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1.
Weathering can be used as a highly effective relative age indicator. One such application involves etching of hornblende grains in soils. Etching increases with time (duration) and decreases with depth in soils and surficial sediments. Other variables, related to intensity of weathering and soil formation, are generally held as constant as possible so as to only minimally influence the time-etching relationship. Our study focuses on one of the variables usually held constant—climate—by examining hornblende etching and quartz/feldspar ratios in soils of similar age but varying degrees of development due to climatic factors. We examined the assumption that the degree of etching varies as a function of soil development, even in soils of similar age. The Spodosols we studied form a climate-mediated development sequence on a 13,000-yr-old outwash plain in Michigan. Their pedogenic development was compared to weathering-related data from the same soils. In general, soils data paralleled weathering data. Hornblende etching was most pronounced in the A and E horizons, and decreased rapidly with depth. Quartz/feldspar ratios showed similar but more variable trends. In the two most weakly developed soils, the Q/F ratio was nearly constant with depth, implying that this ratio may not be as effective a measure as are etching data for minimally weathered soils. Our data indicate that hornblende etching should not be used as a stand-alone relative age indicator, especially in young soils and in contexts where the degree of pedogenic variability on the geomorphic surface is large.  相似文献   

2.
Wadi El-Markh gabbro–diorite complex is composed of pyroxene hornblende gabbros, hornblende gabbros, diorites and quartz diorites. According to their bulk rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry, the gabbroic and dioritic rocks represent fractionates along a single line of descent and crystallized from a calc-alkaline mafic magma. When compared to the primitive mantle, all members of the gabbroic–dioritic rock suite are enriched in the large ion lithophile elements relative to the high field strength elements and display distinctive negative Nb and P2O5 anomalies. This signals an arc setting. Fractionation modeling involving the major elements reveals that the hornblende gabbros were generated from the parent pyroxene hornblende gabbros by 61.86% fractional crystallization. The diorites were produced from the hornblende gabbros by fractional crystallization with a 58.97% residual liquid, whereas the quartz diorites were formed from the diorites by 26.58% fractional crystallization. According to geothermobarometry based on amphibole mineral chemistry, the most primitive pyroxene hornblende gabbros crystallized at ～830 °C/～5 kbar. The crystallization conditions of the quartz diorites were estimated at ～570 °C/～2 kbar. In consequence the Wadi El-Markh gabbro–diorite complex represents a single magmatic suite of which fractionates crystallized in progressively shallower levels of an arc crust.  相似文献   

3.
Heavy mineral analysis has been carried out in the Barakar Formation of the Talchir Gondwana Bbasin, Orissa. The characteristic heavy minerals are garnet, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, biotite, chlorite, pyroxenes, hornblende, staurolite, sillimanite, apatite, epidote, sphene, spinel and siderite including opaques and leucoxene. These heavy minerals are divisible into four groups on the basis of principal component analysis and suggest derivation of Barakar sediments from pegmatite, acid and basic igneous as well as low- and high-rank metamorphic rocks lying to the south of the Talchir Gondwana Basin. Though the heavy mineral suites of all the sandstone samples are by and large similar, differences have been noticed in the frequencies of many heavy minerals in vertical succession. Cyclic nature and vertical fluctuation of heavy mineral frequencies can be ascribed to variation of the relief of the source area, sudden release of some of the minerals in the source region and/or existence of favourable geochemical condition to escape partial dissolution.  相似文献   

4.
The degree of etching of hornblende grains in soils is defined as the mean depth of maximum etching on 100 grains per sample and is a function of: (1) the depth in the profile; (2) the age of the deposit on which the soil is formed; and (3) the climate since deposition. In soils formed on moraines in the eastern Canadian Arctic, etching decreases logarithmically with increasing depth in the profile, and the rate of etching at a given depth decreases logarithmically with increasing age. The most important climatic parameter with respect to etching appears to be the effective precipitation. Equally important in terms of soil moisture regimen is the presence of unfrozen water. Both affect the rate of etching as a function of depth and age. The inferred climate of northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, preceding, during, and following the last (Foxe) glaciation, is indicated by the degree of etching of hornblende grains in soil profiles of various ages as follows: pre-Foxe—warm/wet; early to middle Foxe—mild/moist; middle to late Foxe—cold/arid; Hypsithermal—mild/moist; Neoglacial—cool/dry.  相似文献   

