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1.
Occurrence of polar seabirds at sea in relation to prey concentrations and oceanographic factors 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The distribution and abundance of breeding and foraging seabirds is usually a reflection of the availability of prey in the marine ecosystems on which the birds depend. At the scale of hundreds of km, differences in marine communities may be reflected in variation in the species composition of resident seabirds. At small scales, environmental features such as fronts or ice can influence where birds will aggregate to forage. Features at which prey become concentrated near the surface are of particular importance to bird species dependent upon small planktonic organisms. Concentrations of foraging seabirds frequently indicate the presence of such features, or of areas of unusually high prey biomass. The absence of birds does not mean that concentrations of potential prey are absent. "Assembly rules," by which one might predict aspects of the marine environment that birds should use in selecting foraging areas are proposed. 相似文献
2.
In this paper I review recent, small-scale, process-oriented studies of the pelagic distribution of marine birds. I examine the roles played by a variety of hydrographic features, including steep flow gradients (fronts) and water column stratification, in determining the abundance or availability of avian prey. The ice edge/marginal ice zone is a frontal area of particular interest in polar regions. In most oceanic systems we have examples of avian use of a feature, hut only poor information on the importance of the feature for supporting the population as a whole. I review recent studies of the spatial and numerical concordance of marine birds and their prey, and find that these studies have yielded mixed results, with correlations stronger for piscivorous birds, particularly murres foraging on capelin, than for planktivores. Review of investigations of multispecies interactions during foraging shows that flock foraging has both beneficial and negative aspects. Interspecific facilitation of foraging occurs in numerous interactions involving both other species of birds and marine mammals. However, co-occurrence of predators may occur because both seek the same prey, and caution must be used in assessing mutualistic interactions between predatory species. 相似文献
3.
Correlations between guillemots (including Common Guillemots Uria aalge and Brünnich's Guillemots U. lomvia) and their prey (divided into five prey categories, capelin Mallotus villosus , herring Clupea harengus , polar cod Boreogadus saida , plankton, and a mixture of other prey species) at two depths (10-100 m and 100-200m) were estimated along an extended transect of 3,060 nautical miles (5,667 km) in the Barents Sea in April/May 1986. Spatial concordance was highest during daylight hours when the largest number of birds were seen on water (presumably feeding birds). Capelin was the single prey category which was most often associated with birds but no single prey category could alone explain the distribution of birds. Although only a small fraction of guillemots could be identified to species, there was some evidence that capelin were of greater importance to Common than to Brünnich's Guillemots. Overall correlation between birds and total prey density was statistically significant at the smallest scale of 5 nautical miles (n.m.). The removal of herring from the calculations increased the strength of the correlation. The depth at which prey was located had little effect on the distribution of birds. The correlation between birds and prey was scale dependent, and reached a maximum at 90 n.m., although there seemed to be some upper threshold in the coefficient at c. 40 n.m. Numerical concordance (including only 5 n.m. periods where both prey and birds were present) was significant at the 5 n.m. scale but was higher for high density than for low density prey patches. The results are discussed in relation to the few similar studies in other oceans and in relation to the severe reduction of important prey species in the Barents Sea. 相似文献
4.
Spatial autocorrelation in marine birds 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DAVID C. SCHNEIDER 《Polar research》1990,8(1):89-97
All marine organisms exhibit some degree of spatial autocorrelation, which is the tendency for high (or low) densities to occur in proximity, rather than at random in the ocean. Autocorrelation occurs at scales ranging from the length of the organism to thousands of kilometres. Autocorrelation results from a wide variety of mechanisms, many of which act at characteristic scales. Consequently, some insight into causal mechanisms can be obtained from exploratory analysis of the scale and intensity of autocorrelation of abundance or behaviour, and the scale and intensity (coherence) of cross-correlation with environmental variables such as water temperature or prey abundance. This paper uses seabird counts along extended transects to illustrate standard measures of autocorrelation and cross-correlation. A brief discussion of exploratory and confirmatory analysis of autocorrelated data on marine birds follows. 相似文献
5.
Marine mammals and marine birds perform diving to forage underwater. Recent technological advances have led to rapid progress in our understanding of diving behavior, but additional research is required into feeding behavior to determine the timing of prey ingestion, prey mass, and prey type. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the foraging and diving behavior of these endotherms, it is essential to integrate information on feeding behavior with other data. The challenges involved in developing an appropriate research method have been addressed, and several methods have been tested and used in the field, including the stomach temperature method, the esophagus method for marine birds, the stomach temperature telemeter method for seals, and the beak magnet sensor method. In the present study, I review these methods, suggest the necessity of their further development in field studies, and propose a new practical method that involves the measurement of jaw movements underwater as an indicator of the feeding behavior of seals. 相似文献
6.
