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分析2011年6月27～28日大理地区人汛来首场强降水天气过程的影响系统、物理量特征以及风廓线雷达资料,结果表明此次区域性强降水过程的主要影响系统是东移的中纬度槽和低层的切变线;区域性强降水开始前,大理上空是不稳定能量的密集区且大气处层结于不稳定状态;从水汽条件看,过程开始前低层湿度虽大,但没有水汽的强辐合;强降水出现时存在剧烈的上升运动释放不稳定能量,且低层正涡度高层负涡度,散度场上低层辐合高层辐散,但低层辐合并不强;信噪比和垂直速度在降水的持续时间和降水强度方面与降水对应关系非常密切,强降水出现时间及持续时间与40dbz高信噪比出现时间一致,垂直速度负值绝对值越大降水越强,厚度越厚持续时间越长;强降水出现时水平风随高度存在多层切变,强降水出现期间水平风矢量达到最高的位置,随着降水的减弱,测量到的水平风矢量高度明显降低。 相似文献
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《自然地理学》2013,34(5):385-406
Researchers have utilized radar reflectivity returns and lightning flashes separately and together to locate convection with tropical cyclones (TCs). Most studies utilizing both datasets have examined TCs over the ocean, while landfall observations have been limited to a few TCs. This study employs a GIS to delineate regions of high radar reflectivity values within 45 landfalling TCs. The percentage of convective regions contained within each quadrant placed relative to storm motion and deep-layer vertical wind shear is calculated. These percentages are then compared to those from previous studies of quadrant-based lightning flash locations. Results indicate that the GIS-based radar analysis may be identifying TC regions that are electrically active. Both the radar- and lightning-based analyses show that convection shifts from the right to the front of the storm as forward velocity increases. Convection is located left of the shear vector when storm motion is 45-135° counterclockwise from the shear vector, and downshear when shear-minus-motion angles are 315-45°. Additionally, storms that became extratropical within 72 hours of landfall had more convection forward of the circulation center and left of the shear vector, and may produce less lightning than the remaining TCs. 相似文献
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南极罗斯海特拉诺瓦湾(Terra Nova Bay)是强下降风汇集区之一。采用高分辨率南极中尺度预报系统(Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System,AMPS)资料和特拉诺瓦湾难言岛Manuela自动气象站实测数据,分析了特拉诺瓦湾及其附近地区的下降风特征。AMPS对难言岛地区风速和气温有较好的模拟能力,但风向比实测值偏西约30°。难言岛地区风速从1月开始迅速增大,4—9月风力平均为8级以上。难言岛夏季1月份的风速变化滞后气温变化约3 h;冬季7月份风向稳定为西至西南。特拉诺瓦湾及其附近地区下降风来自西岸海拔较高的冰盖,其风向的空间分布特征基本几乎不随季节而变化。下降风风速有显著的季节演变特征,11月至次年1月较小,3—9月风速较大。特拉诺瓦湾西岸等几处冰川地带在冬季是强风汇集区,难言岛处于Reeves冰川下降风汇集区中。该汇集区上边界和南北两侧均有清晰的分界线,风速较强区从地面延伸至650—800 m高处,风速最大值距离地面高度约为50—200 m。强下降风气流受难言岛地形阻挡,风速有所减弱,气流越过难言岛之后,风速再次加强。特拉诺瓦湾地区下降风流动过程中近地面气团位势温度变化幅度很小,表明下降风在从内陆高原到沿岸地区的流动是干绝热过程。 相似文献
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1960-2009年中国西北地区东部低层风切变对雨日的控制作用及其在不同季节的降水效率 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用中国西北地区东部61个气象站1960-2009年逐日降水资料,结合同时次NCEP全球再分析风场资料,在气旋性风切变辨识算法的支撑下,分析了近50年西北地区东部低层气旋性风切变演变对同期雨日多寡的控制与指示作用,结合低层水汽条件与气旋性风切变的配置关系,对其在不同季节对雨日的可能影响程度及降水效率进行了逐一比对与成因探讨。结果表明:在冷暖空气交汇频繁的春、秋两季,即一年中气旋性风切变多发时段,700 hPa气旋性风切变在干旱区和半干旱区,对雨日产生的差异性最为显著,降水效率相差达24%,而冬季仅为10%;通过对比分析西北地区东部不同季节风切变效率多年和少年比湿分布,发现在在春、夏两季,水汽条件对700 hPa气旋性风切变的降水效率影响最为显著。气旋性风切变降水效率概念的引入,不仅较为符合西北地区的天气气候特点,且能够较好地反映雨日与700 hPa气旋性风切变之间在不同季节与不同区域中的相关性,对现实预报有较重要的指示意义。 相似文献
