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1.
For the purpose of studying the Earth’s crust by means of tomography, we investigated cross-correlation functions emerging from long-term observations of propagating ambient seismic noise at pairs of broadband stations in Israel and Jordan. The data was provided by the eight permanent broadband stations of the Israel Seismic Network evenly distributed over Israel and the 30 stations of the DESERT2000 experiment distributed across the Arava Fault (South of the Dead Sea basin). To eliminate the influence of earthquakes and explosions, we have applied the methodology of Bensen et al. (Geophys J Int 169:1239–1260, 2007), including bandpass filtering and amplitude normalization in time and frequency domain. The cross-correlation functions estimated from continuous recordings of a few months were used to extract Rayleigh waves group velocity dispersion curves using automatic version of the frequency–time analysis procedure. Subsequently, these curves have been converted into the Rayleigh wave group velocity maps in the period range 5–20 s and S waves velocity maps in the depth range 5–15 km. In these maps, four velocity anomalies are prominent. Two of them are outlined by the previous reflection-refraction profiles and body wave tomography studies, i.e. a low velocity anomaly corresponds to the area of the extremely deep (down to 14 km) sedimentary infill in the Southern Dead Sea Basin and a high velocity anomaly in the Southern Jordan corresponds to the area of the Precambrian crystalline rocks of the Nubian Shield on the flanks of the Red Sea. The two other anomalies have not been reported before - the high velocity zone close to the Beersheba city and the low velocity anomaly in the region of Samaria-Carmel mountains - Southern Galilee. They have relatively low resolution and hence need further investigations for approving and contouring. The highest contrast between the average Rayleigh wave group velocity (2.7 km/s) and the anomalies is 10–13 %, comparable, however, to the level of noise in the data. The results have been verified by modeling the revealed anomalies which showed that all the four zones mentioned above could be detected by the tomography study.  相似文献   

2.
Cross-correlation functions of noise are constructed on 119 interstation paths from seismic noise records at stations of Eastern Europe. Dispersion curves of the group velocity of Rayleigh waves obtained from the cross-correlation functions are used for constructing the three-dimensional distribution of the velocity of transverse waves on the East European platform and in adjacent regions by methods of surface-wave tomography. The mean velocity in the crust is minimum in the region of the Caspian depression and Black Sea basin (<3.3 km/s) and maximum in the Baltic shield area (>3.7 km/s). The upper mantle beneath the Baltic and Ukrainian shields is characterized by increased velocity and the absence of the asthenospheric layer. Reduced velocities are noted in the upper mantle of the Black Sea basin. A low-velocity anomaly in the shape of a vertical column is revealed at depths of 200–300 km in the central part of the Dnieper-Donets aulacogen, which confirms the existence of a paleorift in this region.  相似文献   

3.
南海瑞雷面波群速度层析成像及其地球动力学意义   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
陈立  薛梅  Le Khanh Phon  杨挺 《地震学报》2012,34(6):754-772
南海处于欧亚板块、 菲律宾海板块、 太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块的交汇处, 其地质和构造作用十分复杂．通过面波群速度成像, 给出了南海及邻区的三维横波速度分布并分析了其地球动力学意义．南海西部和南部新布设的地震台站使得利用单台法时路径覆盖比过去更好. 特别是在华南地区, 新的台站分布能够弥补该地区地震少且台站少造成的射线密度不够的缺点． 首先运用多重滤波法得到南海周边48个台站周期为14——130 s范围内的基阶瑞雷波频散曲线图; 接着通过子空间反演得到整个区域在不同周期时的群速度分布; 最后通过阻尼最小二乘反演得到不同深度切片上的横波速度分布及不同纵剖面上的横波速度分布． 结果显示: ① 海盆速度较高, 且速度分布很好地勾勒出海盆的轮廓. 浅层较高的横波速度说明海盆都具有洋壳性质, 而深部较高的横波速度则可能对应扩张中心生成洋壳后残留的高速物质． 不同海盆速度上的差异与它们的热流值和年龄大小一致．海盆下的高速异常在60 km以下消失, 且在一定深度范围内由低速区替代． 在低速区下200 km深度, 在南海海盆观测到一条NE-SW走向的高速异常, 可能与古俯冲带有关. ② 环南海出现明显的高速区, 对应俯冲带特征, 且这些高速区速度差异明显且有间断, 说明俯冲带的非均质性和俯冲角度的差异. ③ 在环南海高速区内侧（向南海侧）观测到不连续的低速区． 在浅层, 这些低速区反映了沉积层和地壳的厚度特征. 在地幔, 这些低速区可能对应于古太平洋俯冲带的地幔楔或者也可能反映了南海海盆停止扩张后残留的地幔熔融物质. ④ 南海海盆岩石圈的厚度为60——85 km．   相似文献   

