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1.
依据哈巴雪山自然保护区及附近气候观测资料,应用气候学方法和原理,综合分析该自然保护区垂直气候要素,分析中发现,光照、气温、降水等气候要素,随海拔升高,垂直分异明显。依据气候特征的垂直变化,结合植被及土壤的分布,参照划分垂直气候带的标准,将保护区划分为7种气候带：河谷中亚热带、河谷北亚热带、山地暖温带、山地中温带、山地寒温带、高山寒带、高山永久冰雪带。分析结果表明：保护区垂直气候带特征分异明显,气候类型丰富多样;山地寒温带、高山寒带等地区,生态高度敏感脆弱。 相似文献
2.
基于MODIS-NDVI的西藏林芝地区植被时空变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对西藏林芝地区进行垂直带划分的基础上,运用MODIS-NDVI数据对2000-2009年四季不同垂直带的植被演变进行研究.结果表明:1)不同海拔带的NDVI年内变化特征不同,随着海拔下降,植被生长旺盛期由秋季变为冬季;2)10年内,海拔3 000 m以下垂直带的NDVI平均值除秋季增长外,其它季节都表现为降低,而海拔3 000 m以上垂直带植被四季都表现为增长;3)10年来研究区春季、夏季和冬季低于海拔3 000 m的区域,植被退化的面积大于趋好的面积,而海拔3 000 m以上区域,植被趋好的面积大于等于退化的面积,但秋季所有海拔带中植被趋好的面积都大于退化的面积.总之,作为低海拔热带、亚热带和暖温带植被与高海拔寒温带和寒带植被分界线的海拔3 000 m,是一条重要的生态分界线,分界线上下的植被表现出不同的变化趋势,而气温升高是导致植被变化的因素之一,人类活动也有一定的作用. 相似文献
3.
东亚地区森林植被带的三维空间分布 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
东亚森林植被带主要由热带亚热带雨林（季雨林）、暖温带常绿阔叶林、冷温带落中阔叶林和亚寒带针叶林组成。这些植被带的垂直分布高度随纬度（温度梯度）和经度（干湿度梯度）的不同而变化，本文根据大量的地植物学资料，从生态气候学的角度研究了这种变化的规律性并给予了定理的表达。结果表明，在湿润气候区，各森林植被带的分布高度随纬度的增加而下降，下降趋势能用多级正弦函数来表达，随着经度的增加（由内陆向沿海变化），各 相似文献
4.
博尔塔拉河流域位于中哈边境,其植被和土壤具有十分明显的垂直分布和区域性差异,根据该流域一条自西向东沿着海拔高度从210 m 到3 235 m 长约200多km的样带上所采集的人为干扰较少的49 个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了博尔塔拉河流域植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区孢粉谱从上至下可划分为6个带,分别对应高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、森林灌丛带、灌丛草原带、荒漠草原带、荒漠植被带。值得注意的是第6个孢粉带因含有具湿地特征的隐域性植被类型花粉组分,故又分成2个亚带,即荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ1和荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ2。森林灌丛植被带上限的云杉花粉含量明显比该带下限的含量高,表明云杉花粉的传播在沟谷地区受山谷风的影响较大。与此同时,将孢粉数据与气象数据相结合,分析结果得出比较有代表性的云杉属(Picea)、桦属(Betula)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、麻黄属(Ephedra)等花粉,与降水量和温度的关系较为密切。 相似文献
5.