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利用加密自动站、卫星云图及雷达图像等资料,对2010年6月7日白天到夜间宁夏中北部地区出现的短时暴雨天气成因及中尺度系统演变进行分析。结果表明,此次短时暴雨是在“东高西低”稳定的环流形势和锋面过境背景下,500 hPa西风槽,700 hPa切变线、低涡、低空急流,850 hPa切变线,地面冷锋等主要影响系统相互配合、共同作用下发生的;大降水落区位于低空急流左侧与切变线尾部的辐合区,这可作为宁夏中尺度暴雨天气系统的一种典型特征;逆风区的出现和S型风场、锋面过境雷达图像特征是此次强降水典型的雷达回波特征,逆风区分布与中尺度系统走向基本一致。 相似文献
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Charles E. Konrad II 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):227-248
Synoptic data associated with a sample of 554 heavy rainfall events is utilized to carry out a trajectory analysis that identifies the movements of moisture towards regions of heavy rain. Both seasonal and regional variations are found in the moisture trajectories associated with heavy rain events occurring in three regions in the Appalachian study area. Numerous events in the region west of the mountain range are tied to westerly and south-southwesterly circulations that bring moisture from the Mississippi River Valley and the Gulf of Mexico during the warm and cool seasons, respectively. Many events southeast of the mountain range are associated with southerly to southeasterly circulations that advect moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Because of orographic precipitation enhancement and a good exposure to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, the southern and southeastern slopes of the Appalachian mountains display high frequencies of heavy rainfall, particularly during the cool season. The interior portions of the mountain range and the adjacent plateau to the northwest, on the other hand, are sheltered from moisture source regions and, therefore, exhibit low heavy rain frequencies. [Key words: precipitation, synoptic climatology, Appalachia.] 相似文献
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利用1979-2012年ERA-Interim全球再分析比湿与风场资料,通过累计距平分析、M-K突变检验、相似离度分析等方法研究了中国西北地区东部低层水汽演变特征,并依据导致水汽异常最直接的动力因子(风场差异)对其成因进行了初步探讨。结果表明:近30年西北地区东部低层700 hPa水汽呈弱的增加趋势,整个区域、青海高原区及西风影响区在1996年出现由减少到增多的突变,而季风边缘区的突变发生在1991年;且突变后偏西风减弱,偏南风增强显著。通过定量细化分析各气候区风场变化对水汽的影响,发现青海高原区经向风对水汽除夏季为弱的负贡献外,一般均表现为正贡献,而纬向风为负贡献;季风边缘区年平均经向风正贡献值为0.28 g·kg-1,纬向风为-0.46 g·kg-1;西风影响区冬春两季经纬向风一般均为弱的负贡献,夏秋两季一般为正贡献。依据特定区域、典型月份风场的气候型态差异分析,发现单一区域内的低层风偏差对水汽分布的影响与控制相差甚大,而不同背景下相邻区域内的风场配置及不同区域间的风场相互作用可能是水汽变化或异常的主要原因。 相似文献
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The tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) of Atlantic Hurricane Cindy (2005) was investigated to study environmental conditions preceding mesoscale vortex development in the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS; i.e., the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) using the ERA-Interim Reanalysis pressure level data. Major findings include that the development of a mesoscale vortex occurred downward over Central America due to 600 hPa level enhanced winds downstream of southeasterly winds from northern South America, triggering Cindy's TCG in a few days. The contribution of midlevel enhanced winds should be noted as a potential precursor of other TCGs in the IAS. 相似文献
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太湖风生流三维数值模拟试验 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