4.
Surface wave dispersion is studied to obtain the 1-D average velocity structure of the crust in the Korean Peninsula by inverting group- and phase-velocities jointly. Group velocities of short-period Rayleigh and Love waves are obtained from cross-correlations of seismic noise. Multiple-filter analysis is used to extract the group velocities at periods between 0.5 and 20 s. Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in 10- and 50-s periods are obtained by applying the two-station method to teleseismic data. Dispersion curves of all group and phase velocities are jointly inverted for the 1-D average model of the Korean Peninsula. The resultant model from surface wave analysis can be used as an initial model for numerical modeling of observations of North Korean events for a velocity model appropriated to the Korean Peninsula. The iterative process is focused especially on the surface sedimentary layer in the numerical modeling. The final model, modified by numerical modeling from the initial model, indicates that the crust shear wave velocity increases with depth from 2.16 km/s for a 2-km-thick surface sedimentary layer to 3.79 km/s at a Moho depth of 33 km, and the upper mantle has a velocity of 4.70 km/s.  相似文献   

5.
Crustal thickness (CT) in Vrancea region (Romania) and adjacent area is investigated using 1294 S to P converted waves from the Moho discontinuity. A total of 269 local earthquakes in the depth range 99.8 to 171.1 km and recorded by 76 permanent and 46 temporary stations of the Romanian Seismological Network are used. Time difference between the converted wave and the direct P phase is corrected to a first order for epicentral distance and for the errors in focal depth, being finally inverted to CT. Greatest values for the Moho depth are observed for stations located in the Carpathians molasse foredeep and smaller values are observed in the Southern part of the Moesian Platform, for stations in the eastern part of Moldavian (East-European) Platform and in Dobrogea area, close to the Black Sea shoreline. In Vrancea epicentral area, an important CT variation is observed, from 42 km at MLR and 41.8 km at SIR, stations placed in the south-western part of the epicentral area, to 30.9 km at VRI, located above north-eastern part of the seismogenic volume. Stations CVO and OZU, placed in Transylvanian Basin in the proximity of the epicentral area, have CT values of 32.1 and 24.1 km, respectively. The results seem to support that a mantle delamination process is responsible for Vrancea intermediate depth seismicity.  相似文献   

6.
A detailed dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves generated by local earthquakes and occasionally by blasts that occurred in southern Spain, was undertaken to obtain the shear-wave velocity structure of the region at shallow depth. Our database includes seismograms generated by 35 seismic events that were recorded by 15 single-component short-period stations from 1990 to 1995. All these events have focal depths less than 10 km and body-wave magnitudes between 3.0 and 4.0, and they were all recorded at distances between 40 and 300 km from the epicentre. We analysed a total of 90 source-station Rayleigh-wave paths. The collected data were processed by standard digital filtering techniques to obtain Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion measurements. The path-averaged group velocities vary from 1.12 to 2.25 km/s within the 1.0-6.0 s period interval. Then, using a stochastic inversion approach we obtained 1-D shear-wave velocity–depth models across the study area, which were resolved to a depth of circa 5 km. The inverted shear-wave velocities range approximately between 1.0 and 3.8 km/s with a standard deviation range of 0.05–0.16 km/s, and show significant variations from region to region. These results were combined to produce 3-D images via volumetric modelling and data visualization. We present images that show different shear velocity patterns for the Betic Cordillera. Looking at the velocity distribution at various depths and at vertical sections, we discuss of the study area in terms of subsurface structure and S-wave velocity distribution (low velocity channels, basement depth, etc.) at very shallow depths (0–5 km). Our results characterize the region sufficiently and lead to a correlation of shear-wave velocity with the different geological units features.  相似文献   

