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1.
Jos C. van Dam 《水文研究》2000,14(6):1101-1117
Single domain models may seriously underestimate leaching of nutrients and pesticides to groundwater in clay soils with shrinkage cracks. Various two‐domain models have been developed, either empirical or physically based, which take into account the effects of cracks on water flow and solute transport. This paper presents a model concept that uses the clay shrinkage characteristics to derive crack volume and crack depth under transient field conditions. The concept has been developed to simulate field average behaviour of a field with cracks, rather than flow and transport at a small plot. Water flow and solute transport are described with basic physics, which allow process and scenario analysis. The model concept is part of the more general agrohydrological model SWAP, and is applied to a field experiment on a cracked clay soil, at which water flow and bromide transport were measured during 572 days. A single domain model was not able to mimic the field‐average water flow and solute transport. Incorporation of the crack concept considerably improved the simulation of water content and bromide leaching to the groundwater. Still deviations existed between the measured and simulated bromide concentration profiles. The model did not reproduce the observed bromide retardation in the top layer and the high bromide dispersion resulting from water infiltration at various soil depths. A sensitivity analysis showed that the amounts of bromide leached were especially sensitive to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the top layer, the solute transfer from the soil matrix to crack water flow and the mean residence time of rapid drainage. The shrinkage characteristic and the soil hydraulic properties of the clay matrix showed a low sensitivity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Radial reactive transport is investigated in an aquifer–aquitard system considering the important processes such as advection, radial and vertical dispersions for the aquifer, vertical advection and dispersion for the aquitards, and first-order biodegradation or radioactive decay. We solved the coupled governing equations of transport in the aquifer and the aquitards by honoring the continuity of concentration and mass flux across the aquifer–aquitard interfaces and recognizing the concentration variation along the aquifer thickness. This effort improved the averaged-approximation (AA) model, which dealt with radial dispersion in an aquifer–aquitard system by excluding the aquitard advection. To compare with our new solution, we expanded the AA model by including the aquitard advection. The expanded AA model considerably overestimated the mass in the upper aquitard when an upward advection existed there. The rates of mass change in the upper aquitard from the new solution and the AA model solution increased with time following sub-linear fashions. The times corresponding to the peak values of the residence time distributions for the AA model, the expanded AA model, and the new model were almost the same. The residence time distributions seemed to follow the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution closely when plotting the time in logarithmic scale. In addition, we developed a finite-element COMSOL Multiphysics simulation of the problem, and found that the COMSOL solution agreed with the new solution well. 相似文献
3.
《Advances in water resources》2005,28(11):1254-1266
A detailed model was formulated to describe the non-isothermal transport of water in the unsaturated soil zone. The model consists of the coupled equations of mass conservation for the liquid phase, gas phase and water vapor and the energy conservation equation. The water transport mechanisms considered are convection in the liquid phase, and convection, diffusion and dispersion of vapor in the gas phase. The boundary conditions at the soil–atmosphere interface include dynamical mass flux and energy flux that accounts for radiation transport. Comparison of numerical simulations results with published experimental data demonstrated that the present model is able to describe water and energy transport dynamics, including situations of low and moderate soil moisture contents. Analysis of field studies on soil drying suggests that that dispersion flux of the water vapor near the soil surface, which is seldom considered in soil drying models, can make a significant contribution to the total water flux. 相似文献
4.
