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1.
Konstantina P. Kavouri George P. Karatzas Valérie Plagnes 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(5):1301-1317
A coupled groundwater-flow-modelling and vulnerability-mapping methodology for the management of karst aquifers with spatial variability is developed. The methodology takes into consideration the duality of flow and recharge in karst and introduces a simple method to integrate the effect of temporal storage in the unsaturated zone. In order to investigate the applicability of the developed methodology, simulation results are validated against available field measurement data. The criteria maps from the PaPRIKa vulnerability-mapping method are used to document the groundwater flow model. The FEFLOW model is employed for the simulation of the saturated zone of Palaikastro-Chochlakies karst aquifer, in the island of Crete, Greece, for the hydrological years 2010–2012. The simulated water table reproduces typical karst characteristics, such as steep slopes and preferred drain axes, and is in good agreement with field observations. Selected calculated error indicators—Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and model efficiency (E′)—are within acceptable value ranges. Results indicate that different storage processes take place in different parts of the aquifer. The north-central part seems to be more sensitive to diffuse recharge, while the southern part is affected primarily by precipitation events. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the parameters of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield. The methodology is used to estimate the feasibility of artificial aquifer recharge (AAR) at the study area. Based on the developed methodology, guidelines were provided for the selection of the appropriate AAR scenario that has positive impact on the water table. 相似文献
2.
B. Trček 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):269-276
The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment
of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer
storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on
the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst
groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow
that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate
that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone. 相似文献
3.
Mauro Giudici Stefano Margiotta Fiorella Mazzone Sergio Negri Chiara Vassena 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(7):1891-1907
The control exerted by the hydrostratigraphic structure on aquifer recharge, groundwater flow and discharge along the coastal areas of a Mediterranean basin (Salento peninsula, about 5,000?km2 wide, southern Italy) is assessed through the development and application of a groundwater flow model based on the reconstruction of the hydrostratigraphic architecture at the regional scale. The hydrostratigraphic model, obtained by processing surface and subsurface data, is applied to map the top of the main aquifer, which is hosted in the deep hydrostratigraphic unit corresponding to Cretaceous and Oligocene limestones with complex geometrical relationships with the sea. It is also used to estimate the aquifer recharge, which occurs by percolation through overlying younger sediments with low permeability. These data are completed with information about the soil use to estimate water abstraction for irrigation and with literature data to estimate the water abstraction for drinking and industrial purposes. The above-sketched conceptual model is the basis for a finite difference groundwater 2D pseudo-stationary flow model, which assumes the following fundamental approximations: the fractured and karst limestone hydrostratigraphic unit can be approximated, at the model scale, as a continuous medium for which the discrete Darcy??s law is valid; the transition zone between salt and fresh water is so small with respect to the grid spacing that the Ghyben?CHerzberg??s approximation for a sharp interface can be applied. Along the coastline different boundary conditions are assigned if the top of the limestone hydrostratigraphic unit lies either above the sea level (the aquifer has a free surface and fresh water is drained), or below the sea level (the aquifer is under pressure and the contact with sea occurs off-shore). The groundwater flow model correctly predicts the areas where the aquifer is fully saturated with salt water. 相似文献
4.
5.
永定河对北京西山岩溶水和玉泉山泉的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩溶介质赋水各向异性使岩溶含水层具有不均一性和复杂性,增加了刻画地下水流场的难度和不确定性。为深入理解岩溶水系统不均一性,基于水化学和同位素数据研究了西山岩溶水系统补径排路径,为厘清岩溶水流场特征提供了新的依据。水化学和同位素证据表明西山岩溶区有3个补给源区:军庄、潭柘寺降水补给区和永定河渗漏补给区,每个补给区各自具有独立的径流通道。军庄补给区为降水和河水补给,降水补给向温泉-永丰屯方向径流;入渗河水补给沿永定河断裂向南东方向径流,在古城一带转向北东方向补给玉泉山泉。潭柘寺降水补给沿八宝山断裂北侧经回民公墓,八宝山朝四季青方向径流。自北而南可分为军庄-永丰屯径流带、永定河-香山径流带、潭柘寺-八宝山-四季青径流带。潭柘寺和永定河是西山岩溶水和重要补给源区,对玉泉山泉有直接影响。 相似文献
6.
