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1.
A.L. Washburn 《Earth》1980,15(4):327-402
Permafrost features indicate certain upper limits for annual air and ground temperatures, with the air temperatures being usually the lower because of insulating snow and vegetation. The following features generally imply mean annual air temperatures no higher than those indicated and commonly lower: permafrost itself, large sorted forms of patterned ground, palsas, and rock glaciers, 0°C; ice-wedge polygons and well-developed soil-wedge polygons, ?5°C; open-system pingos, ?2°C; closed system pingos, ?6°C; the implication of cryoplanation terraces remains to be established, with estimates ranging from near 0° to ?12°C.Use of fossil permafrost features as temperature indicators is complicated by problems of correct identification and dating, soil type, and local and regional environmental variables such as precipitation and vegetation. Nevertheless the fact that certain maximum paleotemperatures can be reasonably established in places warrants expanded research in former periglacial areas to evaluate temperature increases to the present. The majority of determinations in Europe, where most of the work has been done to date, indicate minimum air temperature increases of 13°–18° since the maximum of the last glaciation. 相似文献
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Jan Ho&#x;ek Jind&#x;ich Prach Marek K&#x;íek Petr &#x;ída Piotr Moska Petr Pokorný 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(4):988-1005
Pronounced climatic warming associated with the Late Weichselian Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition caused considerable environmental changes throughout the former periglacial zones (in Europe ~53°–46°N). During permafrost degradation and subsequent ground subsidence (i.e. thermokarst processes), the landscape changed rapidly. In this study we investigated a flat mid‐altitude area in south Bohemia, Czech Republic, lying close to the southern limit of the Weichselian permafrost. We discovered palaeo‐lake basins with sedimentary infillings up to 11 m in depth. According to radiocarbon and palynostratigraphical dating, these basins were formed at the onset of the Late Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition, whereas the smaller depressions were formed later. We suggest that the basins resulted from thermal and fluvio‐thermal erosion of the former permafrost and represent remnants of discontinuous gullies and possibly collapsed frost mounds (pingo/lithalsa scars). The formation of this a fossil thermokarst landscape was climatically driven and multiple phased, with the major phase during the climatic warming and wetting at the onset of GI‐1e (Bølling) and the minor phase during GI‐1c (Allerød). This study enhances knowledge of the palaeogeography of the former European periglacial zone by showing that Late Pleistocene thermokarst activity could have had a significant impact on the evolution of the landscape of at least some regions of central Europe along the southern limit of the continuous permafrost zone. The research also points to a similar history for the physical transformation of the landscape of the former European periglacial zone and current thermokarst landscapes and could be a valuable source of information with respect to the future transformation of the Arctic under conditions of ongoing global warming. 相似文献
