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1.
Qi-Liang Sun Shi-Guo Wu Thomas Lüdmann Bin Wang Tao-Tao Yang 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2011,32(3):415-428
Gravity flow deposits form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep-water basins worldwide.
Analyses of high-resolution 3D seismic reflection data in a predominantly slope setting, the southern slope of Qiongdongnan
Basin, South China Sea, reveal the extensive presence of gravity flow depositional elements in the Late Pliocene−Quaternary
strata. Three key elements were observed: (1) mass transport deposits (MTDs) including slumps and debris flows, (2) turbidity
current deposits including distributary channel complexes, leveed channel complexes and avulsion channel complexes, and (3)
deep-water drapes (highstand condensed sections). Each depositional element displays a unique seismic expression and internal
structures in seismic profiles and attribute maps. Based on seismic characteristics, the studied succession is subdivided
into six units in which three depositional cycles are identified. Each cycle exhibits MTDs (slump or debris) at the base,
overlain by turbidities or a deep-water drape. The genesis of these cycles is mainly controlled by frequent sea-level fluctuations
and high sedimentation rates in the Late Pliocene–Quaternary. Moreover, tectonics, differential subsidence, and paleo-seafloor
morphology may have also contributed to their formation processes. The present study is aimed to a better understanding of
deep-water depositional systems, and to a successful hydrocarbon exploration and engineering-risk assessment. 相似文献
2.
B.W. Romans A. FildaniS.M. Hubbard J.A. CovaultJ.C. Fosdick S.A. Graham 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(3):612-628
The ˜4000 m thick and ∼20 Myr deep-water sedimentary fill of the Upper Cretaceous Magallanes Basin was deposited in three major phases, each with contrasting stratigraphic architecture: (1) the oldest deep-water formation (Punta Barrosa Formation) comprises tabular to slightly lenticular packages of interbedded sandy turbidites, slurry-flow deposits, and siltstone that are interpreted to record lobe deposition in an unconfined to weakly ponded setting; (2) the overlying, 2500 m thick and shale-dominated Cerro Toro Formation includes a succession of stacked conglomeratic and sandstone channel-fill deposits with associated finer-grained overbank deposits interpreted to record deposition in a foredeep-axial channel-levee system; (3) the final phase of deep-water sedimentation is characterized by sandstone-rich successions of highly variable thickness and cross-sectional geometry and mudstone-rich mass transport deposits (MTDs) that are interpreted to record deposition at the base-of-slope and lower slope segments of a prograding delta-fed slope system. The deep-water formations are capped by shallow-marine and deltaic deposits of the Dorotea Formation.These architectural changes are associated with the combined influences of tectonically driven changes and intrinsic evolution, including: (1) the variability of amount and type of source material, (2) variations in basin shape through time, and (3) evolution of the fill as a function of prograding systems filling the deep-water accommodation. While the expression of these controls in the stratigraphic architecture of other deep-water successions might differ in detail, the controls themselves are common to all deep-water basins. Information about source material and basin shape is contained within the detrital record and, when integrated and analyzed within the context of stratigraphic patterns, attains a more robust linkage of processes to products than stratigraphic characterization alone. 相似文献
3.
The Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Muglad Basin, is dominated by extension and inversion tectonics, but evidence of the inversion tectonics has not been well documented yet. In some other rift basins of CARS and WARS the phase of the inversion tectonics is well documented by several authors.This paper presents a structural study of the Heglig field area located on the eastern flank of the Muglad Basin. Detailed 3D seismic interpretation allows a better understanding of the structural style of the Heglig field. The new structural analysis has shown that the Heglig field has a complex structural framework reflected in the presence of a combination of two structural styles. The extensional structure is influenced by inversion tectonics during the Santonian time that creates four-way dip anticline structure, overprinted by the subsequent extensional movement that creates tilted fault block. The presence of inversion tectonics has supported by different means including seismic reflection, velocity, and source rock maturity data. The authors attributed the trapping of oil in the Lower Bentiu reservoir, that requires a horizontal seal, to the presence of the four-way dip anticline structure created by the inversion tectonics.The current interpretation of the Heglig field 3D seismic data sheds new light on the development and evolution of a key structure in the Muglad Basin. The results help to resolve long-standing discussion concerning hydrocarbon accumulation of the lower part of Bentiu Formation that lacks horizontal sealing. 相似文献
4.