5.
This study aims to evaluate the activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 228Th and 40K along the beaches of Sithonia Peninsula which are adjacent to the rock-types of the Sithonia Plutonic Complex. These range from 6–673, 5–767, 5–1750, 6–1760 and 185–875 Bq/kg respectively. The (% wt.) heavy magnetic (HM) fraction (epidote, allanite, hornblende, biotite and garnet), the heavy non-magnetic (HNM) fraction (monazite, zircon, titanite and apatite) and the total heavy (TH) fraction, were correlated with the concentrations of the measured radionuclides in the bulk samples. The HNM fraction seems to control the activity concentrations of 238U in all samples, while the HM fraction, at least for the heavy mineral rich samples bearing high amounts of epidote crystals with allanite cores, controls their 232Th content. The measured radionuclides in beach sands were normalized to the respective values measured in the granitic rocks, which are their most probable parent rocks, in order to provide data on their enrichment or depletion. The annual effective dose varies from 0.013 to 0.688 mSv y?1 for local people working on the beach, while for tourists the annual external effective dose ranges between 0.003 and 0.165 mSv y?1.  相似文献   

6.
Feldspathic hornblende granulites from Doubtful Sound, New Zealand with the assemblage plagioclase+hornblende+clinopyroxene+orthopy-roxene +oxide+apatite are criss-crossed by a network of garnetiferous anorthosite veins and pegmatites. The feldspathic gneiss in contact with anorthosite has a reaction zone containing the assemblage plagioclase +garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+rutile+apatite. The garnet forms distinctive coronas around clinopyroxene. The origin of these rocks is discussed in the light of mineral and whole rock chemical analyses and published experimental work.It is thought that under conditions leading up to 750 °C, 8 kb load pressure and 5 kb H2O pressure, partial melting occured in feldspathic hornblende granulites. The melt migrated into extensional fractures and eventually crystallised as anorthosite pegmatites and veins. The gneisses adjacent to the pegmatites from which the melt was extracted changed composition slightly, by the loss of H2O and Na2O, so that plagioclase reacted simultaneously with hornblende, orthopyroxene, and oxide to form garnet, clinopyroxene, quartz and rutile.  相似文献   

7.
Rapid weathering and erosion rates in mountainous tropical watersheds lead to highly variable soil and saprolite thicknesses which in turn impact nutrient fluxes and biological populations. In the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico, a 5-m thick saprolite contains high microorganism densities at the surface and at depth overlying bedrock. We test the hypotheses that the organisms at depth are limited by the availability of two nutrients, P and Fe. Many tropical soils are P-limited, rather than N-limited, and dissolution of apatite is the dominant source of P. We document patterns of apatite weathering and of bioavailable Fe derived from the weathering of primary minerals hornblende and biotite in cores augered to 7.5 m on a ridgetop as compared to spheroidally weathering bedrock sampled in a nearby roadcut.Iron isotopic compositions of 0.5 N HCl extracts of soil and saprolite range from about δ56Fe = 0 to ? 0.1‰ throughout the saprolite except at the surface and at 5 m depth where δ56Fe = ? 0.26 to ? 0.64‰. The enrichment of light isotopes in HCl-extractable Fe in the soil and at the saprolite–bedrock interface is consistent with active Fe cycling and consistent with the locations of high cell densities and Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria, identified previously. To evaluate the potential P-limitation of Fe-cycling bacteria in the profile, solid-state concentrations of P were measured as a function of depth in the soil, saprolite, and weathering bedrock. Weathering apatite crystals were examined in thin sections and an apatite dissolution rate of 6.8 × 10? 14 mol m? 2 s? 1 was calculated. While surface communities depend on recycled nutrients and atmospheric inputs, deep communities survive primarily on nutrients released by the weathering bedrock and thus are tightly coupled to processes related to saprolite formation including mineral weathering. While low available P may limit microbial activity within the middle saprolite, fluxes of P from apatite weathering should be sufficient to support robust growth of microorganisms in the deep saprolite.  相似文献   

