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1.
青藏高原中部兹格塘错1970年来的湖面变化及原因初探 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对位于青藏高原中部受人类活动影响微弱的兹格塘错1970-2006年湖面变化的分析,探讨了湖泊对气候变化的响应.从1970年的地形图,1977年MSS影像,1992年TM影像和2001年ETM+影像中提取的湖泊面积显示,湖泊有逐渐增大的趋势.1999年8月和2006年9月水深2 m处湖水中稳定离子K+和Cl-的浓度对比表明,湖水体积在这期间是增大的.近年来湖面持续上涨也得到了1998年8月,2002年8月和2006年9月野外实地考察的证实.通过分析兹格塘错附近那曲、班戈、安多气象站的记录发现,该区温度自1965年来呈明显上升趋势,表现在夏季(5-10月)和冬季(11月到次年4月)温度均有明显增高,冬季温度增幅更大.该区1965年来降水量也有增加的趋势,表现在夏季和冬季降水均有增加,但是夏季降水量增加幅度更明显.结合青藏高原1970年来最大蒸散和干燥度的变化,夏季和冬季降水量增加而蒸发量下降是导致兹格塘错湖面增大、湖水水位增高的主要原因. 相似文献
2.
1973-2010年青藏高原西部昂拉仁错流域气候、冰川变化与湖泊响应 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
采用距离昂拉仁错最近的狮泉河、改则和普兰地区1973-2010年的气象数据和覆盖昂拉仁错流域1973、1976、1990、2000、2001、2002和2009年共7a的Landsat卫星遥感影像提取湖泊变化信息,并选取1976、1990/1992、2001和2009年覆盖全流域的遥感影像分析流域内的冰川变化过程.分析过去近40a内昂拉仁错流域内气候、湖泊和冰川的变化,并探讨了不同时期引起昂拉仁错发生变化的原因.结果表明:昂拉仁错在过去近40a内出现先萎缩后扩张的变化趋势,2000年为转折年,整体的变化趋势为萎缩;流域内冰川在研究时段内一直处于萎缩状态,并持续补给昂拉仁错.分析比较流域附近3个站在气温、降水量和最大潜在蒸发量的变化趋势之后,选用与昂拉仁错流域气候变化最为相近的改则站的气象参数为参照分析引起昂拉仁错湖泊面积发生变化的原因.结果显示,昂拉仁错湖面变化的每个时期内,在气温持续升高、冰川持续消融补给昂拉仁错水量输入的背景环境下,蒸发量和降水量差值的变化主要调控了湖泊面积的变化;区域冰川量的减少与温度持续升高相匹配;当持续增加的冰雪融水与降水量对湖泊水量输入小于流域蒸发量时,湖泊面积萎缩;当冰川冻土随着温度进一步升高而加速融化、流域的降水量逐步上升;当二者的水量输入总和超过流域内蒸发量时,湖泊面积开始扩张. 相似文献
3.
青藏三江源区蒸发量遥感估算及对湖泊湿地的响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
青藏三江源区湖泊湿地变化一直以来备受关注,气候因素被认为是湖泊湿地变化的主要影响因素.与温度和降水资料相比,气象站获取蒸发量数据比较困难,而遥感技术却为估算区域地表蒸发量提供了一条新的途径.基于地表能量平衡原理,结合MODIS卫星数据和研究区气象资料,建立三江源区蒸发量估算模型,分析研究区内蒸发分布规律,并探讨温度、降水量、风速和蒸发量之间的相关关系,最后分析蒸发量对源区湖泊湿地变化的响应.研究结果表明:三江源蒸发量呈增加趋势,区域蒸发量随水热、植被覆盖和海拔高度差异而变化;研究区蒸发量受温度和降水量影响较大;蒸发量增大是三江源区湖泊萎缩和湿地退化的主要影响因素. 相似文献
4.
GIS/RS是流域水文过程分布式模拟的重要技术支撑。结合泾河流域的实例研究,探讨了GIS支持下,基于栅格DEM流域水文特征的获取,降水、气温等资料的空间插值,以及土壤、植被等下垫面信息在水文模拟单元上的耦合。在此基础上,应用分布式水文模型对泾河流域的水文过程进行模拟。结果表明:所建模型结构上是合理的,在产流计算中泾河25个子流域在水量平衡方面误差均小于5%。潜在蒸发的模拟在趋势上与实测过程基本一致。径流模拟在4个检验站点上与实测过程的相关系数达到0.84～0.93。模型基本能够满足水资源规划与管理的需要。 相似文献
5.
