而TI、T2维持在1 600株·m-2,CK下为1 200株·m-2,说明降雨总量决定了能完成生活史的沙地一年生植被的数量。(2)T1、T2、T33种极端降雨模式均显著提高沙地一年生植被的生物多样性指数,说明科尔沁沙地一年生植被的生物多样性不是由年降雨量单一因素决定的,而是由每次降雨量与降雨次数的分布共同决定的。(3)T3、T4显著降低了沙地一年生植被的水分利用效率。  相似文献   

10.
钟祥浩  程根伟 《山地学报》2001,19(5):413-417
通过长江上游地区典型小流域和重大洪水事件有关森林植被变化与洪水方面资料的分析,揭示小流域森林面积的增加,可减少洪峰流量模数,而在森林-土壤系统被前期降雨充分润湿的情况下,紧接着的暴雨可引起洪峰流量的快速增加;指出开展长江上游地区森林-土壤系统截留蓄水容量本底调查及其分类与分区,对指导当前森林植被恢复重建与保护工作的健康发展及搞好防洪工作有重要的意义。  相似文献   

11.
1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法,分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征,并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明:1)近60年来,流域小雨发生率最高,为73.55%;年总降水量中,中雨量所占比例最大,为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势,暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2)太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加,小雨日数显著减少,小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3)不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数,以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4)R/S分析结果显示,小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标(小雨量除外)都表现出较强的持续性,未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5)近60年来,太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化,分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大,而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。  相似文献   

12.
黄河小花间石山林区产汇流特征   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
产汇流机理研究是水文模拟的基础 ,从实测水文资料出发进行深入分析是认识产汇流特性的有效手段。黄河小花间 (小浪底 -花园口间 )洛河卢氏以上流域为典型的石山林区 ,产汇流特性不同于黄河流域的一般地区。从选取的 43场暴雨洪水资料分析得出 :该地区的暴雨空间分布不均匀 ,存在着明显的暴雨中心 ,产流机制和产流模式复杂。进一步分析变化环境下的降水径流特性后 ,发现年径流量的变化主要受控于降水特性 ,下垫面的改变和人类活动对年降水径流关系影响并不显著 ;但对次洪而言 ,该区生态保护和水土保持措施在一定程度上减少了产流能力 ,提高了暴雨径流相关性。  相似文献   

13.
辽宁省夏季降水量和极端雨量日时空变化特征分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
根据辽宁省23个气象站点1960-2014年的逐日降水量资料,运用线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累积距平、小波分析以及普通克里金空间插值等方法对辽宁省夏季降水量和极端雨量日进行时空变化分析。结果表明:55a来辽宁省夏季降水量整体呈现下降趋势,但降水强度正逐年增大,1984年、1992年和2010年降水趋势回升明显,夏季降水量的变化存在38a左右的主周期和22a左右的次周期。空间分布表现为由辽东南向辽西北逐渐减少;持续干旱天数呈现出显著的增大趋势,大雨日呈现不明显的减少趋势,暴雨和大暴雨日都有不明显的增大趋势。极端雨量日4项指标周期变化具有一致性特征,都在35~40a的时间尺度上存在明显的周期变化。大雨、暴雨、大暴雨在空间分布上具有一致性特征,极端雨量日4项指标的变化倾向率在东北西南方向都存在不同程度的条带性高低交替变化的特征。  相似文献   

14.
青海湖湖东沙地不同沙丘降雨入渗研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
降雨入渗对干旱、半干旱区土壤水分的影响很大,降雨量、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量等要素都会影响水分的入渗过程。本文通过监测青海湖湖东沙地3种类型沙丘的土壤水分和降雨情况,对区内降雨特征以及不同要素对沙丘水分入渗的影响进行了分析。结果表明:降雨量只有达到某一临界值才发生下渗,流动沙丘、固定沙丘、经治理(人工植被+麦草方格沙障)的流动沙丘发生下渗的临界降雨量分别为5.6 mm、1.6 mm、0.2 mm。水分累积入渗量随降雨量增大而增加,降雨量相同的情况下,入渗量大小表现为经治理的流动沙丘>固定沙丘>流动沙丘。当降雨量和土壤前期含水量相近时,入渗量随降雨强度的增大而增加,尤其在小降雨事件下,降雨强度是影响入渗的关键因素,大降雨事件下降雨量则成为影响入渗的决定因素。降雨量和降雨强度相近的情况下,入渗量与土壤前期含水量呈负相关关系。随着降雨量增大,入渗水分全部消耗所需要的时间逐渐增加,尤其当降雨量大于10 mm时,入渗水分消耗所需时间将随着降雨量的增大迅速增加。  相似文献   

15.
This study examines how extreme weather influences regional inequality and polarization within Mozambique in the context of on-going economic shocks. Utilizing satellite-based estimates of rainfall spatially analyzed within a GIS, we establish a 16-year rainfall climatology and calculate monthly rainfall anomalies for 665 villages. We approximate storm-total rainfall from all tropical cyclones entering the Mozambique Channel, as well as the extent of damaging winds for those making landfall, between 2005 and 2008. We group villages according to tropical cyclone impacts and use hierarchical cluster analysis to group the remaining villages according to shared patterns of monthly rainfall anomalies. Using economic data from the 2005 and 2008 National Agricultural Surveys of Mozambique, we relate weather patterns associated with near normal rainfall, tropical cyclones, flooding, and drought to changes in inequality and polarization by conducting decomposition analyses of the Gini index and Duclos-Esteban-Ray (DER) polarization index. Our findings mainly correspond to the generally accepted view that weather shocks exacerbate existing income and power disparities within societies. However, in some cases we find evidence that inequality and polarization can decline in the aftermath of an extreme event, and increase even where the weather is relatively good. By identifying varying effects of extreme events on inequality and polarization at subnational level, our study enables a more detailed understanding of weather-related effects on socio-economic outcomes in rural societies rapidly integrating into the global economy.  相似文献   