8.
Tertiary volcanism in the İkizce region at the western edge of the eastern Pontides paleo-magmatic arc is represented by basaltic and andesitic rocks associated with sediments deposited in a shallow basin environment. The basaltic rocks contain plagioclase (An58–80), olivine (Fo82–84), clinopyroxene (Wo44–48En35–42Fs7–17), hornblende (Mg# = 0.68–0.76) phenocrysts, and magnetite microcrysts, whereas the andesitic rocks include plagioclase (An25–61), clinopyroxene (Wo46–49En38–43Fs11–13), hornblende (Mg# = 0.48–0.81), biotite (Mg# = 0.48–0.60) phenocrysts, titanomagnetite, apatite, and zircon microcrysts.Geochemical data indicate magmatic evolution from tholeiitic-alkaline transitional to calc-alkaline characteristics with medium-K contents. The geochemical variation in the rocks can be explained by fractionation of common mineral phases such as clinopyroxene, olivine, hornblende, plagioclase, magnetite, and apatite. The trace elements’ distributions of the volcanic rocks show similarities to those of E-Type MORB, have a shape that is typical of rocks from subduction-related tectonic setting with enrichment in LILE and to a lesser extent in LREE, but depletion in HFSE. The rocks evolved from a parental magma derived from an enriched source formed by subduction induced metasomatism of basaltic rocks, the latter formed through clinopyroxene ± olivine controlled fractionation in a high level magma chamber. The andesitic rocks developed through hornblende ± plagioclase controlled fractionation in shallow level magma chamber(s).  相似文献   

9.
An exceptionally well-exposed part of the Flin Flon Greenstone Belt (Manitoba/Saskatchewan) is used to characterize the mineral assemblage evolution associated with prehnite–pumpellyite through amphibolite facies metamorphism of basalts. Data from these rocks are combined with a large literature data set to assess the ability of current thermodynamic models to reproduce natural patterns, evaluate the use of metabasic rocks at these grades to estimate pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of metamorphism, and to comment on the metamorphic devolatilization that occurs. At Flin Flon, five major isograds (actinolite-in, prehnite- and pumpellyite-out, hornblende-in, oligoclase-in, and actinolite-out) collectively represent passage from prehnite–pumpellyite to lower amphibolite facies conditions. The evolution in mineral assemblages occurs in two narrow (~1,000 m) zones: the prehnite–pumpellyite to greenschist facies (PP-GS) transition and greenschist to amphibolite facies (GS-AM) transition. Across the GS-AM transition, significant increases in the hornblende and oligoclase proportions occur at the expense of actinolite, albite, chlorite, and titanite, whereas there is little change in the proportions of epidote. The majority of this mineral transformation occurs above the oligoclase-in isograd within the hornblende–actinolite–oligoclase zone. Comparison with thermodynamic modelling results suggests data set 5 (DS5) of Holland and Powell (1998, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16 (3):309–343) and associated activity–composition (a–x) models is generally successful in reproducing natural observations, whereas data set 6 (DS6) (Holland & Powell, 2011, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 29 (3):333–383) and associated a–x models fail to reproduce the observed mineral isograds and compositions. When the data from Flin Flon are combined with data from the literature, two main pressure-sensitive facies series for metabasites are revealed, based on prograde passage below or above a hornblende–albite bathograd at ~3.3 kbar: a low-pressure ‘actinolite–oligoclase type’ facies series, characterized by the appearance of oligoclase before hornblende, and a moderate- to high-pressure ‘hornblende–albite type’ facies series, characterized by the appearance of hornblende before oligoclase. Concerning the PP-GS transition, the mineral assemblage evolution in Flin Flon suggests it occurs over a small zone (<1,000 m), in which assemblages containing true transitional assemblages (prehnite and/or pumpellyite coexisting with actinolite) are rare. This contrasts with thermodynamic modelling, using either DS5 or DS6, which predicts a wide PP-GS transition involving the progressive appearance of epidote and actinolite and disappearance of pumpellyite and prehnite. Patterns of mineral assemblages and thermodynamic modelling suggest a useful bathograd (‘CHEPPAQ bathograd’), separating prehnite–pumpellyite-bearing assemblages at low pressures and pumpellyite–actinolite-bearing assemblages at higher pressures, occurs at ~2.3 to 2.6 kbar. Observations from the Flin Flon sequence suggests devolatilization across the GS-AM transition (average: ~1.8 wt% H2O) occurs over a very narrow interval within the actinolite–hornblende–oligoclase zone, associated with the loss of >75% of the total chlorite. By contrast, modelling of the GS-AM transition zone predicts more progressive dehydration of ~2 wt% H2O over a >50°C interval. Observations from the field suggest devolatilization across the PP-GS transition occurs over a very narrow interval given the rarity of transitional assemblages. Modelling suggests fluid release of 1.0–1.4 wt% resulting from prehnite breakdown over a ~10°C interval. This fluid may not be entirely lost from the rock package due to involvement in the hydration of igneous mineralogy across the PP-GS transition as observed in the Flin Flon sequence.  相似文献   