兹格塘错是一个内陆封闭型湖泊,位于藏北高原腹地,处于西南季风作用边缘地带。由于流域内无冰川分布,湖泊补给主要靠大气降水,因此水体的扩张与收缩能够直接反映西南季风的变化。半干旱气候地区湖泊沉积物碳酸盐含量能够敏感地反映水体的扩张与收缩。兹格塘错沉积物碳酸盐含量高,与可溶盐(氯离子与硫酸根离子)含量变化结合能更好地揭示水体的演化阶段。分析结果表明,在9.3～8.9calkaBP、8.3～7.8calkaBP、5.0～4.7calkaBP、4.0～3.8calkaBP和3.1～2.7calkaBP碳酸盐含量出现大幅度下降,指示湖泊淡化、水位升高。但在3.8calkaBP左右碳酸盐含量和可溶盐(氯离子与硫酸根离子)含量同时出现峰值,指示出湖泊水体盐度升高、水位出现下降;近1calkaBP以来,碳酸盐与可溶盐含量都呈现逐渐下降趋势,表明湖泊水体逐渐淡化、水位缓慢上升的过程。但近100a来可溶盐含量上升,指示出湖泊水体的不断浓缩和水位下降过程,这和近百年的气候暖干化过程是一致的。兹格塘错沉积岩心碳酸盐含量全新世以来5次极低事件,有力地证明青藏高原西南季风在全新世期间的不稳定性。 相似文献
6.
湖泊在区域水循环和生态系统演化中起着重要作用。在以往的湖泊演化研究中多利用湖泊沉积物代用指标重建湖泊与气候变化过程,缺乏对湖泊水循环特征的定量研究。基于瞬态气候演变模型、特征时段流域和湖泊水量,以及能量平衡模型,对青藏高原及周边6个典型湖泊进行了水量平衡计算和湖泊演化模拟。结果表明：小柴达木湖和罗布泊全新世期间降水和蒸发的变率较小;色林错和纳木错早中全新世降水和蒸发的变率较大,主要受控于温度和净辐射变化;青海湖和猪野泽早中和中晚全新世降水和蒸发变率接近。系统分析了全新世期间青藏高原不同气候区湖泊水循环要素演化过程,有助于理解该区湖泊演化的古气候学机理。 相似文献
7.
1975-2006年西藏羊卓雍错流域内湖泊水位变化对气候变化的响应 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
根据1975年地形图、1988年至2006年的TM、CBERS卫星遥感资料和1962-2006年逐年平均气温、降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、风速和日照时数等气象资料以及1974-2005年的湖泊水位水文资料,对西藏羊卓雍错及其流域内的空姆错、沉错和巴纠错等4个湖泊的水位变化以及对气候变化的响应作了分析.结果表明:该区湖泊面积在近30 a来呈缓慢下降趋势,2005年与1975年相比,分别减少了46.55 km2、1.73km2、0.03 km2、6.01 km2,减少幅度分别为7.2%、4.3%、0.1%、13.6%.其主要原因是,由于羊卓雍错的湖水主要以降水补给为主,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,是湖泊面积下降的主要原因. 相似文献
8.
黑河流域山区植被生态水文功能的研究 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
依据土壤-植被-大气系统的结构特性,从林冠层、苔藓-枯枝落叶层、土壤层剖面结构分析了黑河流域山区水源涵养林在水文过程中的作用.观测试验表明,林冠截留大气降水的32.7%,使到达林地的水分相对减少而养分增加,而林冠遮荫使林内土壤蒸发仅为林外草地的34.2%.苔藓-枯枝落叶层疏松多孔,最大持水量可达12.5mm水层深,加上表层较高的体积含水量和较小的水分变差系数,使其在涵蓄一部分大气降水的同时具有良好的保水性能.林地土壤具有良好的渗透性和涵蓄大气降水的能力,从而减少了地表径流量.森林的蒸散发使林区空气湿度高于周边地区17%,形成山区独特的森林小气候,从而进一步影响着山区的水文过程. 相似文献
9.
