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1.
The question of whether single- or multi-layers of sedimentary rocks will fault or fold when subjected to layer-parallel shortening is investigated by means of the theory of elastic-plastic, strain-hardening materials, which should closely describe the properties of sedimentary rocks at high levels in the Earth's crust. The most attractive feature of the theory is that folding and faulting, intimately related in nature, are different responses of the same idealized material to different conditions.When single-layers of sedimentary rock behave much as strain-hardening materials they are unlikely to fold, rather they tend to fault, because contrasts in elasticity and strength properties of sedimentary rocks are low. Amplifications of folds in such materials are negligible whether contacts between layer and media are bonded or free to slip for single layers of dolomite, limestone, sandstone, or siltstone in media of shale. Multilayers of these same rocks fault rather than fold if contacts are bonded, but they fold readily if contacts between layers are frictionless, or have low yield strengths, for example due to high pore-water pressure. Faults may accompany the folds, occurring where compression is increased in cores of folds. Where there is predominant reverse faulting in sedimentary sequences, there probably were few structural units. 相似文献
2.
A finite-element model of a viscous layer contained in a viscous matrix and undergoing layer-parallel compression is used to examine the hypothesis that a long chain of folds, as found in real rocks, can originate from one initial perturbation to the layer geometry. This hypothesis is tested by determining the velocity with which a perturbation spreads along layers of various viscosities.An insight is gained into the roles played by local strain and local layer strength in the folding mechanism. The results show that for layers with viscosity ratios comparable with those of real rocks it is impossible for long chains of folds to originate from one perturbation. The authors conclude that rock layers contain many initial perturbations and folding originates at all perturbation sites simultaneously. The growth of such folds depends on the amplitude and shape of the initial perturbation and on subsequent interference between folds. 相似文献
3.
The Ivrea Zone in Northern Italy consists of amphibolite and granulite facies metasedimentary, metabasic, and ultrabasic rocks, and is thought to represent a section through the deep continental crust. Detailed mapping of the high grade part of this zone has revealed a series of high temperature shear zones, which, after the effects of later low temperature faulting and folding have been removed, appears to accommodate extension of the sequence. The shear zones formed at temperatures similar to those at which thermal equilibration occurred in the host rocks, and locally show evidence for development under prograde conditions. These observations fit well with thermal effects calculated from a simple heat flow model for extensional faulting. In this model the effects of shear heating and displacement of cool hanging-wall rocks against hotter footwall rocks are calculated.
These observations indicate that faulting as a mode of failure may be important during extension of the lower continental crust, especially when basic rocks are the dominant components of the rock pile. A restored section through the extended lower crust as observed in the Ivrea Zone is presented, and the extent to which the features observed are able to explain seismic reflectivity of the lower crust is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Fracturing processes of rock are simulated using a micro- and fracture mechanical-based numerical modeling approach. The numerical model considers material heterogeneity and initial microcrack distributions. The gradual formation of macroscopic fractures by coalesced microcracks is successfully reproduced. Distinct failure modes are observed in the model under different loadings. Agreement is shown between the numerical results and laboratory observations. The influence of microcrack orientations on the fracture patterns is quantified by the numerical models. Possible mechanisms describing the splitting failure of hard brittle rocks under uniaxial compression are proposed and discussed.
相似文献5.
6.
首次报导了秦岭-大别山壳幔岩石高温高压下电导率的测定结果。该区中上地壳主要代表岩石(角闪岩、绢云母石英片岩、千枚岩等)在10-25km的温压条件下,含水矿物出现脱水会引起电导率值升高,认为这是该区出现高导层体的主要原因;中下地壳代表性岩石(片麻岩、麻粒岩、榴辉岩等)由于石英从α相向β相转变,会导致电导率值(σ)下降。在下地壳的温压条件下电导率值一般为10-2到10-3S·m-1;上地幔的代表性岩石由于组成矿物较为基性,电导率值比下地壳高,从0.1到1S·m-1。 相似文献
7.