10.
近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿资源评价取得了较大进展,关于找矿目的层物源和铀源的问题长期以来备受关注。运用重矿物综合分析方法,探讨鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩型铀矿赋矿层直罗组碎屑物质来源和成矿铀源。结果表明,研究区内直罗组的重矿物组合主要为石榴子石+锆石+绿帘石+黑云母+尖晶石,其次包含少量磷灰石、榍石、金红石、角闪石、电气石、钛铁矿等,反映以中高级变质岩和中酸性岩浆岩为主的母岩类型。重矿物特征指数反映了以含石榴子石变质岩为主要源岩类型和近源沉积的特点。综合分析认为,区内直罗组主要的物源为盆地北部大青山和乌拉山地区的中下太古界–元古界的乌拉山岩群、中元古界扎尔泰群以及各时期的中酸性侵入体等。其中,古老基底变质岩与各时期中酸性岩浆岩普遍具有较高的铀含量,沿着NW–SE方向铀迁出明显,为后期铀成矿作用提供了初始铀源。   相似文献   

11.
Whole rock major and trace element and Sr-, Nd- and Hf-isotope data, together with zircon U-Pb, Hf- and O-isotope data, are reported for the Nb-Ta ore bearing granites from the Lingshan pluton in the Southeastern China, in order to trace their petrogenesis and related Nb-Ta mineralization. The Lingshan pluton contains hornblende-bearing biotite granite in the core and biotite granite, albite granite and pegmatite at the rim. In addition, numerous mafic microgranular enclaves occur in the Lingshan granites. Zircon SIMS U-Pb dating gives consistent crystallization ages of ca. 132 Ma for the Lingshan granitoids and enclaves, consistent with the Nb-Ta mineralization age of ∼132 Ma, indicating that mafic and felsic magmatism and Nb-Ta mineralization are coeval. The biotite granites contain hornblende, and are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, with high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7071–0.7219, negative εNd(t) value of −5.9 to −0.3, εHf(t) values of −3.63 to −0.32 for whole rocks, high δ18O values and negative εHf(t) values for zircons, and ancient Hf and Nd model ages of 1.41–0.95 Ga and 1.23–1.04 Ga, indicating that they are I-type granites and were derived from partial melting of ancient lower crustal materials. They have variable mineral components and geochemical features, corresponding extensive fractionation of hornblende, biotite and feldspar, with minor fractionation of apatite. Existence of mafic microgranular enclaves in the biotite granites suggests a magma mixing/mingling process for the origin of the Lingshan granitoids, and mantle-derived mafic magmas provided the heat for felsic magma generation. In contrast, the Nb-Ta mineralized albite granites and pegmatites have distinct mineral components and geochemical features, which show that they are highly-fractionated granites with extensive melt and F-rich fluid interaction in the generation of these rocks. The fluoride-rich fluids induce the enrichment in Nb and Ta in the highly evolved melts. Therefore, we conclude that the Nb-Ta mineralization is the result of hydrothermal process rather than crystal fractionation in the Lingshan pluton, which provides a case to identify magmatic and hydrothermal processes and evaluate their relative importance as ore-forming processes.  相似文献   