青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底河流域水文过程特征分析 总被引：16，自引：16，他引：16
利用１９９３年５￣９月连续时间序列的资料，对青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川区及其流域的水文过程特征进行初步分析。由于青藏高原季风环流的影响，在性质不同气团控制所产生的降水天然过程的降水量差别极大，该区域主要降水集中在６￣８月，Ｔｒｅｔｙａｋｏｖ雨量器对标准雨量器捕捉率的修正量小于天山地区的研究结果，该流域地面蒸发过程较为强盛，各种下垫面的蒸发量占流域水量平衡收入的３７％，土壤蒸发量与水面蒸发和土壤含 相似文献
10.
为探究青藏高原全新世夏季风最强、气候最湿润阶段这一争论议题,本文应用气相色谱仪(GC-FID)和气相色谱-高温热转变-同位素比值质谱仪(GC-TC-IRMS),分析了兹格塘错沉积岩心正构烷烃及其氢同位素特征。结果表明,兹格塘错岩心中主要以n-C15/16/17为主峰碳的短链正构烷烃占据主导地位,指示了湖泊自生浮游藻类与菌类等低等生物对湖泊沉积岩心中的有机质贡献高于大型水生植物和陆生高等植物表皮蜡质所产生的有机质。基于正构烷烃参数(如:碳优势指数CPI值和平均碳链长度ACL值)及单体氢同位素比值在时间序列上的变化特征,指出兹格塘错流域的气候湿润期处于中全新世(5.8~2.7 cal ka BP),明显滞后于早全新世的太阳辐射最强期,这主要归结于该流域冰川融水补给的匮乏及局地环流的影响。 相似文献
11.
气候变化对中国北方荒漠草原植被的影响 总被引：70，自引：2，他引：70
气候变化对陆地生态系统的影响及其反馈是全球变化研究的焦点之一。利用气候变量实现对遥感植被指数所表示的植被绿度信息的模拟，可以尝试作为表达生物圈过去和未来状态的一种途径。利用1961-2000年的气温、降水和1983-1999年的NOAA/AVHRR资料，分析了中国北方地带性植被类型荒漠草原植被分布区的短尺度气候的年际和季节变化，及其对植被的影响。结果表明，过去40年中该区域年际气候变化表现为增温和降水波动。年NDVI的最大值（NDVImax）可以较好地反映气候的变化，过去17年中NDVImax出现的时间略有提前。综合分析NDVI、植被盖度、NPP、区域蒸散量、土壤含水量及其气候的年际变化，表明增温加剧了土壤干旱化，降水和土壤含水量仍是制约本区植被生长的根本原因。 相似文献
12.
高原湖泊是反映气候变化敏感的指示器。利用1976-2017年的多源资料对柴达木盆地湖泊面积动态进行了监测。结果表明：近50多年来,柴达木盆地气候呈现气温升高,降水普遍增加的增暖增湿趋势,21世纪以来这一趋势更为明显,但存在地区差异,年平均气温升温速率自东向西趋于增加,降水增加速率自东向西趋于减小;柴达木盆地外围东部的托素湖面积1956-2017年总体呈弱的减小趋势,减速为0.41 km2·a-1。但2005-2017年期间湖面以1.34 km2·a-1的增速呈明显扩张趋势,中部的小柴旦湖面积与过去13年同期平均相比,扩大了19.87 km2,而西部的尕斯库勒湖呈先增加后减小的趋势。柴达木盆地气候变化、植被面积、入湖径流等因子是导致湖泊面积变化的主要原因。 相似文献
13.
鲁北平原东部巨淀湖处于中国北方季风区,对全球气候变化响应敏感,为研究海岸带地区过去的气候环境演变提供了丰富的湖泊沉积资料。通过对巨淀湖钻孔岩心沉积物孢粉鉴定、粒度分析和AMS14C年代测定,探讨了鲁北平原地区8900 cal a BP以来的气候环境演变过程。结果表明: 8900—7625 cal a BP,气温较高,降水丰沛,气候较暖湿;7625—6810 cal a BP,气候整体呈变凉变干的趋势;6810—4435 cal a BP,温度回升,降水增加,显示了全新世中期整体温暖湿润的气候特征;4435—3150 cal a BP,气候整体寒冷湿润,其间也存在小幅的冷暖波动。中全新世期间5450—5280 cal a BP和4160—4090 cal a BP出现了明显冷干事件,这与中国乃至全球范围内的地质气候记录存在一致性,究其原因可能是受到太阳辐射变化导致的赤道辐合带南移、大洋海表温度变化以及地表植被的反馈作用的共同影响。 相似文献
14.