7.
We have explored 1D S-wave velocity profiles of shallow and deep soil layers over a basement at strong motion stations in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. Microtremor array explorations were conducted at eight strong motion stations in the area to know shallow 1D S-wave velocity models. Rayleigh wave phase velocity at a frequency range from 3 to 30 Hz was estimated with the spatial autocorrelation analysis of array records of vertical microtremors at each station. Individual phase velocity was inverted to a shallow S-wave velocity profile. Low-velocity layers were identified at the stations in the basin. Site amplification factors from S-wave parts of earthquake records that had been estimated at the strong motion stations by Yamanaka et al. (2017) were inverted to the S-wave velocities and Q-values of the sedimentary layers. The depths to the basement with an S-wave velocity of 2.2 km/s are about 1 km in the central part of the basin, while the basement becomes shallow as 0.3 km in the marginal part of the basin. We finally discussed the effects of the shallow and deep sedimentary layers on the 1D S-wave amplification characteristics using the revealed profiles. It is found that the shallow soil layers have no significant effects in the amplification at a frequency range lower than 3 Hz in the area.  相似文献   

8.
Due to the increasing popularity of analyzing empirical Green’s functions obtained from ambient seismic noise, more and more regional tomographical studies based on short-period surface waves are published. Results could potentially be biased in mountainous regions where topography is not small compared to the wavelength and penetration depth of the considered waves. We investigate the effect of topography on the propagation of short-period Rayleigh waves empirically by means of synthetic data using a spectral element code and a 3-D model with real topography. We show that topography along a profile through the studied area can result in an underestimation of phase velocities of up to about 0.7% at the shortest investigated period (3 s). Contrary to the expectation that this bias results from the increased surface distance along topography, we find that this error can be estimated by local topographic contrasts in the vicinity of the receiver alone. We discuss and generalize our results by considering topographic profiles through other mountain ranges and find that southern Norway is a good proxy to assess the topography effect. Nevertheless, topographic bias on phase velocity measurements is in general not large enough to significantly affect recovered velocity variations in the ambient noise frequency range.  相似文献   

9.
Body-wave Attenuation in the Region of Garda, Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
We analyzed the spectral amplitude decay with hypocentral distance of P and S waves generated by 76 small magnitude earthquakes (ML 0.9–3.8) located in the Garda region, Central-Eastern Alps, Italy. These events were recorded by 18 stations with velocity sensors, in a distance range between 8 and 120 km. We calculated nonparametric attenuation functions (NAF) and estimated the quality factor Q of both body waves at 17 different frequencies between 2 and 25 Hz. Assuming a homogeneous model we found that the Q frequency dependence of P and S can be approximated with the functions Q P = 65 f 0.9 and Q S = 160 f 0.6 , respectively. At 2 Hz the Q S /Q P ratio reaches the highest value of 2.8. At higher frequencies Q S /Q P varies between 0.7 and 1.7, suggesting that for this frequency band scattering may be an important attenuation mechanism in the region of Garda. To explore the variation of Q in depth, we estimated Q at short (r ≤ 30 km) and intermediate (35–90 km) distance paths. We found that in the shallow crust P waves attenuate more than S (1.3 < Q S /Q P < 2.5). Moreover, P waves traveling along paths in the lower crust (depths approximately greater than 30 km) attenuate more than S waves. To quantify the observed variability of Q in depth we considered a three-layer model and inverted the NAF to estimate Q in each layer. We found that in the crust Q increases with depth. However, in the upper mantle (~40–50 km depth) Q decreases and in particular the high frequency Q S (f > 9 Hz) has values similar to those estimated for the shallow layer of the crust.  相似文献   