This study formulates and analyzes continuous time random walk (CTRW) models in radial flow geometries for the quantification of non-local solute transport induced by heterogeneous flow distributions and by mobile–immobile mass transfer processes. To this end we derive a general CTRW framework in radial coordinates starting from the random walk equations for radial particle positions and times. The particle density, or solute concentration is governed by a non-local radial advection–dispersion equation (ADE). Unlike in CTRWs for uniform flow scenarios, particle transition times here depend on the radial particle position, which renders the CTRW non-stationary. As a consequence, the memory kernel characterizing the non-local ADE, is radially dependent. Based on this general formulation, we derive radial CTRW implementations that (i) emulate non-local radial transport due to heterogeneous advection, (ii) model multirate mass transfer (MRMT) between mobile and immobile continua, and (iii) quantify both heterogeneous advection in a mobile region and mass transfer between mobile and immobile regions. The expected solute breakthrough behavior is studied using numerical random walk particle tracking simulations. This behavior is analyzed by explicit analytical expressions for the asymptotic solute breakthrough curves. We observe clear power-law tails of the solute breakthrough for broad (power-law) distributions of particle transit times (heterogeneous advection) and particle trapping times (MRMT model). The combined model displays two distinct time regimes. An intermediate regime, in which the solute breakthrough is dominated by the particle transit times in the mobile zones, and a late time regime that is governed by the distribution of particle trapping times in immobile zones. These radial CTRW formulations allow for the identification of heterogeneous advection and mobile-immobile processes as drivers of anomalous transport, under conditions relevant for field tracer tests. 相似文献
5.
《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1988,8(2):115-123
Soil-gas surveys are becoming more widely accepted as a tool for the preliminary determination of the extent of soil and ground water contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The interpretation of the results of published soil-gas surveys has been necessarily limited and qualitative due to a lack of adequate models. There has been considerable effort in the recent past to characterize the transport and fate of pesticides in soil. However, the behavior of pesticides generally differ substantially from those of VOCs.
This paper presents a computer model developed to simulate the diffusive transport of VOC vapor through unsaturated soils using a two-dimensional, finite-difference, solution to Fick's second law of diffusion. An effective diffusion coefficient that incorporates the effects of tortuosity, moisture content, and soil organic carbon content is computed. Although the model has not been validated due to the unavailability of adequate field or laboratory data, nevertheless, sensitivity analyses demonstrate the importance of soil moisture and, secondarily, organic matter content in controlling the migration of VOC vapor through the unsaturated zone. The interpretation of soil-gas surveys can be complicated by unknown spatial heterogeneities in soil moisture and organic carbon content, temporal variations in moisture content, extent of contaminant migration as a non-aqueous phase liquid and by the unknown extent of VOC liquid and contaminated ground water. 相似文献
This paper presents a computer model developed to simulate the diffusive transport of VOC vapor through unsaturated soils using a two-dimensional, finite-difference, solution to Fick's second law of diffusion. An effective diffusion coefficient that incorporates the effects of tortuosity, moisture content, and soil organic carbon content is computed. Although the model has not been validated due to the unavailability of adequate field or laboratory data, nevertheless, sensitivity analyses demonstrate the importance of soil moisture and, secondarily, organic matter content in controlling the migration of VOC vapor through the unsaturated zone. The interpretation of soil-gas surveys can be complicated by unknown spatial heterogeneities in soil moisture and organic carbon content, temporal variations in moisture content, extent of contaminant migration as a non-aqueous phase liquid and by the unknown extent of VOC liquid and contaminated ground water. 相似文献
6.