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An accumulation terrace close to the El'gygytgyn Impact Crater in northeastern Siberia contains stratigraphic and periglacial evidence of the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic history and permafrost dynamics during late Quaternary time. A succession of paleo active-layer deposits that mirror environmental changes records periods favorable for the establishment and growth of ice-wedge polygonal networks and sediment variations. These two elements of the periglacial landscape serve as complementary paleoenvironmental archives that can be traced back to ∼ 14,000 cal yr BP. The slope sediments and the ground ice contained therein have prominent relative maxima and minima in properties (grain size, total organic content, oxygen isotopes). They document a regional early Holocene thermal maximum at about 9000 cal yr BP, followed by a transition to slightly cooler conditions, and a subsequent transition to slightly warmer conditions after about 4000 cal yr BP. Results from sedimentary analysis resemble morphological and geochemical (oxygen and hydrogen isotopes) results from ice wedge studies, in which successive generations of ice-wedge polygonal networks record warmer winters in late Holocene time. Moreover, peaks of light soluble cation contents and quartz-grain surface textures reveal distinct traces of cryogenic weathering. We propose a conclusive sedimentation model illustrating terrace formation in a permafrost terrain. 相似文献
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何瑞霞 金会军 蒋观利 张泽 陈雪梅 Raul David SERBAN Mihaela SERBAN Jef VANDENBERGHE Valentin V.SPEKTOR Hugh M.FRENCH 《冰川冻土》2021,43(1):263-273
冰缘遗迹(特别是冷生楔形构造及融冻褶皱)是重建古气候及第四纪晚期多年冻土环境的重要证据.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原是我国北方地区冰缘现象最为发育的地区之一.为准确了解鄂尔多斯高原冰缘遗迹类型及其分布特征、区域冻土演化历史等,中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院和荷兰自由大学共同组成科研小组,于2018年5—6月组织了"鄂尔多斯高原... 相似文献
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土楔和冰楔假形及其古气候意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于土楔及冰楔所处冻土的含冰状况不同,二者对冻土退化的响应不同。土楔的形状及大小乃至其中的充填物可以完整地保存下来,而冰楔在融化过程中经受强烈变形,其原形状很难保存下来,以至无法辨认。已报道的冰楔假形中,有相当部分可能是原生土脉,甚至是活动层土楔。冰楔在多年冻土环境下生长,其假形可以指示古冻土曾存在过。但它与温度之间没有简单的对应关系,因为楔形构造的形成是地-气综合因素相互作用之结果。土楔可以是原生的,也可以是次生的,它与多年冻土环境并无必然联系。 相似文献
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James B. Benedict 《Quaternary Research》1976,6(1):55-76
Frost creep and gelifluction are the cold-climate representatives of mass-wasting processes that occur in a broad range of environments. Neither process requires permafrost, and frost creep can be inhibited by its presence at shallow depth. Acting in various combinations, frost creep and gelifluction produce distinctive lobate and terrace-like landforms, which are easy to recognize while fresh and active, but difficult to distinguish from mudflow lobes, earthslides, and similar deposits after they have been modified by other processes. Large frost creep and gelifluction features are currently active in many tundra environments that experience only deep seasonal freezing; thus they are not generally considered to be indicators of permafrost. Most radio-carbon-dated lobes and terraces, however, seem to have originated at times when permafrost was more widespread than it is today. This is true in the Colorado Front Range, where the formation of lobes and terraces appears to have been initiated by rapid melting of ice-enriched permafrost during the warming phases of frost-heave cycles that were centuries or millennia in duration. There is growing evidence that lobes and terraces developed in many parts of the world between about 3000 and 2500 BP; the climatic significance of their formation during this interval is open to several interpretations. Long-term average rates of frontal advance, calculated for deposits in Colorado, Australia, Greenland, Yukon Territory, Alaska, Scotland, and