Vertical extrusion and horizontal channel flow of orogenic lower crust: key exhumation mechanisms in large hot orogens? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K. SCHULMANN O. LEXA P. &#;TÍPSKÁ M. RACEK L. TAJ&#;MANOVÁ J. KONOPÁSEK J.-B. EDEL A. PESCHLER J. LEHMANN 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2008,26(2):273-297
A large database of structural, geochronological and petrological data combined with a Bouguer anomaly map is used to develop a two‐stage exhumation model of deep‐seated rocks in the eastern sector of the Variscan belt. An early sub‐vertical fabric developed in the orogenic lower and middle crust during intracrustal folding followed by the vertical extrusion of the lower crustal rocks. These events were responsible for exhumation of the orogenic lower crust from depths equivalent to 18?20 kbar to depths equivalent to 8?10 kbar, and for coeval burial of upper crustal rocks to depths equivalent to 8–9 kbar. Following the folding and vertical extrusion event, sub‐horizontal fabrics developed at medium to low pressure in the orogenic lower and middle crust during vertical shortening. Fabrics that record the early vertical extrusion originated between 350 and 340 Ma, during building of an orogenic root in response to SE‐directed Saxothuringian continental subduction. Fabrics that record the later sub‐horizontal exhumation event relate to an eastern promontory of the Brunia continent indenting into the rheologically weaker rocks of the orogenic root. Indentation initiated thrusting or flow of the orogenic crust over the Brunia continent in a north‐directed sub‐horizontal channel. This sub‐horizontal flow operated between 330 and 325 Ma, and was responsible for a heterogeneous mixing of blocks and boudins of lower and middle crustal rocks and for their progressive thermal re‐equilibration. The erosion depth as well as the degree of reworking decreases from south to north, pointing to an outflow of lower crustal material to the surface, which was subsequently eroded and deposited in a foreland basin. Indentation by the Brunia continental promontory was highly noncoaxial with respect to the SE‐oriented Saxothuringian continental subduction in the Early Visean, suggesting a major switch of plate configuration during the Middle to Late Visean. 相似文献
8.
《Tectonophysics》1987,134(4):311-321
Scismic reflection data recorded to 20 s in the central Eromanga Basin area show good quality reflections from the deep crust as well as the shallow sedimentary layers. The data along a 270 km long east-west traverse indicate warping and low-angle faulting in the lower crust which is compatible with asymmetric folding in the Devonian sediments. This interpretation is consistent with a major compressional deformation of the crust in this area during the mid-Carboniferous Kanimblan Orogeny. 相似文献
9.
Exhumation has been recognised as a key factor in understanding the dynamics of a mountain belt. Normal faulting, erosion and ductile thinning are the three basic mechanisms to exhume the deeper high grade metamorphic rocks to the surface. Convergent orogenic belts are characterised by over-thickening of the crust due to thrusting and folding. The interplay of uplift due to over-thickening of crust and climatic-erosion is the most plausible mechanism of exhumation as suggested by the numerical models and analogue experiments. The analysis of 534 thermo-chronological dates through 1D-thermal numerical model in the Himalaya suggest that the exhumation is dominantly due to erosion but the pattern of erosion is controlled by local tectonic activities in different sector of the Himalaya since Miocene, indicating that tectonic force as the prime mechanism of exhumation in Himalaya. 相似文献
10.
大陆下地壳流动:渠流还是层流? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
大量的地质、地球物理、地球化学、实验和模拟资料证明大陆岩石圈存在壳内流层,目前创建了渠流和层流两种假说来解释大陆下地壳的流动规律和流动机理。渠流模式是指厚地壳、高地势的造山带或高原中、下地壳低粘度物质在地貌负荷的侧向压力梯度或剥蚀作用驱动下从山根向外侧向扩张。笔者在研究青藏高原的基础上于1992年提出的层流模式是指在大陆边缘俯冲板片脱水熔融和大陆内部地幔柱(枝)底辟上隆的热动力及其相关的重力驱动下的盆山地壳物质循环系统,盆地热软化下地壳物质在重力作用下顺层流向相邻的山根,盆地地壳减薄,造山带地壳加厚,加厚的下地壳部分熔融物质带动深层变质岩向上运动,热-重力派生的垂直主应力形成热隆伸展的变质核杂岩和低角度拆离断层,隆升的山体在重力势能作用下侧向扩张,盆山边界形成逆冲推覆和滑覆构造,同时遭受强烈的剥蚀作用,造山带源粗碎屑沉积物快速堆积在盆缘受下地壳拖曳的壳内有限俯冲坳陷带内。渠流构造和层流构造在大陆板内变形、中下地壳韧性挤出、造山带的挤压和伸展同步转换、中深变质岩的韧性变形及剥露过程、部分熔融及岩浆活动等方面存在相似之处,但是,在发育背景、产出部位、流层边界、流层规模、流动型式、流动体制、流动方向、流动物质、流动效应、流动时间、驱动力等方面存在本质的差异。渠流构造基本上可作为层流构造时空结构中的一个组成部分,层流的驱动力是热能和重力,而不是地表剥蚀作用和山体负荷作用。从全球角度来看,层流只是地球多级物质循环流动系统的一个组成部分。 相似文献
11.