孢粉学分析是古生态与古气候定量重建的重要指标之一,建立现代表土孢粉与植被之间的定量关系是利用地层孢粉准确解释古生态与古气候变化的前提条件。基于华南亚热带中部山地垂直植被带采集的113个现代表土和苔藓孢粉样品,采用典型对应分析方法（Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA）,探讨研究区不同海拔表土孢粉种类散布规律与气候因子之间的关系。主要得出以下结论：1）华南亚热带中部地区现代表土孢粉组合中乔木类以壳斗科栲属、常绿栎属、松属、杉木属和大戟科等种类占绝对优势,草本植物花粉以禾本科、蒿属、菊科和莎草科为主,蕨类孢子以三缝孢子、芒萁属、水龙骨科和单缝孢子为主。2）研究区低海拔至高海拔的孢粉组合呈现以下变化规律：低海拔地区（0~702 m）孢粉组合以栲属、常绿栎属、松属、野桐属、枫香属、茜草科以及禾本科花粉为主;中海拔（703~1 299 m）山坡的优势孢粉为栲属、杉木属、松属和常绿栎属;高海拔地区（1 300~1 600 m）以栲属、常绿栎属、水青冈属、杜鹃花科以及松属花粉最为丰富,表土孢粉组合变化过程与现代植被群落优势种类有较好的一致性。3）CCA分析结果显示,控制研究区域主要表土孢粉分布的气候因子为年均降雨量（MAP）、最热月降水（Mpwa）和最热月温度（Mtwa）;松属、杉木属、栲属、常绿栎属、山茶科、水青冈属和落叶栎属等高百分比含量的花粉所对应的气候特征较为明显。4）低海拔地区的优势种属栲属、常绿栎属等以及相对高海拔的松属、杉木属和水青冈属等能较好地反映气候因子对植被空间分布的影响。因此,文章揭示了华南亚热带中部地区表土孢粉在垂直植被带上具有明显差异,孢粉散布规律可能与研究区植被组成、生境、花粉形态与传播媒介等因素有关,能为利用化石孢粉数据进行古生态与古气候定量重建提供参考资料。 相似文献
6.
云龙天池自然保护区垂直气候带划分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以位于纵向岭谷区核心区域的云龙天池自然保护区为研究对象,通过分析保护区气温及降水两大要素的垂直变化,依据气候要素变化特征,结合云南省热量资源区划指标系统及山地热量带划分原则,将保护区划分为6个垂直气候带:澜沧江河谷南亚热带半湿润气候带、澜沧江河谷中亚热带湿润气候带、低中山山麓北亚热带湿润气候带、中山南温带湿润气候带、高中山中温带湿润气候带、高山寒温带潮湿气候带。对各垂直气候带内气候、生物特征进行分析,结果表明:各气候带界限明确,发育符合本气候带热量水分条件的植被及土壤;山麓底部发育有符合水平地带性规律的基带,基带垂直向下的河谷地带发育负向气候带;保护区南温带及以上的气候带,气温偏低,生态系统脆弱。 相似文献
7.
城市地域地表温度-植被覆盖定量关系分析--以深圳市为例 总被引：39，自引：6，他引：33
地表温度-植被覆盖间的关系一直是城市热岛研究的热点之一,两者均为描述生态系统特征的重要参数。本文利用深圳市2004年的ETM+影像,基于遥感技术提取相关的下垫面类型、地表温度和植被覆盖等信息,探讨不同下垫面类型对地表温度-植被覆盖关系的影响,并结合分形维度计算方法,比较不同分辨率下地表温度、植被覆盖及其相关关系的变化。研究结果表明,植被覆盖程度与地表温度之间存在明显的负相关,并且在不同的植被覆盖程度下,地表温度-植被覆盖关系呈现分段线性关系。下垫面类型及其组合主要通过植被覆盖的分布对地表温度产生影响。而在不同空间分辨率下(30m至960m),地表温度和植被覆盖的空间变异程度均表现为先升后降,在120m的分辨率下,两者的相关程度达到最高。结果证实区域植被覆盖状况可直接影响辐射、热动力以及土壤水分等多种地表特征,从而导致地表温度分异等。 相似文献
8.
基于DEM-NDVI的高山植被带定量刻划 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根据不同高山植被类型具有不同归一化植被指数响应的特点,通过对NDVI的分析来定量刻划高山植被带的海拔分布。首先,利用DEM、NDVI构建DEM-NDVI散点分布图;然后,结合地面调查资料与WorldView-2高分遥感影像对DEM-NDVI散点分布图进行统计回归分析;最后,利用分析结果定量刻划高山植被垂直分带结构。将该方法应用于四川卧龙大熊猫保护区的卧龙关沟,结果表明：① NDVI随海拔升高而呈“Z”字形变化;② DEM-NDVI散点图比样本点DEM-NDVI分布图能更完全地表达高山植被NDVI随高程变化的特征;③ 卧龙关沟东北坡高山植被带海拔高度为3255~4415 m,西南坡高山植被带海拔高度为3193~4473 m,与地面调查得到的区域代表植被的分布高度基本一致。 相似文献
9.