Holocene environmental evolution recorded by core sediments of Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain,Shandong Province 
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下载免费PDF全文 Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain is located in the monsoon area of northern China,which is sensitive to global climate change and provides abundant lake sedimentary data for the study of the past climate and environment evolution in the land-sea interaction area. Based on the sporopollen identification,grain size analysis and AMS14C dating of core sediments from the drilling hole of the Judian Lake,the evolutional process of climate and environment since 8900 cal a BP in the northern Lubei Plain was discussed. The results show that: 8900-7625cal a BP,the temperature and precipitation increased and the climate changed from cold-dry to warm-wet;7625—6810 cal a BP,the overall climate was becoming cooler and drier;6810—4435cal a BP,the temperature rose and the precipitation increased,showing an overall warm and humid climate in the middle Holocene;4435—3150cal a BP,the climate was generally cold and humid with some low-amplitude fluctuations of cold and warm. During the middle Holocene,there were two obvious cold and dry events in 5450—5280cal a BP and 4160—4090cal a BP,which was consistent with the geological and climatic records in China and even in the world. It may be due to the southward movement of the equatorial convergence zone caused by the change of solar radiation,the change of ocean surface temperature and the feedback of surface vegetation. 相似文献
15.
Changes in vegetation were tracked from a well-dated sediment core from a boreal lake, Lake 239, at ～200-year resolution over the Holocene. This presently oligotrophic lake is located ～100-km east from the present-day parkland-forest ecotone in northwestern Ontario. Near-shore sediment core transects from Lake 239 have previously shown this lake was at least 8-m lower than present in the mid-Holocene, or ～58% less lake volume in comparison to today. Large shifts were expected in the terrestrial vegetation if the low lake levels were related to climate. The core from Lake 239 shows increases in the relative abundance and concentration of pollen such as Cupressaceae and Ambrosia, indicating a more open boreal forest between ～4500–8000 cal yr BP. Pollen-based inferences of average, summer and winter temperatures suggest that temperatures were on average up to 1–2 °C warmer than today, with winter temperatures up to 4 °C warmer. The pollen inferences also suggest enhanced precipitation, likely in the summer, but with an overall increase in evaporation and evapotranspiration resulting in reduced effective moisture. To assess regional climate changes, pollen-based reconstructions of temperature and precipitation were developed and synthesized from sediment cores from eight previously published lakes, from which pollen sites were available to both the west and east of Lake 239, spanning present-day prairie lakes to forested lakes up to 300 km east of the prairie-boreal ecotone. All sites show shifts in pollen assemblages that indicate a warm mid-Holocene period; prairie sites west of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) show mid-Holocene decreases in precipitation relative to today, whereas sites near or east of ELA show consistent increases in precipitation, but with increased temperatures and enhanced evaporation during the mid-Holocene. 相似文献
16.
As one of the lakes on the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, Lake Chenghai, which is a typical closed lake with the precipitation accounting
for one-third or more of the annual water input, has a high total salinity (almost like a saline lake). The inorganic C, O
isotopic composition of lake sediments bears much sensitive information about environmental change in the catchment, while
their correlations revealed the hydrological conditions under which the lake was closed. Their compositional variations are
controlled by temperature, precipitation, photosynthesis, dissolving equilibrium of the carbonate system and hydrological
condition. According to our research on inorganic C, O isotopic composition of Lake Chenghai sediments, we investigated the
environmental change of this catchment several decades ago. The results showed that Lake Chenghai has kept good hydrological
closing conditions in the past several decades, as indicated by the good correlation of inorganic C, O isotopic composition
of sediments; and that the environmental change in this catchment shows a tendency of periodical evolution on a 10−11-years scale, although the signal noise is relatively high at the bottom of the sediment core. And we also can extend C, O
isotopes, a sensitive environmental indicator, to nearly saline lake environments with a high degree of mineralization. 相似文献
17.