The presence of a wedge of offshore permafrost on the shelf of the Canadian Beaufort Sea has been previously recognized and the consequence of a prolonged occurrence of such permafrost is the possibility of an underlying gas hydrate regime. We present the first evidence for wide-spread occurrences of gas hydrates across the shelf in water depths of 60–100 m using 3D and 2D multichannel seismic (MCS) data. A reflection with a polarity opposite to the seafloor was identified ∼1000 m below the seafloor that mimics some of the bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) in marine gas hydrate regimes. However, the reflection is not truly bottom-simulating, as its depth is controlled by offshore permafrost. The depth of the reflection decreases with increasing water depth, as predicted from thermal modeling of the late Wisconsin transgression. The reflection crosscuts strata and defines a zone of enhanced reflectivity beneath it, which originates from free gas accumulated at the phase boundary over time as permafrost and associated gas hydrate stability zones thin in response to the transgression. The wide-spread gas hydrate occurrence beneath permafrost has implications on the region including drilling hazards associated with the presence of free gas, possible overpressure, lateral migration of fluids and expulsion at the seafloor. In contrast to the permafrost-associated gas hydrates, a deep-water marine BSR was also identified on MCS profiles. The MCS data show a polarity-reversed seismic reflection associated with a low-velocity zone beneath it. The seismic data coverage in the southern Beaufort Sea shows that the deep-water marine BSR is not uniformly present across the entire region. The regional discrepancy of the BSR occurrence between the US Alaska portion and the Mackenzie Delta region may be a result of high sedimentation rates expected for the central Mackenzie delta and high abundance of mass-transport deposits that prohibit gas to accumulate within and beneath the gas hydrate stability zone. 相似文献
5.
Based on 3D seismic data, the polygonal fault system (PFS) discovered in the southern slope of the Qiongdongnan (QDN) Basin was studied through fine seismic interpretation and coherent cube analysis. The results show that: ① the PFS is mostly composed of small plate-type faults, with fault length of 1–3 km, maximum fault throw of 20–40 m and dip angle of 25°–45°; ② the PFS is mainly observed in the Huangliu Formation, deposited in the early stage of fast slope depression; ③ the PFS is layer-bound and can be separated into two tiers by T31′ interface with obvious channel incision features; ④ the PF of tier2 exhibit “y” structural style, including two parallel faults, master fault and associated fault, dipping in opposite directions. Their intersection relationship can be divided into three classes, and 14 sub-classes based on the fault intersection relationship of master fault and its associated fault; ⑤ the PFS is dominated by two strikes: NE60° and NW150°, indicating that it was controlled by tensile stress produced by differential settlement between the Xisha uplift and QDN basin; and ⑥ its genesis was jointly controlled by the syneresis of clay minerals and overpressure cyclical dehydration. 相似文献
6.
加蓬盆地是西非海岸盆地之一,自晚侏罗世开始成盆,下白垩统埃詹加组是一套膏盐层,局部发育多个巨厚盐丘,厚度从30～4000m不等。由于盐丘与围岩之间存在很大的速度差异,造成盐下甘巴组目的层地震反射在盐丘部位出现异常。通过地震模型正演技术对盐下地层构造形态进行了分析,研究表明,无论盐丘大小如何,盐丘都会使盐下地层产生“下拉”现象。 相似文献
7.
Diagenetically induced shear failure of fine-grained sediments and the development of polygonal fault systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joe Cartwright 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(9):1593-1610
Polygonal fault systems (PFS) are widely developed along many continental margin basins and some interior cratonic and foreland basins. They are networks of small normal faults that are usually found in tiers which are crudely layer-bound successions consisting mainly of fine-grained sediments. Their origin has been widely debated with explanations ranging from dewatering of overpressured layers to gravitational loading under fixed lateral boundary conditions. Their distribution in fine-grained intervals suggests that their genesis is connected to their initial lithology. Recent experimental work suggests that diagenesis of clay-rich sediments can lead to shear failure under low confining stresses. This explanation accords well with all subsurface observations of PFS made to date, and seems the most likely mechanism to explain their genesis. This diagenetic mode of shear fracturing in fine-grained sediments could be much more prevalent than in polygonal fault systems alone, and this has significant implications for shale gas exploration, CO2 sequestration and exploration for methane hydrates. 相似文献
8.