Proper management of karst aquifers requires a better understanding of flow and transport mechanisms in these systems. Flow in karst aquifers is inherently very complex due to the non-linear and non-stationary relationship between recharge and discharge. Information on this relationship has been acquired for a large (1,000 km2), mountainous (>3,500 m asl) karst aquifer with a deep unsaturated zone (>2,000 m) in the Aladaglar mountain range of south-central Turkey. All major discharges from the aquifer, which drain almost all the recharge, have been observed periodically for specific electrical conductivity, tritium and oxygen-18 variations during a period of 12 months. Observations reveal that the system’s response to recharge depends strongly on the competition between the infiltration and drainage velocities. These velocities, which are controlled by variables such as the time of precipitation, time of infiltration, intensity, and continuity of recharge, determine the degree of dominance of different types of flow mechanisms in the aquifer. Bypass, well-mixed and piston flow mechanisms are used to explain the response of the aquifer to the spatio-temporal variations in recharge. It appears that the aquifer switches among these flow mechanisms depending on the prevailing recharge mode and the competition between infiltration and drainage velocities. 相似文献
7.
John R. Nimmo Kaitlyn M. Creasey Kim S. Perkins Benjamin B. Mirus 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(2):421-444
Layers of strong geologic contrast within the unsaturated zone can control recharge and contaminant transport to underlying aquifers. Slow diffuse flow in certain geologic layers, and rapid preferential flow in others, complicates the prediction of vertical and lateral fluxes. A simple model is presented, designed to use limited geological site information to predict these critical subsurface processes in response to a sustained infiltration source. The model is developed and tested using site-specific information from the Idaho National Laboratory in the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), USA, where there are natural and anthropogenic sources of high-volume infiltration from floods, spills, leaks, wastewater disposal, retention ponds, and hydrologic field experiments. The thick unsaturated zone overlying the ESRP aquifer is a good example of a sharply stratified unsaturated zone. Sedimentary interbeds are interspersed between massive and fractured basalt units. The combination of surficial sediments, basalts, and interbeds determines the water fluxes through the variably saturated subsurface. Interbeds are generally less conductive, sometimes causing perched water to collect above them. The model successfully predicts the volume and extent of perching and approximates vertical travel times during events that generate high fluxes from the land surface. These developments are applicable to sites having a thick, geologically complex unsaturated zone of substantial thickness in which preferential and diffuse flow, and perching of percolated water, are important to contaminant transport or aquifer recharge. 相似文献
8.
辛安泉域是山西第二大岩溶泉,是长治市生活主要供水水源,根据其地质和含水岩性特征,从其补径排规律上,分析了泉域接受降水补给的年内和年际特点.并建立其裸露区降水补给模型.得出降雨补给泉水滞后6a以上,最长可达10a,降水丰枯与泉水的不一致变化趋势.近年降水减少是泉水流量下降的主要原因,应合理开采,以保泉水常流不竭. 相似文献
9.
典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水水文过程研究——以桂林硝盐洞为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取桂林丫吉试验场硝盐洞为研究对象,通过示踪试验和高分辨率水文水化学监测,确定滴水补给来源,研究典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水对降雨响应的水文过程。研究结果表明,硝盐洞XY5滴水主要受到两种径流成分补给,即集中补给的管道流和弥散流。硝盐洞上部包气带中可能存在表层岩溶带含水层,长期维持滴水流量。滴水流量、电导率和示踪剂浓度的峰值均出现在强降雨时段,表现出快速响应的管道流特征,存在降雨阈值引起硝盐洞滴水降雨响应。降雨前岩溶含水层水分条件是包气带水文响应差异的主要原因,雨季滴水对降雨响应迅速,XY5滴水对降雨响应的滞后时间为10 h;而旱季对降雨的响应滞后明显,滞后时间达9.8天,体现了土壤和表层岩溶带的调蓄作用。74.4 mm降雨量是旱季转雨季滴水响应的降雨阈值。借助于洞穴滴水的水文动态变化和示踪试验技术对于研究包气带水文过程,深入了解岩溶含水层结构及特征,揭示岩溶区降雨入渗补给机制具有重要作用。 相似文献
10.