神农架大九湖四万年以来的植被与气候变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对大九湖6 m长连续沉积岩芯剖面(DJH-1 孔) 7 个样品的AMS14C年龄测定和151 块孢粉样品的鉴定分析, 揭示了神农架区域4 万以年来植被和气候演变。末次冰期阶段大九湖附近发育森林草地或草地-草甸植被。MIS 3 晚期, ~42-39 cal ka BP之间, 气候相对干冷, 发育森林草地;~39-31 cal ka BP 之间, 气候较为湿润, 草甸扩张并伴随低海拔阔叶树种的发育。MIS 2 阶段, 草甸组分中蒿属显著增加, 高海拔可能分布有荒漠草地, 气候极端干冷;该时期植被带垂直下降达到1000 余m, 按垂直温度递减率推算, 冰盛期阶段该区域温度下降约7℃左右。从冰消期开始, 森林植被开始扩张, 北温带、暖温带和亚热带乔木组分依次增加。约在9.4-4 cal ka BP之间, 演变为亚热带常绿阔叶落叶林, 属全新世适宜期;从约4 cal ka BP以来, 北温带阔叶和针叶树开始增加, 气候趋于凉干。通过对比区域高分辨率的洞穴石笋及高纬冰芯氧同位素记录, 表明神农架区域植被环境变化对气候变化敏感, 并记录了H1, YD气候突变事件;进一步体现出该区域气候环境演变主要与北半球太阳辐射控制的东亚夏季风强度变化有关, 且与北半球高纬气候变化一致。 相似文献
10.
用多角度遥感数据反演混合像元组分温度的可行性分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用多通道信息反演陆面温度的传统方法,由于通道间信息的高度相关使反演结果的精度难以提高,并且无法得到混合像元中的组分温度。文中以非同温混合像元热红外辐射方向性规律为基础,建立了连续植被类型非同温混合像元热红外辐射模型,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟分析了连续植被的组分有效比辐射率与变量的关系。结果表明:连续植被热辐射亮度值是组分温度Tv、Ts,叶面积指数LAI,叶倾角分布LAD,以及单叶面比辐射率εv(θ)和土壤表面比辐射率εv(θ)的函数。利用先验知识对变量进行分析后表明,6个变量中只有Tv、Ts、LAI、εv(0)需要反演。由于多角度间组分辐射亮度的相关性低,从理论上讲只需要4个角度的辐射亮度观测值就可以解出4个未知量而达到反演组分温度的目的。这4个角度数据除选择垂直方向上辐射亮度数据外,应在30°～50°视角范围内选择另外3个热辐射亮度数据。 相似文献
11.
According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, two glacial
stages of the last glacial cycle (LGC) and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage (Meteorological Station glacier
advance) took place about 11 ka (11.3±1.2 ka), and the last glacial maximum (LGM), named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance,
occurred at 20 ka (20.0±2.1 ka). Based on the Ohmura’s formula in which there is a relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric
temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation-area ratio (AAR), maximum elevation of lateral moraines
(MELM), toe-to headwall altitude ratios (THAR), the terminal to summit altitudinal (TSAM), the altitude of cirque floor (CF),
and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area (Hofer) were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different
stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250–2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which
is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope,
and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope
during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The ΔELA values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about
920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwanese and Japanese mountains in East Asia
during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations (i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM
and 11 m in the Late Glacial) is not obvious.
Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40571016
Author: Zhang Wei (1969–), Ph.D and Professor, specialized in Quaternary environment and climate geomorphology. 相似文献
12.
The westerly winds and East Asian summer monsoon play a leading role in climate change of southwestern North America and eastern Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),respectively.Their convergence in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent(AAC) makes the regional climate change more complicated on the millennial-scale.There are still limitations in applying paleoclimate records and climate simulations of characteristic periods to investigate climate change patterns since the LGM in this region.In this study,we adopt two indexes indicating effective moisture and rely on a continuous simulation,a time slice simulation,and numerous paleoclimate records to comprehensively investigate the cli-mate change modes and their driving mechanisms since the LGM in AAC.Results demon-strate a millennial-scale climate differentiation phenomenon and three climate change modes possibly occurring in AAC since the LGM.The western AAC largely controlled by the westerly winds is featured as wet climates during the LGM but relatively dry climates during the mid-Holocene (MH),coinciding with the climate change mode in southwestern North America.Conversely,dry conditions during the LGM and relatively wet conditions during the MH are reflected in eastern AAC governed by the East Asian summer monsoon,which leans to the climate change mode in eastern Asia.If climate change in central AAC is forced by the in-teraction of two circulations,it expresses wet conditions in both the LGM and MH,tending to a combination of the southwestern North American and eastern Asian modes.Precipitation and evaporation exert different intensities in influencing three climate modes of different periods.Furthermore,we identify the significant driving effects of greenhouse gases and ice sheets on westerly-dominated zones of AAC,while orbit-driven insolation on monsoon-dominated zones of AAC. 相似文献
13.