Christian Beck Pieter Van Rensbergen Marc De Batist Fernand Berthier Serge Lallier Frédéric Manalt 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(2):149-161
The sedimentary fill of Lake Annecy (northwestern Alps) - related to the last glacial/post-glacial episode - was investigated through high resolution (sparker) and very high resolution (2.5 kHz) seismic-reflection surveys. A seismostratigraphic approach led to subdivision of a 150 m-thick pile (maximum thickness in axial part) into five units. Basal units (1 and 2) represent an imbrication of subglacial and glacio-lacustrine deposits, close to the grounding line of the glaciers' fronts (respectively at the northern and southern terminations of the lake). The first acoustically well-stratified unit (3) developed during a fast retreat of the glaciers fronts far from the lake basin, and a progradational alluvial regime, with abundant underflows, in a lake larger than the present one. Unit 4 represents the progressive decrease of this clastic input mixed with the progressive development of in situ bio-induced production. As in many other alpine lakes, a topmost unit (5), relatively thin (about 8-10 m) and with a conspicuous drape configuration, is the signature of the Holocene interglacial climatic conditions with a sedimentation rate of about 1 mm/yr. On the lacustrine basin slopes, slumps and debris flow occurred mainly within Unit 3; they may be due to, either climate-induced high rate terrigenous sedimentation, or/and to a period of increased seismo-tectonic activity. 相似文献
7.
Predicted changes in future climate necessitate a better understanding of climate impacts on lake biota, and the role of within-lake
processes in modifying biotic response. Therefore we examined two climate-related variables (lake-water conductivity and GRIP
temperatures) and lake ontogeny (lake age), to determine their influence on lake autotrophic communities in two neighbouring
closed-basin lakes from West Greenland spanning the past 8,000 years. Using sedimentary pigments as proxies for lake autotrophic
communities, we used synchrony and variance partitioning analyses (VPA) to test three specific hypotheses (a) that lake primary
production would increase with lake age, (b) that climate would be the dominant process controlling autotrophic communities
in these pristine lakes and (c) that the response of autotrophs to conductivity and temperature would vary depending upon
the age of the lake. The results supported our first hypothesis, showing that lakes changed significantly with age, exhibiting
an increase and decline in production in the first millennium of their existence, followed by a steady increase in production
and increasingly frequent abrupt switches between mixed and meromictic states. The highly synchronous detrended response (r = 0.769) of lake autotrophs in the two study lakes, supported our hypothesis that climate was the dominant factor controlling
lake autotrophs. However, VPA revealed that our climate-related variables (temperature and conductivity) explained only small
amounts of variance alone (<12.9%) because covariance among them hindered efficient partitioning. In support of our third
hypothesis, autotrophs responded significantly to temperature and conductivity in interaction with lake age (>50% variance
explained) and with each other (>28% variance explained), such that autotrophic response changed as lakes aged. In spite of
this, lakes sometimes responded independently, as a result of differences in the relative proportion of benthic to pelagic
production and because of differences in lake morphometry. Together these results show that long-term control of lake autotrophs
by climate and lake age is modified on shorter timescales by non-linear responses related to within-lake processes, and by
the interaction of different climate variables with each other and with lake age. 相似文献
8.
The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
《Polar research》2002,21(1):167-208
Kongsfjorden is a glacial fjord in the Arctic (Svalbard) that is influenced by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses and harbours a mixture of boreal and Arctic flora and fauna. Inputs from large tidal glaciers create steep environmental gradients in sedimentation and salinity along the length of this fjord. The glacial inputs cause reduced biomass and diversity in the benthic community in the inner fjord. Zooplankton suffers direct mortality from the glacial outflow and primary production is reduced because of limited light levels in the turbid, mixed inner waters. The magnitude of the glacial effects diminishes towards the outer fjord. Kongsfjorden is an important feeding ground for marine mammals and seabirds. Even though the fjord contains some boreal fauna, the prey consumed by upper trophic levels is mainly Arctic organisms. Marine mammals constitute the largest top-predator biomass, but seabirds have the largest energy intake and also export nutrients and energy out of the marine environment. Kongsfjorden has received a lot of research attention in the recent past. The current interest in the fjord is primarily based on the fact that Kongsfjorden is particularly suitable as a site for exploring the impacts of possible climate changes, with Atlantic water influx and melting of tidal glaciers both being linked to climate variability. The pelagic ecosystem is likely to be most sensitive to the Atlantic versus Arctic influence, whereas the benthic ecosystem is more affected by long-term changes in hydrography as well as changes in glacial runoff and sedimentation. Kongsfjorden will be an important Arctic monitoring site over the coming decades and a review of the current knowledge, and a gap analysis, are therefore warranted. Important knowledge gaps include a lack of quantitative data on production, abundance of key prey species, and the role of advection on the biological communities in the fjord. 相似文献
9.