The heterogeneity of the solute flux field in the horizontal plane at the field scale has been documented in several field studies. On the other hand, little information is available on the persistence of certain solute transport scenarios over consecutive infiltration cycles. This study was initiated to analyse the recurrence of solute leaching behaviour as estimated in two soil column tests emphasizing the preferential flow phenomenon. Twenty-four small-sized soil samples were subjected to two consecutive unsaturated steady-state flow leaching experiments with bromide as tracer. Observed breakthrough curves (BTCs) were analysed by the method of moments and by the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) to classify solute behaviour. Frequency distributions of the parameters indicating the solute velocity were heavily skewed or bimodal, reflecting the broad variability of the leaching scenarios, including some with pronounced preferential solute breakthrough. Exclusion of the preferential flow columns from our calculations revealed an average amount of 37% of immobile water. The large-scale BTCs derived from assembling the individual concentration courses of each run showed similar features, such as an early bromide breakthrough. However, two distinct apices, viz. one preferential and one matrix, were observed only in the first run, whereas the concentration decrease between the peaks was missing from the second run. A change in soil structure with continuous leaching was presumed to modify the interplay of the various flow domains, thereby altering the spreading of the BTCs. Correlation analysis between parameters of both tests suggests that preferential transport conditions are likely to occur at the same locations in the field over several infiltration cycles, whereas the ‘classical’ or expected matrix flow is time variant and therefore seems to be hardly predictable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
The delineation of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) under uncertainty is still a challenge for heterogeneous porous media. For granular media, one option is to combine particle tracking (PT) with the Monte Carlo approach (PT‐MC) to account for geologic uncertainties. Fractured porous media, however, require certain restrictive assumptions under this approach. An alternative for all types of media is the capture probability (CP) approach, which is based on the solution of the standard advection‐dispersion equation in a backward mode, making use of the analogy between forward and backward transport processes. Within this context, we review the current controversy about the correct form of the conceptual model for transport, finding that the advection‐diffusion model, which represents the diffusive interchange between streamtubes with differing velocities, is more physically realistic than the conventional advection‐dispersion model. For mildly to moderately heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories and simulation experiments show that this process converges at the field scale to an effective advection‐dispersion process that can be simulated with conventional transport models using appropriate macrodispersivity values. For highly heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories do not yet exist but there is no reason why the process should not converge naturally as well. Macrodispersivities appear to be formation‐specific. The advection‐dispersion model can be used for capture zone delineation in heterogeneous granular media. For fractured porous systems, hybrid equivalent porous medium and discrete fracture network or CP‐based approaches may have potential. In general, capture zones delineated by PT without MC will always be too small and should not be used as a basis for land‐use decisions. 相似文献
8.
This paper presents a novel platform to study the dampening of water and solute transport in an experimental channel under unsteady flow conditions, where literature data are scarce. We address the question about what could be the smallest size of experimental platform that is useful for research, project studies, and teaching activities and that allows to do rational experiments characterized by small space occupation, short experimental duration, high measurement precision, high quality and reproducible experimental curves, low water and energy consumption, and the possibility to test a large variety of hydrograph scenarios. Whereas large scale hydraulic laboratories have focused their studies on sediment transport, our platform deals with solute transport. The objectives of our study are (a) building a platform that allows to do rational experiments, (b) enriching the lack of experimental data concerning water and solute transport under unsteady state conditions, and (c) studying the dampening of water and solute transport. We studied solute transport in a channel with lateral gain and lateral loss under different experimental configurations, and we show how the same lateral loss flow event can lead to different lateral loss mass repartitions under different configurations. In order to characterize water and solute dampening between the input and the output of the channel, we calculate dampening ratios based on peak coordinates of time flow curves and time mass curves and that express the decrease of peak amplitude and the increase of peak occurrence time between the input and output curves. Finally, we use a solute transport model coupling the diffusive wave equation for water transfer and the advection–diffusion equation for solute transport in order to simulate the experimental data. The simulations are quite good with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency NSE > 0.98 for water transfer and 0.84 < NSE < 0.97 for solute transport. This platform could serve hydrological modellers because it offers a variety of measured parameters (flow, water height, and solute concentration), at a fine time step under unsteady flow conditions. 相似文献
9.