利用高分辨率三维地震资料、测井和钻井数据,对东非鲁伍马盆地深水沉积特征进行了系统刻画。根据深水沉积体的地震相特征,识别出峡谷、水道、漫溢沉积、朵体、块体搬运沉积(MTDs)和凝缩段等深水沉积单元,建立了地震识别图版。分析总结了水道和朵体的岩性特征、电性特征和储层物性特征,砂岩具有低伽马(GR)和高电阻(RT)特征,厚层砂岩GR曲线呈“箱型”,有泥岩夹层的砂岩段呈叠加的“钟型”特点;储层压实程度弱,发育原生粒间孔隙,具有中—高孔、中—高渗的特征。结合成藏条件研究,认为由水道和朵体浊积砂岩储层、凝缩段和漫溢沉积泥岩盖层、天然堤和MTDs为侧向遮挡等要素构成的油气储、盖配置关系,是研究区油气成藏的一个关键因素,对深水油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
9.
Currently, conventional forecasting methods of well-to-seismic integration are unable to identify turbidite channel sandstones due to scarcity of well data in deepwater areas, small geophysical differences between sandstones and mudstones of turbidite channels and strong sandstones heterogeneity. The reservoir prediction of deep-water turbidite channels is still a difficult issue in deep-water research. On the basis of previous studies, we propose a new technology named “reservoir prediction of deep-water turbidite sandstones with seismic lithofacies control” in view of the characteristics of deep-water turbidite sandstones. This new technology improves the reservoir prediction of complex sedimentary systems after classifying seismic lithofacies and connecting lithofacies with rock-physics. Furthermore, it can accomplish the genetic classification statistics of rock-physics, improve conversion accuracy of seismic elastic parameters/reservoir parameters and achieve the quantitative reservoir prediction under the double control of seismic geomorphology and seismic lithofacies. The C block of Lower Congo Basin is characterized by few well data, complex lithology but high resolution-seismic. We use the technology to predict the reservoirs of this area and have achieved excellent results. This has great significance for the later exploration. 相似文献
10.
11.
琼东南盆地中央坳陷带拆离断层及其控盆作用 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Using regional geological, newly acquired 2D and 3D seismic, drilling and well log data, especially 2D long cable seismic profiles, the structure and stratigraphy in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin are interpreted. The geometry of No.2 fault system is also re-defined, which is an important fault in the central depression belt of the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin by employing the quantitative analysis techniques of fault activity and backstripping. Furthermore, the dynamical evolution of the No.2 fault sys-tem and its controls on the central depression belt are analyzed. This study indicates that the Qiongdongnan Basin was strongly influenced by the NW-trending tensile stress field during the Late Eocene. At this time, No.2 fault system initiated and was characterized by several discontinuous fault segments, which controlled a series small NE-trending fault basins. During the Oligocene, the regional extensional stress field changed from NW-SE to SN with the oceanic spreading of South China Sea, the early small faults started to grow along their strikes, eventually connected and merged as the listric shape of the No.2 fault system as ob-served today. No.2 fault detaches along the crustal Moho surface in the deep domain of the seismic profiles as a large-scale detachment fault. A large-scale rollover anticline formed in hanging wall of the detachment fault. There are a series of small fault basins in both limbs of the rollover anticline, showing that the early small basins were involved into fold deformation of the rollover anticline. Structurally, from west to east, the central depression belt is characterized by alternatively arranged graben and half-graben. The central depression belt of the Qiongdongnan Basin lies at the extension zone of the tip of the V-shaped northwest-ern ocean sub-basin of the South China Sea, its activity period is the same as the development period of the northwestern ocean sub-basin, furthermore the emplacement and eruption of magma that originated from the mantle b 相似文献
12.
This study presents seismic observation of pipe anomalies from offshore Nigeria, outcrops of blow-out pipes from Rhodes, Greece, and geophysical modelling of an acoustic pipe. The studies give insight into how pipes form, their internal structure, the seismic image and geophysical artefacts related to the pipes. Over one hundred seafloor craters, 100 m-700 m wide and up to 30 m deep, have been observed on the seafloor offshore Nigeria. They are underlain by interpreted cones and seismic pipe anomalies that can be traced down to reservoir zones at 1000 m-1300 m below the seafloor. The seismic pipe anomalies are 50 m-150 m wide and almost vertical. They are interpreted as up-scaled pipes found in outcrops on Rhodes, Greece. The outcrops show pipe-related structures at three levels. Lowest, the reservoir rock contains metre-sized cavities which are filled with a mixture of clay derived from the overlying cap rock. In the middle, several circular to oval structures in plane view of pipes are observed in the lowest part of the cap rock. Highest, 15 m into the clay cap rock, strongly sheared country rock forms circular structures with a core of structureless clay. Based on outcrop observation on Rhodes we constructed an acoustic model of a 50 m wide and 1000 m long pipe. Seismic modelling proves that such pipes would be expressed in seismic data, that they are similar to the seismic pipe anomalies offshore Nigeria but this study also revealed that prominent intra-pipe reflections are artefacts. A formation model for the pipes is suggested: High fluid overpressure in the reservoir generated hydro fractures from the reservoir to seafloor where a mixture of gas and fluid flowed at high speed to form pipes, cones and seafloor craters. After hours to weeks of gas and fluid flow through the pipe the pore pressure in the reservoir dropped and the blow-out terminated. Muddy slurry fell back and plugged the cavity in the reservoir and the pipe. 相似文献
13.