Jose Pujol Thomas Bohlen Thies Beilecke Wolfgang Rabbel 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(2):563-578
VSP data collected in the KTB (Germany) borehole to a depth of 8.5 km in 1999 show a surprising spectral modulation of the downgoing wavefield. After filtering the data with the singular value decomposition technique it was found that below about 6.2 km there are two depth intervals where the modulation can be explained in terms of a basic wavelet plus two weighted and delayed copies of that wavelet, with the delay for each wavelet remaining almost constant in each interval. The boundary between the two intervals is at about 7.25 km depth and above and below this depth the delay for the second wavelet is almost the same, while the delay for the third wavelet is significantly different. Neither the modulation nor its depth variation are source related and cannot be explained in terms of multiple reflections in a subhorizontal low-velocity layer. On the other hand, finite difference synthetic data show that subvertical layering (which is prevalent in the borehole area) provides a mechanism that can explain the observations. This mechanism has analogies with the generation of the standard refracted (i.e. head) waves. When a plane wave front propagates perpendicular to the boundaries of a vertical low-velocity layer surrounded by two vertical high-velocity layers, refracted wave fronts are generated in the low-velocity layer, which in turn generate secondary wave fronts in the high-velocity layers. These wave fronts trail the primary wave fronts by a constant delay whose magnitude has a simple dependence on the thickness of the low-velocity layer and the velocities involved. This process creates multipath arrivals that in geological settings with steeply inclined and faulted layers may appear and disappear rather abruptly, which may contribute to a scattered appearance of the wavefield. 相似文献
10.
The summer diet of Little Owls (Athene noctua) in Minqin Desert Experimental Research Station of northwestern China was analysed. A total of 293 individuals representing seven species of rodents, one bird, three reptiles, two families of invertebrates and unidentified invertebrates were identified in 113 pellets and 29 prey remains collected during June and July of 2005. By frequency, invertebrates constituted 77.5% of the diet, mammals 17.8%, reptiles 3.8% and birds 1.0%. In term of biomass consumption, mammals comprised 93.7% of the diet, invertebrates 3.9%, birds 1.9% and reptiles 1.1%. The results suggested that the Little Owls were active at day and night and fed mainly on rodents and beetles related to the desert habitats. 相似文献
11.
采用超效率DEA模型对中国海洋生态效率进行测算,运用标准差椭圆对其进行空间可视化表达,最后运用VAR模型对海洋产业结构和海洋生态效率进行脉冲响应分析,以评测中国海洋生态效率时空差异并探究其与海洋产业结构响应关系。结论如下：中国沿海省份海洋第三产业比重占海洋生产总值较大,在研究期内呈现增长趋势;大多数省份海洋产业结构熵值下降,说明该类省份海洋产业发展平稳;在时间上,海洋生态效率总体上处于无效状态,海洋第三产业占比重高的年份,海洋生态效率相对较高;在空间上,海洋生态效率重心总体呈现向北移动趋势,表明北方海洋生态效率的优化进度快于南方;基于沿海各省脉冲响应图可以得出,各省份海洋产业结构对海洋生态效率的冲击最后都趋于平稳,主要原因在于随着中国海洋产业结构升级变动稳定,其对海洋生态效率的影响越来越小;在方差分解部分,沿海各省份海洋产业结构升级对海洋生态效率方差分解的贡献度较高,且呈现增长趋势,说明海洋产业结构升级对海洋生态效率的提升有一定的作用。 相似文献
12.