10.
Frequency-time analysis was applied to records of Rayleigh surface waves due to teleseismic earthquakes (M ≥ 6.0) to obtain dispersion curves of fundamental mode phase velocities for paths between 51 pairs of digital seismic stations in the Asian IRIS networks; the range of periods was 10–200 s. For each of these pairs we derived 1D-shear-velocity sections that fit the corresponding dispersion curves and image the integral earth structure down to depths of ∼650–700 km beneath each of the interstation seismic paths, which traverse the area of study in different directions. These structures were used by Yanovskaya (2001) to derive a 3D-shear-velocity model by 2D tomography, imaging the distribution of the larger horizontal inhomogeneities in the Central Asia mantle for depths of 50 to 600 km, and to construct 2D-velocity sections for five lines passing through the major tectonic features of Central Asia.  相似文献   

11.
The determination of seismic amplitude amplification is a fundamental contribution to seismic hazard assessment. While often only high-frequency amplitude variations (>1 Hz) are taken into account, we analyse broadband waveforms from 0.14 to 8.6 Hz using a temporary network of 32 stations in and around the earthquake-prone city of Bucharest. Spectral amplitudes are calculated with an adaptive multiple-taper approach. Across our network (aperture 25 km × 25 km), we find a systematic northwest/southeast-oriented structural influence on teleseismic P-wave amplitudes from 0.14 to 0.86 Hz that can be explained by constructive interference in the dipping Cenozoic sedimentary layers. For higher frequencies (1.4–8.75 Hz), more local site effects prevail and can be correlated partly among neighbouring stations. The transition between systematic and localised amplitude variations occurs at about 1 Hz.  相似文献   

12.
A set of two hundred shear-wave velocity models of the crust and uppermost mantle in southeast Europe is determined by application of a sequence of methods for surface-waves analysis. Group velocities for about 350 paths have been obtained after analysis of more than 600 broadband waveform records. Two-dimensional surface-wave tomography is applied to the group-velocity measurements at selected periods and after regionalisation, two sets of local dispersion curves (for Rayleigh and Love waves) are constructed in the period range 8–40 s. The shear-wave velocity models are derived by applying non-linear iterative inversion of local dispersion curves for grid cells predetermined by the resolving power of data. The period range of observations limits the velocity models to depths of 70 km in accordance to the penetration of the surface waves with a maximum period of 40 s. Maps of the Moho boundary depth, velocity distribution above and below Moho boundary, as well as velocity distribution at different depths are constructed. Well-known geomorphologic units (e.g. the Pannonian basin, southeastern Carpathians, Dinarides, Hellenides, Rodophean massif, Aegean Sea, western Turkey) are delineated in the obtained models. Specific patterns in the velocity models characterise the southeast Carpathians and adjacent areas, coast of Albania, Adriatic coast of southern Italy and the southern coast of the Black Sea. The models obtained in this study for the western Black Sea basin shows the presence of layers with shear-wave velocities of 3.5 km/s–3.7 km/s in the crust and thus do not support the hypothesis of existence of oceanic structure in this region.  相似文献   

13.
Group velocities of Rayleigh and Love waves along the paths across the Black Sea and partly Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula are used to estimate lateral variations of the crustal structure in the region. As a first step, lateral variations of group velocities for periods in the range 10–20 s are determined using a 2D tomography method. Since the paths are oriented predominantly in NE–SW or N–S direction, the resolution is estimated as a function of azimuth. The local dispersion curves are actually averaged over the extended areas stretched in the predominant direction of the paths. The size of the averaging area in the direction of the best resolution is approximately 200 km. As a second step, the local averaged dispersion curves are inverted to vertical sections of S-wave velocities. Since the dispersion curves in the 10–20 s period range are mostly affected by the upper crustal structure, the velocities are estimated to a depth of approximately 25 km. Velocity sections along 43° N latitude are determined separately from Rayleigh and Love wave data. It is shown that the crust under the sea contains a low-velocity sedimentary layer of 2–3 km thickness, localized in the eastern and western deeps, as found earlier from DSS data. Beneath the sedimentary layer, two layers are present with velocity values lying between those of granite and consolidated sediments. Velocities in these layers are slightly lower in the deeps, and the boundaries of the layers are lowered. S-wave velocities obtained from Love wave data are found to be larger than those from Rayleigh wave data, the difference being most pronounced in the basaltic layer. If this difference is attributed to anisotropy, the anisotropy coefficient = (SH - SV)/Smean is reasonable (2–3%) in the upper layers, and exceeds 9% in the basaltic layer.  相似文献   