According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle (LGC) and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage (Meteorological Station glacier advance) took place about 11 ka (11.3±1.2 ka), and the last glacial maximum (LGM), named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka (20.0±2.1 ka). Based on the Ohmura’s formula in which there is a relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation–area ratio (AAR), maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM), toe–to headwall altitude ratios (THAR), the terminal to summit altitudinal (TSAM), the altitude of cirque floor (CF), and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area (Hofer) were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250–2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The ELA △ values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwanese and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations (i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial) is not obvious. 相似文献
14.
Spatial variation of altitudinal belts as dividing index between warm temperate and subtropical zones in the Qinling-Daba Mountains 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To determine the dividing index between warm temperate and subtropical zones based on the spectra of altitudinal belts,this paper collected 33 spectra of altitudinal belts in the Qinling-Daba Mountains from published literatures and then analyzed the structures and the spatial patterns from south to north,from west to east and based on exposure directions.The results show that:1)From south to north,the basal belt gradually changes from subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest;the spectra of altitudinal belts change from complex to simple;the dominant belt changes from montane broadleaf-conifer mixed forest and evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest to deciduous broadleaf forest.2)From west to east,the structures of the altitudinal belt spectra show complexity in the east and west but simplicity in the middle section;the upper limits of both the evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest belt and montane deciduous broadleaf forest belt present a quadratic curve distribution pattern in the longitudinal direction.However,the upper limit of the montane broadleaf-conifer mixed forest belt exhibits a nearly linear decrease in the west-east direction.3)Both the north and south slopes in the Qinling Mountains have the similar basal belt,whereas it varies greatly between the north and south slopes in the Daba Mountains.Comparably,dominant belts are very similar in the Qinling Mountains and the north slope of the Daba Mountains,but the south slope of the Daba Mountains has its own unique dominant belt:evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest.This implies that the Daba Mountains are more appropriate than the Qinling Mountains to act as the boundary between subtropical and warm-temperate zones in central China. 相似文献
15.
山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局研究是揭示植被地带性分布式样的重要手段,其研究内容主要包括山地森林群落物种多样性的垂直变化模式、山地森林群落物种多样性垂直带谱和山地森林群落物种多样性及其环境解释等。目前对于山地森林群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度的格局变化模式尚无统一认识,但大致可概括为5类变化模式。垂直带谱研究从最初的单因子单目标已逐步过渡到单因子多目标,最后到多因子多目标。研究深度也从根据样地资料的简单描述和分析,发展为山地森林群落物种多样性机理假说的提出与证实,尚未见有关山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局机理的报道。山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局研究方法可分为取样方法和测度方法两大类。常用的取样方法有梯度格局法（或连续样带取样法）和典型群落随机取样法,其中最小取样面积的确定尤为关键。就山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局测度和分析而言,物种多样性指数的测度和单元统计分析（回归、假设检验、方差分析、相关分析等）较为常见,随着分析手段的不断创新,植被数量分类和排序等多元统计学分析方法得到了日益广泛的应用。 相似文献
16.
Bo Elberling Rasmus Fensholt L. Larsen A-I. S. Petersen Inge Sandholt 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):47-56
Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) regulates the partitioning between soil C-stock and release of CO2 to the atmosphere and is vital for soil fertility. Agricultural expansion followed by decreasing amounts of SOC and soil fertility is a problem mainly seen in tropical agro-ecosystems where fertilizers are in short supply. This paper focuses on factors influencing temporal trends in soil respiration measured as CO2 effluxes in grass savanna compared with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in the semi-arid part of Senegal in West Africa. Based on laboratory experiments, soil CO2 production has been expressed as a function of temperature and soil water content by fit equations. Field measurements included soil CO2 effluxes, soil temperatures and water contents. Effluxes in grass savanna and groundnut fields during the dry season were negligible, while effluxes during the rainy season were about 3–8 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1, decreasing to less than 1 μmol by the end of the growing season. Annual soil CO2 production was simulated to be in the range of 31–38 mol C m?2. Furthermore, a controlled water addition experiment revealed the importance of rain during the dry season for the overall turnover of soil organic matter. 相似文献
17.