C. Childs Ø. Sylta S. Moriya N. Morewood T. Manzocchi J.J. Walsh D. Hermanssen 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009
It is widely acknowledged that fault rock capillary properties are important in controlling the distribution of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins, and methods exist for predicting the capillary seal capacity of prospect bounding faults. However, fault seal capacity is rarely incorporated into models of hydrocarbon migration. This paper presents the results of migration modelling of the Oseberg Syd area of the Viking Graben incorporating fault rock capillary properties. Seal capacity is calculated in the model as a function of Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR), i.e. the percentage shale in the sequence moved past a point on a fault. Over 3000 model realisations were run for different SGR to fault seal capacity relationships and the calculated hydrocarbon distributions were compared with known distributions. Realisations were ranked according to the closeness of fit between model and actual oil–water contacts for 7 traps. The best-fit to all 7 traps was provided by realisations with significant seal capacity at SGR values greater than ca. 0.2; a value which is in agreement with an independently derived fault-by-fault calibration between SGR and seal capacity. The level of fill calculated for an individual trap is extremely sensitive to minor changes in the seal capacity relationship because it is controlled not only by the seal capacities of the faults that bound the trap, but also by the pattern of fill–spill of upstream traps. This sensitivity to minor changes in seal capacity introduces large uncertainties when fault seal capacity relationships are used in a predictive mode and emphasises the requirement for migration modelling in fault seal prospect evaluation. 相似文献
14.
天然气水合物的重要特征与评价及其在中国海域的勘探前景 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从勘探技术和资源评价的角度综述了甲烷水合物生成和聚集的重要特征, 如地震反射剖面、测井曲线资料、地球化学特点等以及对未知区的地质勘探和选区评价 .甲烷水合物在地震剖面上主要表现为BSR(似海底反射)、振幅变形(空白反射)、速度倒置、速度-振幅结构(VAMPS)等,大规模的甲烷水合物聚集可以通过高电阻率(＞100欧姆.米)声波速度、低体积密度等号数进行直接判读.此项研究实例表明,沉积物中典型甲烷水合物具有低渗透性和高毛细管孔隙压力特点,地层孔隙水矿化度也呈异常值,并具有各自独特的地质特征.现场计算巨型甲烷水合物储层中甲烷资源量的方法可分为:测井资料计算法公式为:SW＝(abRw/φm.Rt)1/n;地震资料计算法公式为:ρp＝(1-φ)ρm+(1-s)φρw+sφρh、VH＝λ.φ.S.对全球甲烷水合物总资源量预测的统计达20×1015m3以上.甲烷水合物形成需满足高压、低温条件,要求海水深度＞300 m.因此,甲烷水合物的分布严格地局限于两极地区和陆坡以下的深水地区,并具有3种聚集类型:1.永久性冻土带;2.浅水环境;3.深水环境.深海钻探计划(DSDP)和大洋钻探计划(ODP)已在下述10个地区发现大规模的甲烷水合物聚集,他们是:秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、危地马拉、墨西哥、美国东南大西洋海域、美国西部太平洋海域、日本海域的两个地区、阿拉斯加和墨西哥湾地区.在较浅水沉积物岩心样中发现甲烷水合物的地区,包括黑海、里海、加拿大北部、美国加里福尼亚岸外、墨西哥湾北部、鄂霍茨克海的两个地区.在垂向上,甲烷水合物主要分布于海底以下2 000 m以浅的沉积层中.最新统计表明又主要分布于二个深度区间:200～450 m和700～920 m,前者是由ODP995～997站位发现的;后者在加拿大麦肯齐河三角洲马立克2L-38号井中897～922 m处发现.中国海域已发现多处甲烷水合物可能赋存地区,包括东沙群岛南部、西沙海槽北部、西沙群岛南部以及东海海域地区.姚伯初报道了南海地区9处地震剖面速度异常值的发现,海水深度为420～3 920 m,海洋地质研究所则在东海海域解释了典型BSR反射的剖面,具有速度异常、弱振幅、空白反射、与下伏反射波组具不整合接触关系(VAMPS)等,大致圈定了它们的分布范围,表明在中国海域寻找甲烷水合物具有光明的前景. 相似文献
15.