中国海洋经济发展的时空差异及其动态变化研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
中国海洋经济近年来快速发展,但地区差异明显。以沿海11个省市区为研究对象,从时间与空间2个角度,运用变差系数及加权变差系数来表现1996~2010年沿海省市经济发展的差异程度,结果表明中国沿海省市海洋经济成倍增长,总体差异在波动中减小;采用区位熵、洛伦兹曲线及基尼系数对海洋产业结构及其空间布局演化进行分析,得出海洋产业结构向高级阶段演进,海洋产业集聚规模有所减弱,各产业趋于均衡发展;具有资源属性的海洋产业集聚程度最高,海洋第三产业集聚程度降低;利用主成分分析法对沿海省市的海洋经济发展进行综合评价将其分为3个梯队;使用R/S分析法对沿海地区差异情况进行预测,显示未来差距有增大的趋势。最后从提高海洋资源开发能力、提高海洋经济发展质量等角度提出了具体建议。 相似文献
13.
对东南极中山站附近麦氏贼鸥巢区和无巢贼鸥群栖地的贼鸥回吐渣团及其他食物残物进行收集、分析和鉴定 ,结果表明 ,本区麦氏贼鸥主要捕食雪 ,其残物在食物项中的平均出现率为 6 7～ 80 %;同时贼鸥从本区几个考察站觅取人类遗弃的垃圾食物作为其重要的食物补充 ,垃圾食物的平均出现率为 6 .8～ 1 1 .6 %。不同巢区贼鸥对雪 的捕杀量和垃圾的需求差异较大 ,其主要与营巢地域的雪 分布密度以及摄食区的占有与否有关。 相似文献
14.
非洲沿海国家海洋渔业资源开发利用现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据联合国粮农组织提供的1950-2015年非洲渔获生产统计数据，结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级（Trophic level, TL）以及Sea Around Us Project Database提供的海洋无脊椎动物营养级，探讨了1950-2015年北非、东非、南非、中非和西非的沿海国家渔获物平均营养级（Mean trophic level, MTL）的变化情况，以此来判定非洲沿海国海洋渔业资源的开发利用现状。结果表明：非洲沿海国家的海洋渔业资源开采大致经历开发不足、快速开发、过度开发阶段，1984-1991年，北非地区的海洋渔业资源遭到一定程度的破坏，高营养级渔业资源渔获量减少了33.5%，MTL由3.44降低到3.25；东非地区渔获量较其他4个区域低，目前，大部分鱼类资源处于充分捕捞利用状态；南非地区在21世纪初发生“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象，2004-2015年，MTL恢复小幅上升趋势，渔业均衡指数（Fishing-in-balance index, FIB）趋于平稳；2013-2015年，中非地区的MTL与FIB均呈下降趋势，说明产量的增加速度不足以弥补营养级的降低，生态系统结构功能开始遭到破坏；1950-2015年，西非地区的渔获量不断增加，从上世纪60年代开始，过度捕捞现象愈加严重，低营养级鱼类数量占比呈先减少后增加趋势，2001-2012年，MTL波动下降，FIB平稳变化，说明MTL的下降由产量的增加而抵消。21世纪以来，部分北非、南非与西非沿海国家加强了资源管理，渔业资源状况有所好转。研究认为：渔获物平均营养级的下降主要由过度捕捞引起，非洲国家的管理不力加重了过度捕捞现象，建议非洲各国尽快建立起基于渔获物统计的海洋渔业资源实时监测系统，以便掌握捕捞活动下的鱼类群落结构的变动情况。 相似文献
15.
Silvia Omodeo Salé Rocco Gennari Stefano Lugli Vinicio Manzi Marco Roveri 《Basin Research》2012,24(3):314-337
The Late Messinian fill of the Nijar Basin (Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain) mainly consists of clastic deposits of the Feos Formation that at basin margins rest unconformably above the primary evaporites of the Yesares Formation, the local equivalent of the Mediterranean Lower Gypsum. The Feos Fm. records the upward transition towards non‐marine environments before the abrupt return to fully marine conditions at the base of the Pliocene. The Feos Fm. is clearly two‐phase, with ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ members, which exhibit substantial differences in terms of facies, thickness, depositional trends and cyclical organization. These members record two distinct sedimentary and tectonic stages of Nijar Basin infilling. A high‐resolution, physical‐stratigraphic framework is proposed based on key beds and stratigraphic cyclicity and patterns that differ largely from those of most previously published studies. The predominant influence on stratigraphic cyclicity is interpreted to be precessionally driven climate changes, allowing their correlation to the Late Messinian astronomically calibrated chronostratigraphic framework. Detailed correlations suggest a phase of enhanced tectonic activity, possibly related to the Serrata‐Carboneras strike‐slip fault zone, during the first stage (‘lower’ member), resulting in a strongly articulated topography with structural lows and highs controlling sediment thickness and facies variation. Tectonic activity decreased during the second stage (‘upper’ member), which is characterized by (1) a progressively dampened and homogenized, (2) overall relative base‐level rise and (3) gradual establishment of hypohaline environments. Facies characteristics, overall stacking patterns and depositional trends of the Feos Fm. are analogous with uppermost Messinian successions of the Northern Apennines, Piedmont Basin and Calabria. Despite minor differences related to the local geodynamic setting, these basins experienced a common Late Messinian history that supports the development of a single, large Mediterranean water body characterized by high‐frequency, climatically‐driven changes in sediment flux and base‐level. 相似文献
16.