岩溶管道结构影响泉流量变化的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用MODFLOW-CFP建立管道流数值模型,模拟岩溶含水系统在暴雨期的响应过程,以泉口流量峰值作为因变量,分别对控制管道结构的4个参数以及落水洞集中补给比例进行调整,研究管道结构如何控制泉流量变化过程。结果表明:管道直径、管壁渗透系数和落水洞补给比例对泉口流量峰值均表现为正相关,其中管壁渗透系数影响最大;管道弯曲度值较小时其增大促进出口流量峰值变大,当径流途径变长引起的流量减小幅度超过管壁面积变大引起的流量增大幅度时,流量峰值逐渐变小;管壁粗糙度在达到两个相对应的雷诺数临界值时水流状态发生突变,导致流量峰值也表现为两次突变。 相似文献
11.
云南省岩溶水赋存特征 总被引：10，自引：7，他引：3
云南省岩溶水赋存特征,从宏观到微观层面主要表现为:高原面上总体岩溶含水层的富水性比较均匀,其中的汇水型岩溶断陷盆地内,岩溶含水层特征等同于多孔介质。高原面边缘、河谷斜坡地带岩溶含水层的富水性极不均匀,其中在汇水—径流型岩溶断陷盆地内,上游部分富水性比较均匀,靠近下游转换带及其以下溶洞管道区富水性极不均匀。在一个完整的水文地质单元内,饱水带水位埋深基本接近集中排泄点的水位。通常,补给区实质上主要是透水层;径流区基本具备含水层的特征;排泄区方形成了名副其实的含水层。特定的微地貌组合形式,能够反映岩溶水的运动、赋存特征,应注意调查研究。 相似文献
12.
Mitja Janža 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):909-920
Karst aquifers are known for their heterogeneity and irregular complex flow patterns which make them more difficult to model
and demand specific modeling approaches. This paper presents one such approach which is based on a conceptual model. The model
was applied in a karst area of the catchment of Rižana spring (200 km2). It is based on the MIKE SHE code and incorporates
the main hydrological processes and geological features of the karst aquifer (diffuse and concentrated infiltration, allogenic
recharge, quick and slow groundwater flow, shifting groundwater divides and groundwater outflow from the catchment area).
Modeling of evapotranspiration and flow in the upper part of the unsaturated zone is more detailed. For the modeling of groundwater
flow in the karst aquifer, a conceptual model was applied which uses drainage function for the simulation of groundwater flow
through large conduits (karst channels and large fissures). The model was calibrated and validated against the observed Rižana
spring discharge which represents a measured response of the aquifer. The results of validation show that the model is able
to adequately simulate temporal evolution of the spring discharge, measured by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (0.82) as well as
overall water balance. 相似文献
13.
岩溶塌陷发育机理模式研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
岩溶塌陷是我国岩溶区常见的地质灾害。目前,关于岩溶塌陷发育机理模式主要以力学分析为主。文章以岩溶塌陷过程为基础,探讨分析岩溶塌陷发育机理模式。依据地下水埋藏条件,土体分为包气带非饱和土体、潜水层饱和土体及承压水层承压性土体。根据“水-+土”相互作用,在包气带、潜水层和承压水层分别建立崩解作用、潜蚀作用和水力裂隙作用三种岩溶塌陷发育机理模式。 相似文献
14.