AbstractPáramo grasslands are important carbon sinks in the Ecuadorian Andes. Although carbon content of páramo Andisols is correlated with high water retention, the effects of differences in soil moisture under different types of land use on soil carbon processes have not been explicitly tested in the Ecuadorian Andes. This study assessed the relationship between soil moisture and soil CO2 flux among a mature páramo grassland, recently burned páramo grassland, native montane forest, and pine plantation in an Ecuadorian páramo landscape. Soil CO2 flux was greater in the forest sites compared to the grassland sites. Thus, a shift from grassland to forest cover may have significant implications for soil carbon loss via CO2 flux. Our results suggest that although soil moisture plays a significant role in differences of soil CO2 flux rates among land-use types, more investigation into mechanisms for soil carbon loss and how they are driven by land-use change is needed. To our knowledge, these are the first soil CO2 flux rates reported for the Ecuadorian páramo. 相似文献
18.
LENA HÅKANSSON ANGELA GRAF STEFAN STRASKY SUSAN IVY-OCHS PETER W. KUBIK CHRISTIAN HJORT CHRISTIAN SCHLÜCHTER 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(3):195-202
Earlier work in northeast Greenland has suggested a limited advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, this concept has recently been challenged by marine geological studies, indicating grounded ice on the continental shelf at this time. New 10Be‐ages from the Store Koldewey island, northeast Greenland, suggest that unscoured mountain plateaus at the outer coast were covered at least partly by cold‐based ice during the LGM. It is, however, still inconclusive whether this ice was dynamically connected to the Greenland Ice Sheet or not. Regardless of the LGM ice sheet extent, the 10Be results from Store Koldewey add to a growing body of evidence suggesting considerable antiquity of crystalline unscoured terrain near present and Pleistocene ice sheet margins. 相似文献
19.
Late Glacial and Neoglacial (Little Ice Age) deposits on the Humboldt Massif were analyzed for relative-age dating parameters, including geomorphic and weathering characteristics, geochemical and soil properties. The soil chronosequence, formed in chemically uniform parent materials, provides an important database to study soil evolution in a tropical alpine environment. Extractable and total Fe and Al concentrations, examined to assess their use in relative-age determination, and as paleoenvironmental indicators, provide an important measure of the accumulation and downward profile movement over time of organically-bound Al, ferrihydrite and other crystalline forms (hematite and goethite) of extractable Fe. Ferrihydrite is particularly useful in determining former perched water levels in soils with relation to paleoclimate. The ratios of most Fe extracts are time dependent. The Fed/Fet ratio, within statistical limits, shows a slow increase from LIA (Little Ice Age) to Late Glacial soils, which closely correlates with other alpine soil studies in the middle latitudes and other tropical alpine locales. Values of Ald (dithionite) and Alo (oxalate extractable) generally do not correlate with time; however, Alp (pyrophosphate extractable) measured against Alt (total) provides insight on the downward translocation over time of organically-bound Al. Low leaching rates in this chronosequence are further supported by clay mineralogy trends and the geochemical data. 相似文献
20.
Tropical forests play a major role in storing large carbon stocks and regulating energy, and water fluxes, but such forest cover is decreasing rapidly in spite of the policy attention on reducing deforestation. High-resolution spatiotemporal maps are unavailable for the forests in majority of the tropical regions in Asia because of the persistent cloud cover and haze cover. Recent advances in radar remote sensing have provided weather-independent data of earth surface, thus offering an opportunity to monitor tropical forest change processes with relatively high spatiotemporal resolutions. In this research, we aim to examine the tropical deforestation process and develop a spatial model to simulate future forest patterns under various scenarios. Riau Province from central Sumatra of Indonesia is selected as the study area; this province has received much attention worldwide because the highest CO2 emission resulting from tropical deforestation has been recorded. Annual time series PALSAR data from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed for forest mapping and detecting land cover changes. A spatial model was calibrated using the Bayesian method. Modeling parameters were customized for the local subregions that allocate deforestation on the basis of their empirical relationships to physical and socioeconomic drivers. The model generated landscape spatial patterns mirrored the possible locations and extent of deforested areas by 2030 and provided time-series crucial information on forest landscape under various scenarios for future landscape management projects. The results suggested that the current deforestation process is in a critical stage where some subregions may face unprecedented stress on primary forest costing rivers and forest ecosystems by the end of 2020. The perspective views of Riau Province generated by the model highlighted the need for forest/environmental planning controls for the conservation of environmentally sensitive areas. 相似文献