12.
Fe released into solution is isotopically lighter (enriched in the lighter isotope) than hornblende starting material when dissolution occurs in the presence of the siderophore desferrioxamine mesylate (DFAM). In contrast, Fe released from goethite dissolving in the presence of DFAM is isotopically unchanged. Furthermore, Δ56Fesolution-hornblende for Fe released to solution in the presence of ligands varies with the affinity of the ligand for Fe. The extent of isotopic fractionation of Fe released from hornblende also increases when experiments are agitated continuously. The Fe isotope fractionation observed during hornblende dissolution with organic ligands is attributed predominantly to retention of 56Fe in an altered surface layer, while the lack of isotopic fractionation during goethite dissolution in DFAM is consistent with the lack of an altered layer. When a siderophore-producing soil bacterium is added to the system (without added organic ligands), Fe released to solution from both hornblende and goethite differs isotopically from Fe in the bulk mineral: Δ56Fesolution-starting material = −0.56 ± 0.19 (hornblende) and −1.44 ± 0.16 (goethite). Increased isotopic fractionation is attributed in this case to the fact that as bacterial respiration depletes the system in oxygen and aqueous Fe is reduced, equilibration between aqueous ferrous and ferric iron creates a pool of isotopically heavy ferric iron that is assimilated by bacterial cells. Adsorption of isotopically heavy ferrous iron (Fe(II) enriched in the heavier isotope) or precipitation of isotopically heavy Fe minerals may also contribute to observed fractionations.To test whether these Fe isotope signatures are recorded in natural systems, we also investigated extractions of samples of soils from which the bacteria were isolated. These extractions show variability in the isotopic signatures of exchangeable Fe and Fe oxyhydroxide fractions from one soil sample to another, but exchangeable Fe is observed to be lighter than Fe in soil Fe oxyhydroxides and hornblende. This observation is consistent with isotopically light Fe-organic complexes in soil pore water derived from the Fe-silicate starting materials in the presence of growing microorganisms, as documented in experiments reported here. The contributions from phenomena including organic ligand-promoted nonstoichiometric dissolution of Fe silicates, uptake of ferric iron by organisms, adsorption of isotopically heavy ferrous iron, and precipitation of iron minerals should create complex isotopic signatures in soils. Better understanding of these processes and the timescales over which they contribute to fractionation is needed.  相似文献   

13.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(7-8):931-937
Weathering in an upland catchment on granitic parent material has been studied by chemical and mineralogical analyses of soils. Long-term weathering rates for base cations, calculated from chemical analyses of the mineral horizons from soil profiles using Zr as an internal, immobile, index element, are among the smallest recorded for Scottish soils (1.7–3.1 meq m−2 a−1), indicating that these soils are susceptible to acid deposition. Sodium is the base cation lost to the greatest extent from the soils, due to weathering of plagioclase feldspar, mainly in the coarse size-fractions. Calcium is lost not only from plagioclase feldspar, but also from hornblende, grains of which show dissolution etch pits and denticulate surface features when examined by scanning electron microscopy. Weathering of hornblende, present in basic inclusions in the granite, is a significant weathering process in these soils. A range of values for 87Sr/86Sr ratios in stream-waters confirms the spatial variability of the material supplying Ca to the streams. The current weathering rate, calculated from input–output budgets to be 28.9 meq m−2 a−1, is much greater than the long-term weathering rate, but small compared to other catchments on similar parent material.  相似文献   