The numerical simulation of long‐term large‐scale (field to regional) variably saturated subsurface flow and transport remains a computational challenge, even with today's computing power. Therefore, it is appropriate to develop and use simplified models that focus on the main processes operating at the pertinent time and space scales, as long as the error introduced by the simpler model is small relative to the uncertainties associated with the spatial and temporal variation of boundary conditions and parameter values. This study investigates the effects of various model simplifications on the prediction of long‐term soil salinity and salt transport in irrigated soils. Average root‐zone salinity and cumulative annual drainage salt load were predicted for a 10‐year period using a one‐dimensional numerical flow and transport model (i.e. UNSATCHEM) that accounts for solute advection, dispersion and diffusion, and complex salt chemistry. The model uses daily values for rainfall, irrigation, and potential evapotranspiration rates. Model simulations consist of benchmark scenarios for different hypothetical cases that include shallow and deep water tables, different leaching fractions and soil gypsum content, and shallow groundwater salinity, with and without soil chemical reactions. These hypothetical benchmark simulations are compared with the results of various model simplifications that considered (i) annual average boundary conditions, (ii) coarser spatial discretization, and (iii) reducing the complexity of the salt‐soil reaction system. Based on the 10‐year simulation results, we conclude that salt transport modelling does not require daily boundary conditions, a fine spatial resolution, or complex salt chemistry. Instead, if the focus is on long‐term salinity, then a simplified modelling approach can be used, using annually averaged boundary conditions, a coarse spatial discretization, and inclusion of soil chemistry that only accounts for cation exchange and gypsum dissolution–precipitation. We also demonstrate that prediction errors due to these model simplifications may be small, when compared with effects of parameter uncertainty on model predictions. The proposed model simplifications lead to larger time steps and reduced computer simulation times by a factor of 1000. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
青藏高原为亚洲季风区的典型代表区域,研究其水汽进入平流层的过程和机理对认识全球气候和大气环境变化具有一定的现实意义. 本文基于中尺度气象模式(WRF)的模拟输出结果(2006年8月20日至8月26)驱动拉格朗日大气输送模式FLEXPART,通过追踪并解析气块的三维轨迹以及温度、湿度等相关物理量的相关变化特征,初步分析了夏季青藏高原地区近地层-对流层-平流层的水汽输送特征. 研究结果表明,源于高原地区近地层的水汽在进入平流层的过程中受南亚高压影响下的大尺度环流和中小尺度对流的共同影响.首先,在对流抬升作用下,气块在短时间内(24 h)可抬升到9~12 km的高度,然后在南亚高压闭合环流影响下,相当部分气块在反气旋的东南侧穿越对流层顶进入平流层中,并继续向低纬热带平流层输送,进而参与全球对流层-平流层的水汽循环过程. 在对流抬升高度上气块位置位于高原的西北侧,然而气块拉格朗日温度最小值主要分布于高原南侧,两个位置上气块的平均位温差值可达15~35 K,这种显著的温度差异将导致气块进入平流层时"脱水". 比较而言,夏季青藏高原地区近地层水汽进入平流层的多寡主要和大尺度汽流的垂直输送有关,而深对流的作用相对较弱. 相似文献
11.
Incorporating Super‐Diffusion due to Sub‐Grid Heterogeneity to Capture Non‐Fickian Transport 
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下载免费PDF全文 Numerical transport models based on the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) are built on the assumption that sub‐grid cell transport is Fickian such that dispersive spreading around the average velocity is symmetric and without significant tailing on the front edge of a solute plume. However, anomalous diffusion in the form of super‐diffusion due to preferential pathways in an aquifer has been observed in field data, challenging the assumption of Fickian dispersion at the local scale. This study develops a fully Lagrangian method to simulate sub‐grid super‐diffusion in a multidimensional regional‐scale transport model by using a recent mathematical model allowing super‐diffusion along the flow direction given by the regional model. Here, the time randomizing procedure known as subordination is applied to flow field output from MODFLOW simulations. Numerical tests check the applicability of the novel method in mapping regional‐scale super‐diffusive transport conditioned on local properties of multidimensional heterogeneous media. 相似文献
12.