Norway, range from 0.6 to 3.5 mm per calendar year, significantly slower than maximum rates of movement measured on the surfaces of active lobes and terraces in comparable environments; the features are clearly not as effective at transporting debris as was previously supposed. Variations in past rates of downslope soil movement, estimated from close-interval dating of buried humus horizons or plant remains overrun by the advancing fronts of lobes and terraces, provide a sensitive record of climatic change. The dated humus layers are also suitable for detailed pollen analyses and soil chronosequence studies. 相似文献
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Brainerd Mears 《Quaternary Research》1981,15(2):171-198
Nonsorted polygons in the uppermost 2 to 3 m beneath Pleistocene surfaces indicate permafrost at 1340 m and higher elevations in the intermontane and piedmont plains of Wyoming during the Wisconsin, and perhaps earlier, glacial maxima. The polygons, as much as 10 m in diameter, are delineated by wedges that vary in depths, range from narrow to moderately flared forms, and deform host materials. The wedges have silty fine-to-medium sand matrices (largely eolian) with pebbles or clasts from hosts of gravel or bedrock. Some wedges may reflect seasonal cracking in a periglacial active zone, but most are either permafrost sand-wedge relics or, less commonly, ice-wedge casts. Alternative explanations are rejected largely because similar features are apparently lacking in the lower and warmer plains from eastern Colorado southward. The wedges suggest an arid, windy, periglacial environment whose mean-annual temperatures are conservatively estimated as some 10° to 13°C colder than those at present. Although late Wisconsin-early Holocene floral and faunal evidence indicates lowered montane biotic zones, the eolian and periglacial features indicate a lack of extensive forest cover on the basin floors. In conjunction with vertebrate-fossil associations of grazing and tundra animals, the wedges may provide a parallel line of evidence for a former periglacial steppe, or “steppe-tundra”, in the Wyoming basins. 相似文献
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冻融作用是冰缘环境的一个重要地貌过程, 其活动性直接反映气候变化, 成为冰冻圈过程研究的重要内容. 依据天山乌鲁木齐河源1991-2011年石环长期定位观测资料, 对天山大陆性冰缘环境中石环发育特点和冻融作用机制进行深入探讨.结果表明: 乌鲁木齐河源区石环冻胀作用在地表20 cm内最强, 直径为3 cm的定位桩受到的冻胀作用最小, 石环从中心向边缘冻胀作用变弱; 对比石环发育和无石环的地表, 前者冻融作用更强; 海拔对冻胀作用有明显影响, 在布设观测点的海拔3 500~4 000 m范围内, 随海拔上升, 冻胀作用增强, 到海拔3 900 m达到最大, 显示与当地现代冰川平衡线高度的吻合性. 相关性分析表明, 气候因素中夏季水热条件对石环发育作用较大, 其中夏季降水对冻胀作用的影响显著, 一年中地温在0℃波动的天数也是重要的影响因素; 石环活动层定位观测揭示出冰缘地貌对区域气候变化反应敏感, 对近20 a温度升高有积极响应. 相似文献
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2009年10月在西安召开第八届国际冻土工程会议, 就冻土地区工程设计与建设、季节冻土区工程冻害防治、冻土物理力学特性、 模型发展及其应用、寒区气候、环境及冷生变化、多年冻土水文学、寒区水资源和土地应用等主要议题进行了广泛交流, 报告了近年来冻土工程与环境研究方面的一些新进展. 从冻土工程设计、施工和评价、普通冻土研究、冻土的物理力学性质、冻土模型发展及应用、 气候变化及冰冻圈环境等方面对该次会议交流的成果进行了总结. 与会研究者认为今后的研究一方面要加强理论研究、工程措施机理研究;另一方面要加强寒区环境对气候变化的响应及反馈、以及环境变化与冻土工程措施之间的相互作用研究. 相似文献
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中国-俄罗斯原油管道工程(漠河-大庆段)冻土工程地质考察与研究进展 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
李国玉 金会军 盛煜 张建明 俞祁浩 齐吉琳 温智 吕兰芝 童长江 郭东信 王绍令 魏智 杨思忠 吉延俊 于少鹏 何瑞霞 常晓丽 郝加前 陈友昌 吴伟 翟镇远 赵意民 《冰川冻土》2008,30(1):170-175
在2005-2007年期间,先后3次对中国-俄罗斯原油管道漠河-大庆段沿线的冻土工程地质条件等进行科学考察,开展了冻土工程地质条件及其在气候变化和人类活动作用下的评价和预测研究.考察研究结果表明:管道沿线多年冻土在各类融区、季节冻土和水系等分隔作用下呈片状或岛状分布,沿线岛状、稀疏岛状及零星岛状占多年冻土区段的40%左右;管道沿线多年冻土随着气候的转暖和人类活动的影响不断退化.地形地貌单元、植被分布、地表水分条件的变化等局部因素对多年冻土的分布和地下冰的赋存产生重要的影响,管道沿线大约分布有50 km左右的沼泽湿地,其表层为腐殖质土及泥炭层,泥炭层下面分布着含土冰层或地下冰,是管道沿线最差的冻土工程地质地段;由于中俄原油管道沿线水系发育多,冻胀丘、冰椎和冰幔等不良冻土现象广泛分布.科学考察的成果为管道沿线冻土工程地质条件评价和预测、管道的稳定性影响分析以及后期的长期检测系统设置等研究奠定坚实的基础,进一步为即将开工的中俄原油管道漠河-大庆段工程的设计、施工提供科学依据. 相似文献