本文建立了一个适合太湖的三维水动力学模式，考虑太湖局地风场的影响，模拟了太湖的风生流，模拟结果和二维模式的计算结果相比，流速值较符合实际。另外，研究了太湖地形因子对太湖环流的影响，指出洞庭西山和洞庭东山间狭长的过道区是产生太湖大范围环流的重要原因。为了研究太湖中藻类的治理和富集问题，对不同风向作用下太湖的散度场进行了分析计算，对太湖的梅梁湾和贡湖地区进行分析，结果可归纳为三类：（１）辐合型（对应Ｓ、ＳＷ风）；（２）辐散型（对应Ｎ、ＮＥ风）；（３）并存型（对应Ｗ、ＮＷ、Ｅ、ＳＥ风）。 相似文献
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本文根据对海雾气象要素场、大气层结和天气形势的分析及其持续时间和季节、年际变化的统计分析,结合个例,讨论了南极长城站海雾的特征和形成机制。认为长城站海雾大多为平流冷却雾,高频率的偏北风和南大洋极锋附近显著的经向海温梯度是长城站多海雾的根本原因;夏半年海雾要多于冬半年,海雾的年际分布差异明显;海雾可出现于0-17m/s的各级风力中,3-11m/s偏北风最有利于海雾的维持;气温为-2-4℃、气-海温差为0-2℃时最易出现海雾;海雾的发生一般伴有稳定的大气层结;"东高西低"是长城站海雾的主要天气形势;海雾的持续时间取决于高压在南极半岛维持时间的长短,平均有10个小时。 相似文献
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基于1961—2018年降水观测资料,应用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、大气诊断等方法对山西夏季不同等级降水时空演变特征及其影响要素进行分析。结果表明：① 山西夏季降水量主要由大雨贡献（51.9%）,但在降水频次上以小雨为主。山西大雨与小雨事件存在显著差异。小雨多年平均雨量由南至北递增,而大雨却由南至北递减。此外,EOF表明全区一致型均是不同等级降水中的主空间模态,但在小雨和大雨中高载荷区存在明显差异。② ENSO在影响山西降水特别是大雨中占据主导,而NAO在小雨中作用更为突出。对大气环流异常结构的诊断分析表明,冷（暖）ENSO位相时,源于热带西太平洋并经由南海北上的季风水汽输送增强（减弱）,同时在ENSO和中高纬度大气活动联动调控下,在东亚地区建立的异常反气旋（气旋）可通过其西支南（北）风气流引导（抑制）季风水汽向山西进一步纵深推进,两者共同调配使得山西大雨事件增多（减少）;NAO主要通过一条沿西欧?东欧?乌拉尔山?蒙古高原的高纬度路径对降水施加影响,NAO正（负）位相时,在蒙古高原甚至山西建立的深厚异常（反）气旋通过其南支西（东）风一方面阻挡低纬度季风水汽进入山西,另一方面增强（减弱）山西有限的内陆水汽供应,从而引起山西小雨事件的增多（减少）。 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地边界层风场特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用CFL-03边界层风廓线雷达在塔中开展了边界层风场探测研究,根据2010年4月1日至2010年11月30日连续的边界层风场探测资料,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层风场时空分布特征,得到了4月至11月各月的高空风廓线。结果表明,塔中春秋季风场结构类似,中高层多为西风,风速较大,低层多为东风,风速较小,整层风速与高度成正比;夏季高层风速变小,低层风速增大,东风层增厚,夏季塔中地区上空100～200 m高度层存在明显风速切变带。 相似文献
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西北太平洋热带气旋快速增强与环境垂直风切变统计分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1990-2009年美国联合台风警报中心整编的热带气旋（TC）最佳路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析等压面流场资料,在分析西北太平洋TC每24 h强度变化统计特征的基础上,确定了西北太平洋TC快速增强的阈值,对比不同阈值条件下,TC快速增强初始时刻的强度,TC快速增强发生的季节变化和空间分布特征,进一步研究环境垂直风切变与TC快速增强的关系。结果表明：在西北太平洋海区,当TC强度24 h变化达到样本累积百分率的88%、90%、93%和96%的概率时,对应的强度变化值分别为25 KT、30 KT、35 KT和40 KT,定义它们为TC快速增强的阈值。该阈值越大,快速增强初始时刻的强度也越强。60%左右的TC快速增强发生在8-10月,TC快速增强的空间分布集中于125°-150°E、10°-25°N的矩形区域内。对流层不同层次的垂直风切变与TC快速增强的关系有差异,TC快速增强阈值为40 KT时对应的对流层中上层（200~500 hPa）、对流层中下层（500~850 hPa）和对流层（200~850 hPa）的垂直风切变值的概率分布显示：当垂直风切变≥12 m/s时,分别只有9.7%、1.5%、11.1%的TC可以快速增强;且其与TC快速增强时强度变化的相关系数分别为-0.15、0、-0.04,以200~500 hPa的最为显著,表明对流层中上层垂直风切变对TC强度增强的抑制作用最明显。在TC快速增强阈值为40 KT的初始时刻,将200~850 hPa垂直风切变划分为东风切变和西风切变的统计表明,57%的TC在东风切变的环境下可以快速增强。 相似文献
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巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究 总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7
通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。 相似文献
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Analysis of velocity profile measurements from wind-tunnel experiments with saltation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Investigations of wind-field modification due to the presence of saltating sediments have relied heavily on wind tunnels, which are known to impose geometric constraints on full boundary layer development. There remains great uncertainty as to which portion of the vertical wind-speed profile to analyze