We present an analytical expression for the shear dispersion during solute transport in a coupled fracture–matrix system. The dispersion coefficient is obtained in a fracture with porous walls by taking into account an accurate boundary condition at the interface between the matrix and fracture, and the results were compared with those in a non-coupled system. The analysis presented identifies three regimes: diffusion-dominated, transition, and advection-dominated. The results showed that it is important to consider the exchange of solute between the fracture and matrix in development of the shear dispersion coefficient for the transition and advection-dominated regimes. The new dispersion coefficient is obtained by imposing the continuity of concentrations and mass fluxes along the porous walls. The resulting equivalent transport equation revealed that the effective velocity in a fracture increases while the dispersion coefficient decreases due to mass transfer between the matrix and fracture. A larger effective advection term leads to greater storage of mass in the matrix as compared with the classical double-porosity model with a non-coupled dispersion coefficient. The findings of this study can be used for modeling of tracer tests as well as fate, transport, and remediation of groundwater contaminants in fractured rocks. 相似文献
13.
A two-dimensional, transient-flow, and transport numerical model was developed to simulate in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by potassium permanganate in fractured clay. This computer model incorporates dense, nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution, reactive aquifer material, multispecies matrix diffusion, and kinetic formulations for the oxidation reactions. A sensitivity analysis for two types of parameters, hydrogeological and engineering, including matrix porosity, matrix organic carbon, fracture aperture, potassium permanganate dosage, and hydraulic gradient, was conducted. Remediation metrics investigated were the relative rebound concentrations arising from back diffusion and percent mass destroyed. No well-defined correlation was found between the magnitude of rebound concentrations during postremedy monitoring and the amount of contaminant mass destroyed during the application. Results indicate that all investigated parameters affect ISCO remediation in some form. Results indicate that when advective transport through the fracture is dominant relative to diffusive transport into the clay matrix (large System Peclet Number), permanganate is more likely to be flushed out of the system and treatment is not optimal. If the System Peclet Number is too small, indicating that diffusion into the matrix is dominant relative to advection through the fracture, permanganate does not traverse the entire fracture, leading to postremediation concentration rebound. Optimal application of ISCO requires balancing advective transport through the fracture with diffusive transport into the clay matrix. 相似文献
14.
Cosler DJ 《Ground water》2004,42(2):203-222
Nonequilibrium concentration type curves are numerically developed and sensitivity analyses are performed to examine the relationships between effluent concentrations in partially penetrating monitoring/extraction wells, the vertical plume shape, and the mass transfer characteristics of the aquifer. The governing two-dimensional, axisymmetric nonequilibrium solute transport equation is solved in three stages using an operator-splitting approach. In the first two stages, the advection and dispersion terms are solved with the Eulerian-Lagrangian method, based on the backward method of characteristics for advection and the standard implicit Galerkin finite element method for dispersion. In the third step, the first-order, immobile-mobile domain mass transfer term is computed analytically for both two-site and lognormally distributed, multirate models. Effluent concentration variations with time and contour plots of the pore water concentration distribution in the aquifer are compared for a wide range of field- and laboratory-measured mass transfer rates, various plume shapes, and relevant physical/chemical parameter values, including pumping rate, vertical anisotropy ratio, retardation factor, and porosity. The simulation results show that rate-limited mass transfer can have a significant impact on sample and aquifer pore water concentrations during three-dimensional transport to a partially penetrating well. An alternative dimensionless form of the nonequilibrium solute transport equation is derived to illustrate the key parameter groupings that quantify rate-limited sorption effects and show the relative importance of individual parameters. A hypothetical field application example demonstrates the fitting of dimensional type curves to discrete-interval sampling data in order to evaluate the mass transfer characteristics of an aquifer and shows how type curve superposition can be used to model complex plume shapes. 相似文献
15.