14.
 We have investigated the mechanisms and pathways by which Ar diffuses through the McClure Mountains hornblende (ferroan pargasite), selected as a good example of material normally dated during Ar-Ar studies. A coarse-grained hornblende separated from the same hand specimen as the MMhb-1 age standard was subjected to a hydrothermal cold-seal bomb experiment and characterized by TEM. Heated and unheated crystals were subjected to four different 39Ar/40Ar dating extraction techniques: conventional stepwise heating, infra-red laser spot, ultra-violet laser depth profiling, and closed-system stepwise etching. The stepwise heating age spectrum reproduces the features often interpreted as resulting from a concentric diffusive zonation, but the other three techniques yield results that are not compatible with such a simple picture. The IR laser data indicate that the dependence of laboratory Ar loss on grain size, predicted by Fickian diffusion, is at best poor and instead is related mainly to mineralogical variations. The depth profiles show the importance of planar zones (spaced between <1 and >150 μm from TEM evidence) in providing fast pathways for inward diffusion of atmospheric Ar from the capsule, but showed no evidence of diffusive profiles in the bulk of the hornblende lattice. The data from closed system stepwise etching underscore the role of zones rich in planar defects both for Ar loss and for nucleation of etching. The age spectra obtained by stepwise heating suffer from the differential breakdown of impurity phases, whose presence can be diagnosed with several isotope correlation plots; particularly revealing are Cl-Ca-K trends. In addition to the problems of mineral decomposition during in-vacuo laboratory degassing, an equally important decomposition occurs during many hydrothermal experiments which, combined with problems of mineral purity, have led to an overestimation of the rate of argon diffusion in hornblende. The response of hornblende to thermal disturbance in a hydrothermal environment can be every bit as complex as breakdown in vacuo. Laboratory experiments on bulk samples have not succeeded in quantitatively constraining volume diffusion. Received: 12 October 1995 / Accepted: 11 July 1996  相似文献   

15.
长江水系沉积物碎屑矿物组成及其示踪意义   总被引：24，自引：2，他引：22  
长江碎屑矿物组成研究表明,轻矿物以石英、长石和岩屑为主,不同支流轻矿物组成特征不同,成熟度指数平均是2.0,一般干流高于支流,成熟度随沉积物搬运距离增加而增大。QFL及QtFL三角图解显示长江沉积物主要来自再旋回造山带物源区,流域风化剥蚀速度较快,不同支流物质汇入干流,使得干流轻矿物组成复杂多变而难以和支流区别。重矿物含量从长江上游至下游呈递减趋势,其主要组合是磁铁矿-普通角闪石-普通辉石-石榴子石-绿帘石-褐铁矿-钛铁矿。红柱石和磷灰石是金沙江沉积物的特征矿物组合;蓝晶石是岷江流域的特征矿物;涪江的特征矿物是榍石;汉江的特征矿物组合是磷灰石、紫苏辉石和硅镁石;锆石是湘江的特征矿物。不同流域的特征矿物指示其源岩性质。上游的雅砻江、大渡河以及岷江等支流沉积物对中、下游干流沉积物的贡献较弱。涪陵以上长江流域风化作用强烈,母岩主要是沉积岩类(碎屑岩、泥岩);其下流域沉积物中近源弱风化物质明显增加,其源岩类型体现为岩浆岩和变质岩类;而金沙江攀枝花地区及湘江、沅江沉积物则更多来自流域内广泛分布的大片变质岩类。  相似文献   

16.
Partition coefficients for iron-rich olivine and pyroxene, sanidine, nepheline and apatite are reported from peralkaline trachytic to phonolitic dyke rocks and the agpaitic Ilímaussaq intrusion. Partition coefficients for many elements in olivine and pyroxene decrease with increasing peralkalinity and undersaturation of the magma, i.e. with decreasing polymerisation. The REE partition coefficients for olivine and pyroxene also show dependence on the mineral chemistry, i.e. the iron content. Probably due to the larger lattice sites in the iron end-members the heavy REEs enter the small six-coordinated lattice sites with increasing ease as the iron content of the mineral increases. La and Ce partition coefficients for apatite increase with increasing peralkalinity; this condition seems to stabilise a Na-REE-phosphate component in the mineral.  相似文献   

17.
Results of study od the lithofacies structure of the Burtasian and Khvalynian sediments in the Manych Depression are discussed. The sediments are similar in the grain size and mineral compositions. They are mainly represented by clayey silt, as well as silty and sandy-silty clay with subangular fragments of crystalloclasts and lithoclasts. They are characterized by a low content of heavy fraction dominated by transparent minerals (apatite, garnet, biotite, chlorite, hornblende, and others). Ore minerals (limonite and magnetite) are subordinate. The Burtasian sediments are marked by thin-horizontal bedding. Bedding of the Khvalynian sediments is more diverse: horizontal, gentle-horizontal, and alternation with gentle crossbedded-diagonal (trough-like), crisscross-wavy, and other types of bedding. The lithological composition and fossil plant seeds found in the Burtasian and Khvalynian sediments make it possible to distinguish facies formed under calm (Burtasian) and calm flow (Khvalynian) hydrodynamic regimes of sedimentation in closed (lakes) and open (channels of the Khvalynian Strait) reservoirs.  相似文献   