Adamantios Kilias Charalampos Fassoulas Demosthenis Mountrakis 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(2):417-430
Kinematic analysis of the deformation in central Crete suggests that the structural evolution and exhumation of the high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) rocks outcropping at the Mount Psiloritis metamorphic core complex are associated with a regional, Miocene, north-south extension and thinning of the continental crust. This tectonic regime developed under bulk coaxial strain conditions, with ductile deformation in the lower and brittle deformation in the upper crust, and followed, on the decompressional path, a north-south compression associated with a HP/LT metamorphism in the lower crust. This compressional event took place during Oligocene—Early Miocene and led to overthickening of the accretionary wedge in the Hellenic Arc. An east-west directed compression accompanied, in the final stages, the Miocene north-south extension of the continental crust. 相似文献
12.
大兴安岭火山喷发带北段中性、中酸性火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过对大兴安岭北段晚侏罗世吉祥峰组中酸性火山岩的岩石地球化学研究,发现其中存在高Sr低Y型火山岩,即文献上所称的埃达克质岩,笔者认为中酸性火山岩的岩浆起源于下地壳玄武质岩浆,为玄武质岩浆底辟上侵引起地热梯度增加、下地壳中-基性变质火成岩石部分熔融的之混合岩浆,是古太平洋板块向西伯利亚板块斜向俯冲过程中,蒙古-鄂霍次克海槽封闭,陆壳碰撞使地壳加厚,形成兴蒙造山带时所引起的一系列构造岩浆活动。其形成时的构造环境应是在滨太平洋构造域背景下受古亚洲构造域的影响和限制,并非是滨太平洋构造活动带的单一活动所致。早白垩世上库力组酸性火山岩属陆壳重熔型(S型)火山岩,其形成可能与印度-澳大利亚板块朝北偏东方向推挤运移、中国东部岩石圈拉张引起的下地壳拆沉作用有关。 相似文献
13.
H.P. Laubscher 《Tectonophysics》1978,47(3-4)
In the northern foreland of the Alps lithospheric subplate boundaries such as the Rheingraben may be distinguished from structures developed by deformation of the main plate boundary (foreland folding in the strict sense). The latter consists of a very gentle lithospheric bulge (foreland trough and welt) of regional dimensions, and superposed smaller-scale features which are sometimes compressive (Jura) and sometimes extensive (normal faults in the eastern Molasse basin). An explanation is sought in the distribution of weak and strong masses under the Alps and their foreland; a pronounced intracrustal low-velocity cushion under the Alps, and various incompetent sedimentary layers under the foreland. As the subducted lithosphere below and the competent crust above the intracrustal cushion are affected by different boundary displacements, separate stress systems are set up for the two and are superposed in the foreland. Under some circumstances the bending stresses of the lithospheric bulge may predominate and cause extensional (normal) faulting, whereas under other circumstances compression of the supra-cushion crust may be the dominant influence and cause focal mechanisms typical for horizontal compression or, where there is a suitable decollement horizon, even thrusting and folding. 相似文献
14.