The passage of subtropical cold fronts through central Australia produces the only significant mesoscale meteorological features in the region. The interaction of these cold fronts with the surface energy balance strongly affects the local weather and climate. The surface energy balance was measured at a semi-arid site in Alice Springs, central Australia, to determine how it was influenced by the passage of subtropical cold fronts. Both Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods were used. The daytime energy balance of the site showed high net radiation that was partitioned into 75% sensible heat flux and 25% soil heat flux with little or no latent heat flux. At night there was a large net radiative loss that was balanced primarily by a loss of heat from the soil. The cold fronts predominately passed through Alice Springs at night and showed a strong surface signature. The fronts brought moister air resulting in higher water vapour pressures during their passage. The nocturnal boundary layer was often disturbed as the front passed, resulting in warm, moist air being mixed down toward the land surface. Mixing decreased the soil heat flux and increased latent heat fluxes toward the surface. Moisture that accumulated at the surface at these times was often evaporated after a return to drier conditions. During the daytime, surface signatures in soil and sensible heat fluxes were less distinct due to the strong convective mixing. Latent heat fluxes followed a similar trend to the nocturnal case. 相似文献
17.
We analysed diet data in a Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus population using four different methods (direct observations, pellets, prey remains and combined pellets and prey remains) from Cyprus, during 2005–2007. Direct observations can provide reliable diet information. However, the small sample size of monitored nests, the subjective selection of accessible nests, the differential prey size deliveries by different sexes, and the different recognition of different prey species could involve biases, therefore accounting for the low dietary breadth. Prey remains differed significantly from pellet analysis due to more birds and fewer lizards, but the broadest trophic spectrum was obtained. Pellets analysis failed to detect small-sized prey items, but provided a high number of species present in the diet. Pellets and pooled data corresponded closely with the results of direct observations. Pooling data from pellets and prey remains overcame the problems associated with these two methods and revealed a high diet diversity and a great similarity to direct observations. Our results suggest that the pooled data method will be effective for monitoring dietary trends in the breeding and non-breeding Long-legged Buzzard population. 相似文献
18.
Jean-Claude Plaziat 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(2):163-169
Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor. 相似文献
19.
The importance of the Hell Gate Polynya to marine birds in High Arctic Canada has not been assessed for two decades. Our breeding season surveys in 2002–04 found 19 species of marine birds using the polynya, in annual numbers perhaps reaching 25000 individuals. The site appears to support nationally significant populations of northern fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ), Thayer's gull ( Larus thayeri ) and High Arctic brant ( Branta bernida hrota ), as well as locally important numbers of other species including common eiders ( Somateria mollissima borealis ) and black guillemots ( Cepphus grylle ). The polynya may be particularly important for migration, as many species are observed here earlier than elsewhere in the High Arctic. 相似文献
20.
Thermoregulatory effects which occur during the first hours after plumage-oiling were studied under laboratory conditions by measuring the metabolic heat production of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) which were resting in water for up to three hours. The ducks were exposed to 10-70 mL Statfjord A crude oil while residing in water inside a respiration chamber at 5.5°C. The study demonstrated a dose-and time-dependent effect of plumage oiling on metabolic heat production during the first three hours after contact with the oil. The results indicate that the immediate, short-term effects following initial contact with oil at sea are lesser in scale than those which occur after the birds have preened the oil into a greater part of their plumage. After plumage contamination with 70 mL crude oil, the rate of heat loss exceeded the thermoregulatory heat production capacity and the Eiders became hypothermic within 70 minutes after contamination. 相似文献