when deriving estimates of shear velocity or surface roughness length because the lower sections are modified to varying degree by saltation, whereas the upper segments may be altered by artificially induced wake-like effects. Thus, it is not obvious which of several alternative velocity-profile parameterizations (e.g., Law of the Wall, Velocity Defect Law, Wake Law) should be employed under such circumstances.A series of experimental wind-tunnel runs was conducted across a range of wind speed using fine- and coarse-grained sand to collect high-quality, fine-resolution data within and above the saltation layer using thermal anemometry and ruggedized probes. After each run, the rippled bottom was fixed with fine mist, and the experiment repeated without saltation. The measured wind-speed profiles were analyzed using six different approaches to derive estimates of shear velocity and roughness length. The results were compared to parameter estimates derived directly from sediment transport rate measurements, and on this basis, it is suggested that one of the six approaches is more robust than the others. Specifically, the best estimate of shear velocity during saltation is provided by the logarithmic law applied to the profile data within about 0.05 m of the bottom, despite the fact that this near-surface region is where profile modification by saltating sediments is most pronounced. Uncertainty remains as to whether this conclusion can be generalized to field situations because progressive downwind adjustments in the interrelationship between the saltation layer and the wind field are anticipated in wind tunnels, thereby confounding most analyses based on equilibrium assumptions. 相似文献
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本文介绍了中国第3座南极常年考察站新站址候选地——罗斯海难言岛的基本信息。通过对设在其上的自动气象站的观测数据分析表明,近地面风场主要由下降风控制,西-西北风是6级以上大风的主要风向,最大风力可达12级以上,1月、11月、12月是平均风力较小的三个月份。通过分析基于CFSR海冰资料的Polar-WRF模式模拟结果发现:Polar-WRF模式能模拟出和实测资料十分一致的下降风风场,分辨率越高越能更好的模拟出下降风的特点。难言岛附近强劲的西-西北向下降风是地形强迫的结果;来自Reeves冰川的气流是下降风的主要来源。大风的水平分布范围约为50 km。海拔1 400—300 m为下降风的加速关键区,风速最大的地方在海拔300 m高度的陡坡附近,下降风在抵达难言岛时,由于地面摩擦作用,风力已经有一定的衰减。模拟风场可以对观测资料做出有益的补充。 相似文献
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在利用常规资料、自动站降水资料分析2009年8月12～14日大理州强降水天气过程的影响系统、物理量特征基础上,还利用大理国家气候观象台的风廓线雷达资料探讨了强降水发生前风廓线雷达各项产品的表现,结果表明此次区域性强降水过程,其主要影响系统是500 hPa上的两高辐合区和700 hPa上的切变线;强降水出现前各物理量特征表现明显;风廓线雷达资料中信噪比与强降水对应关系非常密切,垂直速度的变化对强降水有一定预示作用,强降水出现前水平风随高度存在多层切变且切变层次突然增多并抬升。 相似文献
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Summary For four years continuous recording of infrasonic signals in the frequency range 0.1 to 1 Hz, known as microbaroms, has been conducted at Palisades, New York. The microbaroms we recorded are radiated into the atmosphere by interfering ocean waves in the North Atlantic as far as 2000 km away. A characteristic diurnal variation in the amplitude of the received signal has been noted, independent of any variation in the source. We conclude that the variation is due to variations of the factors affecting atmospheric sound propagation, namely wind and temperature.
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献