青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”对气候变化极为敏感,研究气候变化下青藏高原多年冻土退化对蒸散发的影响有助于理解多年冻土地区水文过程对气候变化的响应情况。基于Budyko-Fu假设,构建了考虑多年冻土活动层厚度变化的水热耦合模型,建立了符合青藏高原多年冻土区的模型参数化方案,通过设置情景假设探讨了多年冻土退化对蒸散发的影响。模拟结果表明:1982—2018年青藏高原多年冻土区平均年蒸散发为275.6 mm,空间分布由东南向西北递减;研究区年蒸散发整体上以3.57 mm/a的速率上升。多年冻土活动层加深会引起蒸散发的增大,忽略冻土退化因素将导致约2.2%的蒸散发低估。冻土退化对蒸散发的影响呈现显著的空间异质性,土壤有效含水量和植被覆盖度越低的地区,蒸散发对冻土退化的响应越敏感。 相似文献
18.
I. Engelhardt R. Rausch B. Keim M. Al-Saud C. Schüth 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(2):537-555
The water demand in arid regions is commonly covered by groundwater resources that date back to more humid periods of the Pleistocene and Holocene. Within the investigated arid part of SE Saudi-Arabia information about climate, groundwater levels, and pumping rates are only available for regions where groundwater extractions occur at present-day. For the prediction of the impact of long-term climate changes on groundwater resources an understanding of the hydrogeological and hydrological past and the development of the aquifers is necessary. Therefore, all available information about hydrology and hydrogeology for the past 10,000 years BP were collected and compiled to a conceptual model of the aquifer development on the Arabian Peninsula since the last Ice-Age. The climatic history was displayed by changes in precipitation, temperature and recharge during the mid-S and late Holocene. The hydrogeological development is described by groundwater ages, sea level fluctuations, movement of the coastline, and the development of sabkhas. The most sensitive parameter to describe the development of aquifer system is recharge. Present-day recharge was calculated with the hydrological model system HEC-HMS accounting for current precipitation, temperature, wind, soil types, and geomorphology. With respect to changes in precipitation and temperature over the past 10,000 years the temporal and spatial variability of groundwater recharge was calculated using empirical equations valid for semi-arid and arid settings. Further inflow into the groundwater system results from surface water infiltration in wadi beds, while natural outflow from the groundwater system occurs by discharge to the Gulf, evaporation from sabkhas, and spring discharge. Backward predictions can be verified by sedimentological observations of palaeo-river systems and lakes indicating that groundwater levels reached temporarily the surface under wetter climate conditions and 14C groundwater ages displaying groundwater residence times. 相似文献
19.
A. P. Fedotov M. A. Phedorin I. V. Enushchenko K. E. Vershinin S. M. Krapivina E. G. Vologina S. K. Petrovskii M. S. Melgunov O. A. Sklyarova 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1733-1744
Reconstruction of temporal and spatial climate development on a seasonal basis during the last few centuries may help us better understand modern-day interplay between natural and anthropogenic climate variability. The objective of this paper is to reconstruct hydrology and landscape changes of East Siberia during the termination of the Little Ice Age and the subsequent Recent Warming. We analysed sediment samples from the saltwater Sulfatnoe Lake, Bolshoye Alginskoe and freshwater Shuchie Lake using high-resolution X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy at 1-mm scan resolution, Fourier-transform infrared techniques and pollen analyses. The depth–age models of the cores were constructed by 210Pb activity using the constant rate of supply model. The lake sediment cover of these lakes began to form from ca. 1870. Three significant periods (1870–1895, 1895–1925 and from 1925 to the present) were defined in hydrology and chemical regime of these lakes for the past 140 years. Lake levels were extremely low and high saturated with salts during the final period of the Little Ice Age. Lake levels began to slowly rise from 1870 to 1895 and vegetation was poor at that period. Intensive desalination of the lakes occurred in 1895–1925, and environment conditions were temperate and favourable for the majority of the taxa of the regional vegetation. Regional precipitation significantly increased and water saturation of the catchments was high from 1925 to the present. The chemical precipitation of carbonate stopped completely in Lake Shichie and reduced considerably in Lake Sulfatnoe and B. Alginskoe. Strong increasing trend of weathering of the lake catchments began in 1970 and still continues. 相似文献