14.
Based on the quarter-wavelength approximation, the frequency-dependent site amplifications, A(f ), at 18 free-field strong-motion stations in and near the Taipei Basin are evaluated from well-logging data. The V 30, which is the average of the S-wave velocities in the topmost 30 m, is a significant factor in classifying the sites. Results show that the site amplifications at all sites in study are larger than 1 and functions of frequency. Compared with the Haskell method, the quarter-wavelength approximation is almost an average and a good representation of overall amplifications. It is noted that the site amplifications evaluated in this study can apply only to frequencies greater than about 1.1 Hz for class C sites and 3.1 Hz for class D.  相似文献   

15.
Recordings of the ground motion induced by two shallow (15–25 km deep), distant (300 and 605 km) earthquakes made on deep, soft lacustrine sediments at Texcoco, Valley of Mexico, show a late monochromatic response at 0.48 Hz. Data from a strong-motion recorder array show that this late response is consistent with slow (60 m/s group velocity) Rayleigh waves generated near the 6 km distant soft/stiff soil interface of the ex-lake surface margin. It is concluded that the excitation of local Rayleigh waves in soft soil deposits by arriving earthquake ground motion provides one mechanism to explain the prolonged duration of resonant motion on soft soils, and hence the extreme damage often associated with soft soils responding to distant earthquakes.  相似文献   

16.
用背景噪声和地震面波反演东北地区岩石圈速度结构   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
李皎皎  黄金莉  刘志坤 《地震》2012,32(4):22-32
本文利用东北地区的黑龙江、 吉林、 辽宁和内蒙古等四省区区域数字地震台网122个宽频带地震台站记录的波形数据, 分别通过背景噪声互相关及地震面波提取8~25 s和25~70 s的瑞利面波频散曲线, 进而反演得到东北地区从浅到深直至约100 km的岩石圈速度结构。 结果表明, 周期为8 s至15 s的短周期群速度分布与地表构造特征有较好的对应关系, 盆岭边界的大型断裂对上地壳速度结构的控制作用明显, 松辽盆地呈现较厚的低速沉积盆地特征; 周期为20 s至30 s的群速度与短周期时相比出现明显变化, 反映了以大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带为界, 西部地区莫霍面深度大于东部地区; 周期为50 s至70 s的长周期群速度图表现为随着周期的增加, 东部低速区域西移而西部显示稳定高速, 可能反映了研究区受太平洋板块俯冲影响, 大兴安岭以东地区软流圈热物质上涌的特征。  相似文献   

17.
利用在鄂尔多斯块体内部布设的45个宽频带流动台站和固定台站的资料,用双平面波方法反演了20~143 s共12个周期的基阶瑞利面波的平均相速度和方位各向异性,并反演了一维S波速度结构.反演结果显示50~100 s中长周期的瑞利面波相速度高于AK135速度模型的相速度,为高速异常,S波速度显示高速异常主要位于180 km深度范围内,表明鄂尔多斯块体保留有厚的高速岩石圈.20~111 s周期的方位各向异性强度小于1%,较小的各向异性表明鄂尔多斯块体岩石圈变形较弱.20~50 s周期的平均快波方向为近EW向,67~143 s周期的平均快波方向为NW-SE向,相对发生了整体改变,快波方向的转变约开始于80~100 km深度范围,这表明岩石圈上下部存在着由不同变形机制导致的各向异性.上部岩石圈中各向异性可能主要为残留的“化石”各向异性,而下部岩石圈各向异性可能是现今板块构造运动导致的变形而形成.鄂尔多斯块体岩石圈垂向上的变形差异可能主要与岩石圈温度随深度的变化以及青藏高原NE-NNE向挤压引起的上部岩石圈逆时针旋转有关.  相似文献   