变质玄武岩体系相平衡及矿物 熔体微量元素分配：限定TTG/埃达克岩形成条件和大陆壳生长模型 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
埃达克质岩石是高Na、Al和Sr、低Y和HREE以及Nb、Ta亏损的钠质花岗质岩石,奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)是早期(太古宙)大陆壳主要组分,成分与埃达克质岩石相似,这些成分独特的岩石总体上认为是俯冲洋壳、下地壳和拆沉的下地壳中变质玄武岩部分熔融的产物。文中综述我们近年来在变质玄武岩体系相平衡和矿物-熔体微量元素分配实验研究成果:相平衡实验和熔体微量元素特征研究表明,变质玄武岩部分熔融过程中金红石是导致TTG/埃达克岩浆Nb、Ta亏损的必要残留矿物,从而否定了前人“TTG由无金红石的角闪岩熔融产生”的观点;证实金红石仅仅在压力1.5GPa以上才能稳定存在,从而限定TTG/埃达克岩熔体必定产生在大约50km以上,表明TTG/埃达克岩是在相对较深的含金红石榴辉岩相条件下熔融产生的。矿物(石榴子石、角闪石,单斜辉石和金红石)-熔体微量元素分配系数测定和部分熔融模拟结果进一步限定俯冲洋壳和下地壳起源的TTG/埃达克岩浆由含金红石角闪榴辉岩熔融产生,而拆沉下地壳起源的埃达克岩浆的产生要求软流圈地幔高温,由无水或含有少量含水矿物的榴辉岩熔融产生。 相似文献
15.
《Gondwana Research》2013,24(4):1554-1566
The paradox of the Earth's continental crust is that although this reservoir is generally regarded as having differentiated from the mantle, it has an andesitic bulk composition that contrasts with the intrinsic basaltic composition of mantle-derived melts. Classical models for new crust generation from the mantle in two-stage processes fail to account for two fundamental facts: the absence of ultramafic residues in the lower crust and the hot temperature of batholith magma generation. Other models based on the arrival of already-fractionated silicic magmas to the crust have not received the necessary attention. Addition of new crust by relamination from below of subducted materials has been formulated as a process complementary to delamination of mafic residues. Here we show important support to relamination from below the lithosphere as an important mechanism for new crust generation in magmatic arcs of active continental margins and mature intraoceanic arcs. The new support is based on three independent lines: (1) thermo-mechanical modeling of subduction zones, (2) experimental phase relations and melt compositions of subducted materials and (3) geochemical relations between mafic granulites (lower crust) and batholiths (upper crust). The mineral assemblage and bulk geochemistry of lower crust rocks are compared with solid residues left after granite melt segregation. The implication is that an andesite magma precursor is responsible for the generation of new continental crust at active continental margins and mature oceanic arcs. According to our numerical and laboratory experiments, melting and eventual reaction with the mantle of subducted oceanic crust and sediments produce the andesite magmas. These ascend in the form of mantle wedge diapirs and are finally attached (relaminated) to the continental crust, where they crystallize partially and produce the separation of the solid fraction to form mafic granulites (lower crust) and granitic (sl) liquids to form the batholiths (upper crust). 相似文献
16.
17.
大别造山带存在中侏罗世花岗质岩浆活动,相关花岗岩类在成分上与准铝质岩一致,其锆石U-Pb与全岩Rb-Sr年龄为174~161 Ma。这些岩体主要属于造山带中下地壳深部熔融、侵入之产物,具有晚造山挤压型花岗岩的特点。岩体出露面积与剥露深度的区域变化,主要与后期强烈的热窿伸展差异改造作用有关。大别造山带晚造山期的挤压环境,还控制合肥盆地前陆挤压阶段(中侏罗世–晚侏罗世早期)以及南北两侧逆冲推覆构造的发育。西太平洋汇聚特性的急剧变化(侏罗纪末),是促成大别山造山根突发性拆沉事件以及区域伸展机制取代晚造山期挤压作用的根本原因,推测这种晚造山期挤压环境大致结束于~160Ma,即造山根突发性拆沉作用发生之时。 相似文献
18.