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Ronald C. Flemal 《Quaternary Research》1976,6(1):37-53
Pingos are large frost mounds which develop in permafrost as the result of the segregation of massive ground-ice lenses. At least two genetic varieties of pingos, open- and closed-systems, form under differing conditions of climate, topography, and groundwater occurrence. Active pingos are known to occur in many high latitude regions. Pingo scars are the degeneration products of pingos. Ideally they are ramparted, circular depressions, although they may be expressed in a variety of divergent forms due to differing conditions of topography, substrate materials, degree of thermokarst overprint, and erosional/depositional histories. Pingo scars occur in many modern permafrost regions. Presumed pingo scars have also been identified in many regions beyond the present permafrost limit and therefore may have utility in reconstructing former permafrost environments. 相似文献
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Lewis A. Owen Ben Richards Edward J. Rhodes W. Dickson Cunningham Brian F. Windley J. Badamgarav D. Dorjnamjaa 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(6):539-547
Relict permafrost structures (ice-wedge casts and cryoturbation structures) are present in the Gobi of southern Mongolia. Luminescence dates of sediments are presented to constrain the age of formation of permafrost structures. These data show that there was a phase of permafrost development during the latter part of the Last Glacial (after about 22 to 15 ka) that resulted in cryoturbated sediments and ice-wedge casts. Furthermore, permafrost degradation occurred during late Pleistocene times (13–10 ka) and was absent during the early Holocene. These permafrost structures mark the southernmost evidence of permafrost in northern Asia during late Quaternary times and indicate that the mean annual air temperature was below approximately −6°C during their formation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Climate and material controls on periglacial soil processes: Toward improving periglacial climate indicators 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Norikazu Matsuoka 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(2):356-365
One of the distinguished efforts of A.L. Washburn was to reconstruct mean annual air temperature using periglacial features as climate indicators. This paper reviews existing periglacial indicators and proposes a strategy to improve their thermal resolution based on recent periglacial process studies, with a focus on solifluction and thermal contraction cracking and associated landforms/structures. Landforms resulting from solifluction reflect both the depth subjected to freeze-thaw and the thickness of frost-susceptible soils. The thickness of a solifluction structure can be used to infer the dominant freeze-thaw regime and minimum seasonal frost depth. Ice-wedge pseudomorphs have limited potential as a climate indicator because (1) they mainly reflect extreme winter temperatures, (2) their thermal thresholds depend on the host material, and (3) they need to be distinguished from frost wedges of other origin produced under different thermal and/or material conditions. Monitoring studies of currently active ice wedges suggest that ice-wedge cracking requires a combination of low temperature and large temperature gradients in the frozen active layer. Further field monitoring of periglacial processes and their controlling factors under various climate conditions and in various materials are needed, however, to improve the resolution of periglacial paleoclimate indicators. 相似文献
18.