18.
It is well established that the Earth's uppermost mantle is anisotropic, but observations of anisotropy in the deeper mantle have been more ambiguous. Radial anisotropy, the discrepancy between Love and Rayleigh waves, was included in the top 220 km of PREM, but there is no consensus whether anisotropy is present below that depth. Fundamental mode surface waves, for commonly used periods up to 200 s, are sensitive to structure in the first few hundred kilometers and therefore do not provide information on anisotropy below. Higher mode surface waves, however, have sensitivities that extend to and below the transition zone and should thus give insight about anisotropy at greater depths, but they are very difficult to measure. We previously developed a new technique to measure higher mode surface wave phase velocities with consistent uncertainties. These data are used here to construct probability density functions of a radially anisotropic Earth model down to approximately 1500 km. In the uppermost mantle, we obtain a high probability of faster horizontally polarized shear wave speed, likely to be related to plate motion. In the asthenosphere and transition zone, however, we find a high probability of faster vertically polarized shear wave speed. To a depth of 1500 km in the lower mantle, we see no significant shear wave anisotropy. This is consistent with results from laboratory measurements which show that lower mantle minerals are anisotropic but LPO is unlikely to develop in the pressure–temperature conditions present in the mid-mantle.  相似文献   

19.
合肥市位于合肥盆地东南缘,东侧紧邻郯庐断裂带,多条大型隐伏断裂穿过市区.为进一步认识合肥城市下方隐伏断裂的空间展布、性质,以及城市复杂的沉积环境,本文利用布设在合肥市区的58套三分量短周期地震仪组成的台阵,获得了37天的三分量连续波形数据,通过基于射线追踪的面波走时直接成像方法反演得到了合肥市地壳浅部0.6~3.6 km的三维剪切波速度结构,速度结构图像展现了地壳浅部的横向不均匀性和纵向成层性,揭示出NNE、NWW和近EW三组不同走向的隐伏断裂在城市地下浅部的构造特征.取得以下认识：（1）合肥市南、北方向在浅地表（2 km以内）存在显著速度差异,速度分界线位置与已知的近EW向的蜀山断裂一致,断裂南侧呈现低速凹陷,北侧则为高速隆起.低速中心深度达2~3 km,速度异常与该断裂在合肥盆地东部演化过程中的构造反转沉积了不同地层有关;（2）合肥市区存在明显的高速异常带,其走向、位置与穿过该区域的郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂相符,其中五河—合肥断裂在市区北部以东呈现低速凹陷特征,低速区范围与肥东凹陷晚白垩纪以来的沉积构造边界一致,认为肥东凹陷的最大沉积厚度可达2 km以上;（3）合肥市中心跨郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂之间呈现明显的凹、隆相间的复杂构造,推测其是在多组断裂的共同拉伸作用下形成的小型沉积盆地,沉积中心位于郯庐断裂带内部,最大厚度可达3~4 km.由于其展布方向在不同深度与该区域断裂的走向具有明显的相关性,推测不同深度的沉积形态与郯庐断裂带在不同时期的构造演化过程有关.  相似文献   

20.
Introduction Rayleigh wave is a kind of seismic wave propagating along the surface of the Earth, its propagation speed depends chiefly on the S-wave velocity structure of the Earth. Rayleigh wave energy of different periods concentrated in different depth ranges. The layered structure of the Earth causes the phenomenon of dispersion of surface waves, that is, surface waves of different periods are propagated with different speeds. By measuring the dispersion curves of surface waves the S-wav…  相似文献   

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