A macroscopic transport model is developed, following the Taylor shear dispersion analysis procedure, for a 2D laminar shear flow between parallel plates possessing a constant specified concentration. This idealized geometry models flow with contaminant dissolution at pore-scale in a contaminant source zone and flow in a rock fracture with dissolving walls. We upscale a macroscopic transient transport model with effective transport coefficients of mean velocity, macroscopic dispersion, and first-order mass transfer rate. To validate the macroscopic model the mean concentration, covariance, and wall concentration gradient are compared to the results of numerical simulations of the advection–diffusion equation and the Graetz solution. Results indicate that in the presence of local-scale variations and constant concentration boundaries, the upscaled mean velocity and macrodispersion coefficient differ from those of the Taylor–Aris dispersion, and the mass transfer flux described by the first-order mass transfer model is larger than the diffusive mass flux from the constant wall. In addition, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient in the macroscopic model depends only on the plate gap and diffusion coefficient. Therefore, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient is independent of the mean velocity and travel distance, leading to a constant pore-scale Sherwood number of 12. By contrast, the effective Sherwood number determined by the diffusive mass flux is a function of the Peclet number for small Peclet number, and approaches a constant of 10.3 for large Peclet number. 相似文献
16.
基于2005年NCEP/GFS分析资料和拉格朗日粒子扩散模式的“Domain Filling”技术,以气块穿越对流层顶后的滞留时间为标准,诊断分析了夏季亚洲季风区对流层-平流层质量交换,重点讨论了对平流层大气成分收支具有实际意义的不可逆双向质量交换过程,并利用前向（后向）轨迹追踪方法,分析了其4天的“源（汇）”特征.研究结果表明：(1)对流层-平流层质量交换(Troposphere-Stratosphere mass Exchange,STE)的计算对滞留时间阈值的选择具有较强敏感性,大多数的气块在1～2天内可频繁地往返对流层顶.这些瞬时交换事件的考虑与否对穿越对流层顶的质量交换计算的准确性具有重要影响,尤其在中纬度的风暴轴区域.(2)从亚洲季风区对流层-平流层质量净交换纬向平均上看,45°N以南的区域为对流层向平流层的质量输送(Troposphere to Stratosphere mass Transport,TST),副热带地区为最强的上升支,而在45°N~55°N的中纬度地区是平流层向对流层质量输送（Stratosphere to Troposphere mass Transport,STT）.地理分布上,STT主要分布在青藏高原以北的东亚地区,与亚洲季风区夏季大尺度的槽区相对应.夏季整个亚洲季风区都是TST发生的区域,最大值位于青藏高原东南侧及其附近区域,该区域占亚洲季风区不可逆TST夏季平均总量的46%.(3)对流层-平流层质量交换的“源汇”特征分析表明,STT主要源于100°E以西、50°N以北的高纬地区,向下可以输送到中国东北部及朝鲜半岛北部等中纬度区域.而TST主要来源于中纬度和副热带地区的大气输送,向上穿越对流层顶高度以后,可分别向高纬的极地和热带地区输送,这意味着亚洲季风区夏季的TST水汽输送可能进入“热带管”中,进而可能对全球平流层水汽平衡产生重要影响. 相似文献
17.
Offshore Transport of Pesticides in the South Atlantic Bight: Preliminary Estimate of Export Budgets
Henry A. Alegria J. Pierre d''Autel Timothy J. Shaw 《Marine pollution bulletin》2000,40(12):1178-1185
Surface waters of the inner shelf (coast to 20-m isobath) of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) were sampled in July 1994 and August 1995 for pesticides currently used in the south-eastern United States to estimate offshore transport. Only atrazine was detected at all stations in 1994 and 1995 and simazine was detected at all stations in 1995. Atrazine levels were 5.60–12 ng/l in July 1994 and 3.1–11 ng/l in August 1995 and simazine levels were 0.8–4.6 ng/l in August 1995. We calculated reservoir masses (in inner shelf waters) of 550 kg atrazine in July 1994, and 325 kg atrazine and 180 kg simazine in August 1995. Using these reservoir masses and a previously estimated residence time for waters of the inner shelf of 30 days, annual export budgets were calculated. For 1994, a budget of 6600 kg atrazine was calculated. For 1995, budgets of 3900 kg atrazine and 2150 kg simazine were calculated.