成都平原第四纪化石冰楔的发现及古气候意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
最近,在成都平原西缘,大邑城西氮肥厂附近,斜江河西岸,上新统-下更新统大邑砾岩剖面的北端新开挖的露头上,发现了4条化石冰楔。这里的地理坐标是30°35'N103°31'E,海拔530m.这些冰楔发育于大邑砾岩露头的顶部。其中最大的一条,顶部宽3m,向下延伸2.5m.这些冰楔垂直向下延伸,与大邑砾岩层面斜交。所以,它们是在大邑砾岩沉积之后并经过构造变动后形成的,是大邑砾岩的后生冰楔。化石冰楔的充填物的特征与大邑砾岩有明显差别:前者为棕黄色,后者为灰白-黄色;前者砾径分选较好,砾径较细,一般长5cm~15cm,而后者砾径分选较差,粗大者20cm~30cm;前者的砾石含量高,约95%,后者的砾石含量低,约85%;前者砾石ab面产状无优势方向,而后者的ab面产状显示优势方向,倾向170°~210°,倾角30°~40°.由于两者有上述差别,所以,化石冰楔在露头上可以被识别出来。采用ESR法测定冰楔充填物的时代为0.171Ma.由此看来,这些冰楔的形成时代可能相当于V28-238深海岩心氧同位素曲线第6气候期(0.195Ma~0.128Ma),也可与中国黄土L2~5(0.195Ma~0.180Ma)和L2~4(0.180Ma~0.167Ma)所记录的气候波动和青藏高原倒数第二次冰期对比。一般认为,冰楔是多年冻土的指示器,所以这些化石冰楔反映了成都平原在第四纪曾一度发育多年冻土。据研究,冰楔只能形成于年均温<-6℃的地方,高海拔多年冻土下界大致与-2℃~-4℃年均等温线相符。现今,大邑附近年均温约16℃.那么,化石冰楔形成时期,成都平原年均温至少比现今下降了18℃. 相似文献
19.
Huijun Jin Zhi Wei Shaoling Wang Qihao Yu Lanzhi Lü Qingbai Wu Yanjun Ji 《Engineering Geology》2008,101(3-4):96-109
The Qinghai–Tibet Highway and Railway (the Corridor) across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau traverses 670 km of permafrost and seasonally frozen-ground in the interior of the Plateau, which is sensitive to climatic and anthropogenic environmental changes. The frozen-ground conditions for engineering geology along the Corridor is complicated by the variability in the near-surface lithology, and the mosaic presence of warm permafrost and talik in a periglacial environment. Differential settlement is the major frost-effect problem encountered over permafrost areas. The traditional classification of frozen ground based on the areal distribution of permafrost is too generalized for engineering purposes and a more refined classification is necessary for engineering design and construction. A proposed classification of 51 zones, sub-zones, and sections of frozen ground has been widely adopted for the design and construction of foundations in the portion of the Corridor studied. The mean annual ground temperature (MAGT), near-surface soil types and moisture content, and active faults and topography are most commonly the primary controlling factors in this classification. However, other factors, such as local microreliefs, drainage conditions, and snow and vegetation covers also exert important influences on the features of frozen ground. About 60% of the total length of the Corridor studied possesses reasonably good frozen-ground conditions, which do not need special mitigative measures for frost hazards. However, other sections, such as warm and ice-rich or -saturated permafrost, particularly in the sections in wetlands, ground improvement measures such as elevated land bridges and passive or proactive cooling techniques need to be applied to ensure the long-term stability of thermally unstable, thick permafrost subsoils, and/or refill with non-frost-susceptible soils. Due to the long-history of the construction and management of the Corridor by various government departments, adverse impacts of construction and operation on the permafrost environment have been resulted. It is recommended that an integrated, executable plan for the routing of major construction projects within this transportation corridor be established and long-term monitoring networks installed for evaluating and mitigating the impact from anthropogenic and climatic changes in frozen-ground conditions. 相似文献
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Frost-cracking and ice-wedge growth are fundamental processes within the permafrost environment. Extensive areas of contemporary permafrost terrain are characterised by frost-fissure polygons, formed by repeated thermal contraction-cracking of the ground. The incremental growth of ice veins and wedges along the axes of contraction-cracks contributes significantly to the volume of ground ice in near-surface permafrost. In areas beyond the present limit of permafrost, the recognition of ice-wedge pseudomorphs provides one of the few unambiguous indications of the former existence of permafrost conditions. An understanding of the processes of ice-wedge growth and thaw transformation is essential if contemporary ice wedges are to be used as analogues for Pleistocene frost-fissure structures, in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. 相似文献