18.
In Bundelkhand Craton of central India, mafic dykes intruded when granitoids was partly crystallized. Cuspate–lobate boundary along the contact of granitoids and mafic magma indicates magma mingling in outcrop scale while textural evidence of mingling is represented by acicular apatite morphologies, titanite–plagioclase ocelli and ophitic–subophitic texture, mafic clots, resorbed plagioclase, and hornblende–zircon associations. Mingling also caused thermal exchange and fluid activity along the boundary between two coeval magmas. Crystal size distribution analyses for hornblende in the mafic rocks yield concave up curves which is also consistent with interaction of felsic and mafic magmas.  相似文献   

19.
Amphorae sherds from the Laecanius workshop of Roman Istria (10–5 B.C. and 78 A.D.), Croatia, were studied by integrating archaeological and geological techniques including fabric analysis, thin‐section petrography, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), and heavy mineral analysis. The fabric of the sherds showed distinctive characteristics, permitting their classification and allocation into nine fabric groupss. Petrography revealed that quartz is the dominant clastic component, whereas carbonate is common as temper; XRD provided information on firing temperatures that ranged between 750 and 900°C. The sherds contain diverse heavy mineral suites with generally high epidote and garnet proportions; zircon is occasionally important. Garnet/epidote ratios and the presence of diagnostic species (pyroxene, hornblende) showed systematic variations that coincided with similar variations in fabric characteristics. Heavy mineral signatures of amphorae produced in other workshops proved essential in differentiating them from Laecanius sherds. A comparative heavy mineral analysis of terra rossa samples from the vicinity of the workshop indicated that terra rossa was the major source for the paste. Differences observed in the heavy mineral composition of the sherds and terra rossa were interpreted by the spatial heterogeneity of the latter and the mixing of the paste with sandy temper. Fresh Adriatic sponge spicules in the majority of Laecanius sherds and the temper‐derived, generally immature heavy mineral assemblages suggest that sandy deposits from the Adriatic were used for the clastic temper. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

20.
The Taihe intrusion is one of the layered intrusions situated in the central zone of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China. The cyclic units in the Middle Zone of the intrusion are composed of apatite-magnetite clinopyroxenite at the base and gabbro at the top. The apatite-rich oxide ores contain 6–12 modal% apatite and 20–50 modal% Fe-Ti oxides evidently distinguished from the coeval intrusions in which apatite-rich rocks are poor in Fe-Ti oxides. Most of apatites of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones are fluorapatite, although four samples show slightly high Cl content in apatite suggesting that they crystallize from a hydrous parental magma. Compared to the apatite from the gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, situated 100 km to the south of the Taihe intrusion, the apatite of the Taihe rocks is richer in Sr and depleted in HREE relative to LREE. The calculated magma in equilibrium with apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones also shows weakly negative Sr anomalies in primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams. These features indicate that the apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones crystallizes after clinopyroxene and before plagioclase. The apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones shows weakly negative Eu anomalies suggesting a high oxygen fugacity condition. The high iron and titanium contents in the oxidizing magma result in crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides. Crystallization of abundant Fe-Ti oxides and clinopyroxenes lowers the solubility of phosphorus and elevates SiO2 concentration in the magma triggering the saturation of apatite. The positive correlations of Sr, V, total REE contents and Ce/Yb ratio in apatite with cumulus clinopyroxene demonstrate approximately compositional equilibrium between these phases suggesting they crystallized from the same ferrobasaltic magma. Early crystallization and accumulation of Fe-Ti oxide together with apatite produced the apatite-rich oxide ores at the base of the cyclic units of the Taihe Middle Zone.  相似文献   

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