岩溶含水层具有高度的非均质性和各向异性,为定量识别济南泉域岩溶含水层发育状况,通过选取泉域岩溶水补给区和排泄区的地下水位动态数据,采用相关分析和频谱分析,研究其对降雨补给的响应特征.地下水位-降雨量的自相关和互相关分析表明,系统对降雨输入信号的敏感程度自补给区至排泄区逐渐降低,但记忆作用逐渐增强.相位分析结果表明泉域地下水位对降雨信号的响应存在滞后现象,自补给区至排泄区滞后时间逐渐延长,补给区地下水位与降雨具有更好的线性相关性.交叉振幅分析结果表明补给区地下水流中快速流约占20%~30%,而在排泄区快速流占比减少至2.5%~10.0%.岩溶含水系统地下水动力条件主要受岩溶发育程度等介质内部结构影响,济南泉域岩溶含水层岩溶发育程度较低,含水介质和水流通道以岩溶裂隙为主,地下水运动以基质流为主. 相似文献
15.
M. Alazard A. Boisson J-C. Maréchal J. Perrin B. Dewandel T. Schwarz M. Pettenati G. Picot-Colbeaux W. Kloppman S. Ahmed 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(1):35-57
The recharge flow paths in a typical weathered hard-rock aquifer in a semi-arid area of southern India were investigated in relation to structures associated with a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) scheme. Despite the large number of MAR structures, the mechanisms of recharge in their vicinity are still unclear. The study uses a percolation tank as a tool to identify the input signal of the recharge and uses multiple measurements (piezometric time series, electrical conductivity profiles in boreholes) compared against heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and geochemical data (major ions and stable isotopes) to examine recharge flow paths. The recharge process is a combination of diffuse piston flow and preferential flow paths. Direct vertical percolation appears to be very limited, in contradiction to the conceptual model generally admitted where vertical flow through saprolite is considered as the main recharge process. The horizontal component of the flow leads to a strong geochemical stratification of the water column. The complex recharge pattern, presented in a conceptual model, leads to varied impacts on groundwater quality and availability in both time and space, inducing strong implications for water management, water quality evolution, MAR monitoring and longer-term socio-economic costs. 相似文献
16.
Stephen R. Worthington 《Environmental Geology》2002,42(5):546-551
It is widely recognized that karstification can substantially influence flow and transport characteristics in carbonate aquifers. Surface features such as sinkholes are widely used to diagnose the presence of a karst aquifer, but specific borehole tests for karst have not been well defined. Such tests are especially important in glaciated areas where karst features have been eroded or buried by till. One such area is Smithville, Ontario, where more than 60 boreholes at a PCB-contaminated dolostone site provided an opportunity for a wide range of downhole tests and monitoring to be carried out. It was found that there were a number of useful tests for indicating karstification. These included (1) the order of magnitude differences between pump, slug and packer test results, (2) the presence of water table troughs, (3) rapid water level response following recharge events, (4) the rapid changes in water quality following recharge events, (5) water undersaturated with respect to calcite following recharge events, and (6) a wide range in fracture apertures along major bedding planes. Most parameters vary over a similar range at Smithville as they do at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, indicating that the Smithville aquifer behaves as a typical karst aquifer. 相似文献
17.
E. César S. Wildemeersch Ph. Orban S. Carrière S. Brouyère A. Dassargues 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(5):1087-1100
Models are the only tools capable of predicting the evolution of groundwater systems at a regional scale, by taking into account a large amount of information. This study presents the association of a water balance model (WetSpass) with a groundwater flow and solute transport model (SUFT3D, saturated and unsaturated flow and transport in 3D) in order to simulate the present and future groundwater quality in terms of nitrate in the Upper Dyle basin (439 km2) Belgium. The HFEMC (hybrid finite element mixing cell) method implemented in the SUFT3D code is used to model groundwater flow and nitrate transport. Spatially distributed recharge, modelled with WetSpass, is considered for prescribing the recharge to the groundwater flow model. The feasibility of linking the WetSpass model with the finite-elements SUFT3D code is demonstrated. Time evolution and distribution of nitrate concentration are then simulated using the calibrated model. Nitrate inputs are spatially distributed according to land use. The spatial simulations and temporal trends are compared with previously published data on this aquifer and show good results. 相似文献
18.