16.
There are few throughfall data from southern hemisphere closed-forest, and none from Tasmanian callidendrous cool-temperate rainforest, which has a simpler structure than most primary rainforests. We determined throughfall, measured its local spatial variation, and tested its relationships with rainfall, rainfall intensity, wind speed, canopy dryness, canopy cover, and other structural variables in a cool-temperate callidendrous rainforest in Tasmania. Eighty-two percent of the precipitation was measured as throughfall, which occurred after 2.3 mm of rain fell on dry canopies. The cumulative rainfall in 25 randomly located funnel rain gauges on the forest floor varied from 160 to 567 mm. Canopy cover and other structural variables did not predict the spatial pattern of throughfall. While throughfall in rainfall events was related to rainfall amount and intensity, wind speed did not affect throughfall as a percentage of rainfall. Percentages of throughfall to rainfall over 100 for many low rainfall events may indicate a contribution of fog drip to precipitation on the forest floor. The high local spatial variability in throughfall indicates the mean moisture conditions on the forest floor may not be a good indicator of the potential for localised fire damage.  相似文献   

17.
基于雨洪安全格局的城市低影响开发模式研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
焦胜  韩静艳  周敏  蔡勇  韩宗伟  黎贝 《地理研究》2018,37(9):1704-1713
城市调蓄用地总量减少、泄洪网络被建设用地割裂、汇流用地与建设用地重叠等是造成城市内涝灾害的主要原因。本文尝试在产流源头、产流途径以及汇流地三个层面,充分利用原有自然雨洪调蓄系统,建立能够消纳极端暴雨水的城市低影响开发模式,以长沙市苏圫垸为例,基于地形数据、水文气象数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析和SCS水文模型,模拟极端降雨的雨洪淹没区和雨洪廊道,并建立雨洪安全格局。根据年径流总量控制率85%的海绵城市建设目标,结合模型模拟确定苏圫垸低影响开发设施位置及规模,即开发后应保留雨洪斑块面积228.2 hm2,控制水量107.5万m3,雨洪廊道面积51.5 hm2,控制水量10.1万m3。可为探索基于极端气候下内涝防控的海绵城市建设新模式提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
新疆博州地区降水时空分布特征及典型旱涝年   总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1  
利用新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州地区4个气象站1971—2000年的逐日降水资料,用静态统计论观点分析了博州地区降水时空变化特征,并按适应于西北地区的Z指数旱涝标准统计出了典型的旱涝年。结果表明:①博州地区降水量西多东少,海拔在1 200 m以上的地区为半干旱区,其余绝大多数地区为干旱区或重干旱区,多极端降水事件,自然灾害以旱灾为主洪灾其次,自然生态环境极其脆弱;②年(月)降水量以少于30 a的年(月)平均值为多;③12月至次年2月降水量极小,空间分布呈东多西少型,其他月份则反之;④多雨期出现在夏半年4—9月。其中5—7月大面积干旱与局地洪灾往往并存;⑤山区有两个雨季共5个旬次,平均降水量的月际分布为双峰型,主峰在7月,次峰在5月;其他地区仅1个雨季共两个旬次,平均降水量的月际分布为单峰型,峰值出现在5月;⑥同一气候背景中,博州各个地貌单元的旱涝程度不一,降水空间分布极其复杂。  相似文献   

19.
热带气旋降水模拟研究进展   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
中国是遭受热带气旋灾害最为严重的国家之一,准确的降水模拟对于开展热带气旋灾害风险评估有重要意义。本文从热带气旋灾害风险评估的视角,将降水模拟分为基于极值理论的降水极值模拟、基于站点的降水时空模拟和基于热带气旋路径的降水事件模拟3大类;根据风险评估对降水模拟的需求,从模型构建、发展及其特点等方面对3类模型进行分析评述;进而提出面向风险评估的热带气旋降水模拟,应兼顾降水模拟的一般性和热带气旋暴雨模拟的特殊性,平衡处理降水模拟结果的准确性、统计量的可靠性和计算量问题。以极值理论对降水极值模拟为基础,充分发挥降水时空模拟在处理长时间降水序列中的优势,并加强热带气旋降水的理论研究,进一步完善热带气旋降水事件的模拟模型。  相似文献   

20.
华北石质山区坡地产流模型   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
坡地是流域的基本产流单元。对坡地产流模型的研究,可为研究流域的水文过程奠定基础。本文在认识坡地产流规律的基础上,经过对人工模拟降雨试验中取得的产流各个环节(降雨、出流及土壤含水量变化)的数据的分析,建立了一个具有物理机制的简单的坡面产流模型。其中,使用Horton模型模拟入渗和地表产流过程,用水箱模型模拟壤中流过程。模型能够同时对降雨过程中的地表、地下出流和土壤含水量变化过程进行模拟。计算得到的产流总量的误差较小,但在变化过程线上存在一些差异。这些差异主要是由模型对实际情况的简化和假定、数学模拟的局限性、变雨强降雨过程的复杂性等因素引起的。这种分层组合的坡面产流模型对华北石质山区的上层超渗、下层蓄满的产流特征是可行的。本文所做的工作是对华北石质山区分布式水文模型的产流模块的初步尝试。  相似文献   

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