Yearly riverine discharge to estuaries in the study region was estimated to range from 600 to 5600 kg atrazine and 100 to 550 kg simazine. The large budgets for the coastal inner shelf compared with yearly riverine discharge suggest that a significant fraction of atrazine and simazine applied in the region is being transported offshore from coastal waters. This transport pathway needs to be factored in when calculating mass balances and determining the ultimate fate of these pesticides. 相似文献
18.
Distributed physically based erosion and phosphorus (P) transport models, run by the overland flow model described in Taskinen and Bruen (2006. Hydrological Processes 20 : this issue), are described. In the erosion model, the additional components to the basic model were the outflow of the particles by infiltration and a new model component, i.e. deposition when rainfall stops. Two ways of calculating the shielding factor due to the flow depth were compared. The P transport model had both dissolved P (DP) and particulate P (PP) components. The processes included in the DP model were desorption from the soil surface, advection, storage in the overland flow and infiltration. The PP model accounted for advection, storage in the flow, infiltration, detachment from the soil surface by flow and rainfall and deposition both when transport capacity of suspended solids (SS) is exceeded and when rainfall ceases. When the models were developed and validated in small agricultural fields of cohesive soil types in southern Finland, comparisons were made between corresponding processes and the significance of added components were estimated in order to find out whether increased model complexity improves the model performance. The sedigraphs were found to follow the dynamics of rainfall, emphasizing the importance of the rainfall splash component. The basic model was too slow to react to changes in rainfall and flow rates, but infiltration and deposition that acts during the cessation in rainfall improved the model significantly by enabling the modelled SS to fall sharply enough. The shielding effect of flow depth from the splash detachment was found to play a significant role. Transport capacity should also be included in erosion models when they are applied to cohesive soils. In this study, the Yalin method worked well. A strong correlation was obvious between the measured SS and total P concentrations, indicating that the main form of P in runoff is PP. This emphasizes the importance of a good sediment transport model in P transport modelling. The submodel used for DP desorption from the soil surface produced plausible results without any calibration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
A mathematical model for groundwater denitrification using bacterial activity is presented. The model includes the momentum and mass balance equations for water and nitrogen, substrate and bacteria, and chemical reactions between them. The resulting multiphase, multicomponent, flow and transport governing equations, are coupled and nonlinear. A Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation of the equations is developed. The water and gas flow and transport equations are split into forward advection along characteristics, and a residual at a fixed frame of reference. Discontinuities, sharp fronts and steep gradients of the dependent variables are imposed on the advection mode and solved exactly. It is believed that this novel method will avoid numerical artifacts for the solution of the multiphase flow equations (e.g., upstream permeability) and numerical dispersion for the transport equation. 相似文献
20.
The westerly fluctuation and the atmospheric water vapor transport over the Qilian-Heihe valley are analyzed and the results show that, in the water vapor transport stream field from Jun to September, this valley is in the westerly stream and the water vapor comes from westerlies water transport via the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The net water vapor transport is less net import and different from most areas of the northwest China. The interannual changes in water vapor transport over the valley arise from the westerly fluctuation, and have a positive relationship to the interannual changes in westerly wind speed. The cold air actions from the Mongol low pressure are the primary system that controls the westerly water vapor transport. Its action chain is that, the Mongol low pressure is strengthened → the circulation meridionality will be increased → the cold air will move southwards → the westerly will be stronger → the wind convergence of direction and speed will be stronger → the water vapor convergence transport will be increased → the local water vapor content will be increased. The interannual changes in atmospheric water vapor transport over the valley rely mainly on the convergence transport, but the effect of advection transport is less. The interannual changes of strong or weak westerly affect mainly the convergence transport, and then make the atmospheric water vapor net transport increase or decrease over the Qilian-Heihe valley. 相似文献