M.E. Stuart L. Maurice T.H.E. Heaton M. Sapiano M. Micallef Sultana D.C. Gooddy P.J. Chilton 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
The Maltese islands are composed of two limestone aquifers, the Upper and Lower Coralline Limestone separated by an aquitard, the ‘Blue Clay’. The Lower Coralline Limestone is overlain in part by the poorly permeable Globigerina Limestone. The upper perched aquifers are discontinuous and have very limited saturated thickness and a short water level response time to rainfall. Frequent detections of coliforms suggest a rapid route to groundwater. However, the unsaturated zone has a considerable thickness in places and the primary porosity of the Upper Coralline Limestone is high, so there is likely to be older recharge by slow matrix flow as well as rapid recharge from fractures. Measurement of SF6 from a pumping station in a deep part of one of the perched aquifers indicated a mean saturated zone age of about 15 a. The Main Sea Level aquifers (MSL) on both Malta and Gozo have a large unsaturated thickness as water levels are close to sea level. On Malta, parts of the aquifer are capped by the perched aquifers and more extensively by the Globigerina Limestone. The limited detection of coliform bacteria suggests only some rapid recharge from the surface via fractures or karst features. Transmissivity is low and 3H and CFC/SF6 data indicate that saturated zone travel times are in the range 15–40 a. On Gozo the aquifer is similar but is more-extensively capped by impermeable Blue Clay. CFC data show the saturated zone travel time is from 25 a to possibly more than 60 a. Groundwater age is clearly related to the extent of low-permeability cover. The δ13C signature of groundwater is related to the geochemical processes which occur along the flowpath and is consistent with residence time ages in the sequence; perched aquifers < Malta MSL < Gozo MSL. The 18O and 2H enriched isotopic signature of post 1983 desalinated water can be seen in more-modern groundwater, particularly the urbanized areas of the perched and Malta MSL aquifers. In all aquifers, movement of solutes from the surface travelling slowly through the matrix provide a long-term source of groundwater contaminants such as NO3. 相似文献
19.
Abigail L. Langston Elizabeth J. Screaton Jonathan B. Martin Vincent Bailly-Comte 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(4):767-781
The karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida (USA) is recharged by both diffuse and allogenic recharge. To understand how recharged water moves within the aquifer, water levels and specific conductivities were monitored and slug tests were conducted in wells installed in the aquifer surrounding the Santa Fe River Sink and Rise. Results indicate that diffuse recharge does not mix rapidly within the aquifer but instead flows horizontally. Stratification may be aided by the high matrix porosity of the eogenetic karst aquifer. Purging wells for sample collection perturbed conductivity for several days, reflecting mixing of the stratified water and rendering collection of representative samples difficult. Interpretive numerical simulations suggest that diffuse recharge impacts the intrusion of allogenic water from the conduit by increasing hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer and thereby reducing influx to the aquifer from the conduit. In turn, the increase of head within the conduits affects flow paths of diffuse recharge by moving newly recharged water vertically as the water table rises and falls. This movement may result in a broad vertical zone of dissolution at the water table above the conduit system, with thinner and more focused water-table dissolution at greater distance from the conduit. 相似文献
20.
Hervé Jourde Axel Roesch Vincent Guinot Vincent Bailly-Comte 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):725-730
This paper describes the role of groundwater contribution to surface flow at the Causse d’Aumelas, a karst system near Montpellier
(France), which is traversed by an intermittent river, the Coulazou. A first hydrologic model integrating a digital terrain
model shows the inability of a standard rainfall-runoff model to replicate recorded flood hydrographs. While the flood peaks
are routed through the karstic system along the Coulazou without a phase lag, the peak magnitude is somewhat modified. These
results indicate an initial karst system recharge followed by a significant contribution to surface flow. A hydrodynamic analysis
of ground-water flow confirms these results: the karst system first absorbs part of the rainfall, which induces a general
water table rise within the aquifer, and then contributes to surface flow in the Coulazou. 相似文献