Polyphase Tectonic Events and Cenozoic Basin-Range Coupling in the Tianshan Belt, Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Studies show that the Tianshan orogenic belt was built in the late stage of the Paleozoic, as evidenced by the Permian red molasses and foreland basins, which are distributed in parallel with the Tianshan belt, indicating that an intense folding and uplifting event took place. During the Triassic, this orogenic belt was strongly eroded, and basins were further developed. Starting from the Jurassic, a within-plate regional extension occurred, forming a series of Jurassic-Paleogene extensional basins in the peneplaned Tianshan region. Since the Neogene, a collision event between the Indian and the Eurasian plates that took place on the southern side of the Tianshan belt has caused a strong intra-continental orogeny, which is characterized by thrusting and folding. Extremely thick coarse conglomerate and sandy conglomerate of the Xiyu Formation of Neogene System were accumulated unconformably on the Tianshan piedmont. Studies have revealed that the strong compression caused by the Indian-Eurasian collision 相似文献
19.
Folds in the Huasna area of the southern Coast Ranges of California provide an opportunity to study different fold forms and to estimate dimensional and relative rheological properties of rocks at the time of folding. Plunging, concentric-like and chevron-like folds with wavelengths ranging from about 0.1 to 1 km are clearly visible in natural exposures at the south end of the Huasna syncline, which has a wavelength of 12–16 km. Examination of two fresh roadcut exposures in the Miocene Monterey Formation suggests that folding within part of the Monterey was accommodated primarily by layer-parallel slip between structural layers with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 43 m, even though lithologic layers range from a few mm to a few dm in thickness. This part of the Monterey is folded into a series of concentric-like folds, with chevron-like folds at their cores and with a ratio of wavelength to total thickness of layers of about
. Theoretical analysis of multilayers, comprised of identical, elastic or elastic—plastic layers with frictionless contacts, indicates that the effective, or weighted-average thickness of structural layers corresponding with an
ratio of 0.42 is about 41 m. Thus, the theoretical predictions are roughly in agreement with available data concerning these folds.Thicknesses of structural units in other folds of this area are inadequately known to closely check theoretical predictions, but most of the data are consistent with predictions. An exception is the Huasna syncline which has a larger wavelength than we would predict. There are several likely explanations for this discrepancy. Layers in the underlying Franciscan complex may have taken part in the folding, making our estimates of total thickness too small. The basement rocks may have been much softer, relative to the overlying sedimentary rocks, than we assumed. The Huasna syncline could be partly a result of gravitational instability of relatively low density, Miocene siliceous and porcelaneous shales, overlain by relatively high density, Pliocene sandstones.The Huasna syncline and some of the smaller folds in the Miocene rocks are doubly in the northwest—southeast direction. Further, the maximum compression was approximately normal to the traces of the large faults in this part of California. 相似文献
20.
The disturbance of mechanical and thermal equilibria in the upper shell of the Earth as a result of mantle or local within-plate
processes related to periodic tectonic activity gives rise to the formation of convective flows in the low-viscosity asthenosphere.
These flows affect the lithosphere and create domains of subsidence and uplift, which can continue to develop long after the
cessation of active periods. If the density of the lithosphere does not decrease with depth, then small-scale flows increase
uplift in zones of compression of the continental lithosphere and create domains of extension at their margins. In our opinion,
small-scale convection is the main geodynamic factor that forms foredeeps. The results of detailed numerical modeling of foredeep
formation at the margins of adjoining orogens are presented in the current paper. In order to set the initial conditions for
the stage of continental collision, the precollision stages of the foldbelt evolution are considered, including the stage
of trough formation on the thinned continental crust or on the oceanic lithosphere and the stage of sedimentary basin formation;
depending on the degree of extension, this can be an inner sea or a passive continental margin. Such initial conditions were
used in modeling of the compression stage (continental collision), when the orogen-foredeep system is formed. The parameters
of the model and the tectonic processes are chosen so as to bring the results of numerical computation in line with the data
on the Greater Caucasus and northern Forecaucasus, including the thickness of the crustal layers and sedimentary cover, structure
of the foredeeps, rate of tectonic subsidence, heat flow, etc. Comparison of the numerical modeling results with the formation
history of the Caucasus foredeeps confirms that the first stage of regional compression of the Greater Caucasus took place
before the deposition of the Maikop sediments. At least three compression stages followed: 16.6–15.8 Ma (Tarchanian), 14.3–12.3
Ma (Konkian-early Sarmatian), and 7.0–5.2 Ma (Pontian). The next stage of regional compression is apparently occurring at
present. 相似文献