Eastward migration of the Caribbean plate relative to the South American plate has caused lithospheric loading along the northern margin of South America, which is recorded by an 1100-km-long foreland basin which is oldest in the west (Maracaibo basin, 65-55 Ma) and youngest in the east (Columbus basin, eastern offshore Trinidad, 15-0 Ma). The Orinoco River has been the primary source of sediment for the basin since early Miocene. We have integrated approximately 775 km of deep-penetration 2D seismic lines acquired in the area of eastern offshore Trinidad as part of the 2004 “Broadband Ocean-Land Investigations of Venezuela and the Antilles arc Region” (BOLIVAR) project, 8000 km2 of shallow industry 3D seismic data, and published industry well data from offshore eastern Trinidad. Active mud diapirism in the Columbus basin is widespread and is related to overthrusting and tectono-sedimentary loading of upper Miocene-lower Pliocene age mud. Analysis of the shallow 3D seismic data reveals the presence of extensive gravity-flow depositional elements on the Columbus basin slope and the deepwater area. These stacked gravity-flow deposits are characterized by mass-transport deposits at the base, turbidite frontal-splay deposits, leveed-channel deposits, and capped by fine-grained condensed-section deposits. Exploration targets in the deepwater area are located towards the center of the Columbus basin, where northeast-trending fault-propagation folds are important Plio-Pleistocene trap-forming elements. Deep basin wells drilled in recent years have proven that turbidites were transported into the deepwater Columbus basin during the Plio-Pleistocene. Analysis of these well results suggests that a deeper oil charge is present within the deepwater Columbus basin area. The primary uncertainty for this variable hydrocarbon system is whether fault or diapiric pathways connect or divert the petroleum charge at depth with shallower reservoir rocks. 相似文献
16.
文章利用三维地震数据揭示了南海白云凹陷东南部两种不同类型的块体搬运沉积体系的内部反射特征、外部形态及运动指示标志, 并且探讨了其成因机制。结果表明, 自晚中新世以来研究区共发育4种地震相: 弱振幅水平状连续地震相、强振幅波状连续地震相、弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相和中-强振幅丘状连续反射地震相。通过地震相分析可知, 研究区自晚中新世以来共发育两种不同类型的块体搬运沉积体系: 1) 多期块体搬运沉积复合体, 主要由弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相组成, 边界模糊; 2) 单期块体搬运沉积体, 主要由弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相和中-强振幅丘状连续反射地震相组成, 边界清晰明显。另外, 研究结果发现高沉积速率和地震活动使得研究区的块体搬运沉积体系表现出内部运动指示特征发育程度低的特征, 而东沙构造活动导致该块体搬运沉积体系具有频发性。 相似文献
17.
Understanding the late Mesozoic tectonic origin and structural patterns of the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) is of growing importance for its buried-hill petroleum exploration. This study revealed, based on 3D seismic and borehole data, that the Raoyang Sag in the Jizhong Depression, western BBB, was dominated by a crustal detachment system during the late Jurassic to the early Cretaceous. It was characterized by the WNW-dipping low-angle detachment fault F0 (namely Cangxi Fault), the structural dome cored by Archean Basement rocks at the footwall and supradetachment basins on the hanging wall. We suggested the late Mesozoic volcanic materials and coarse deposits accumulated in the supradetachment basins had locally diminished the petroleum prospect, but the syndetachment deformation and denudation had contributed to it by means of promoting petroleum migration from source rocks to reservoirs and improving porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks by karstification and structural fracturing. 相似文献
18.
关于南海北部深水重力流沉积问题的讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深水沉积主要泛指陆架以外的沉积,尤以沉积物重力流成因的沉积受到深水油气勘探界的关注,它的沉积成因、过程和相组成均与河流、三角洲、浅海等牵引流沉积有很大的差异。当前南海北部大规模深水勘探已经全面展开,正确认识深水重力流沉积具有重要意义,但由于我国油气勘探对深水重力流沉积缺乏勘探实践,目前对深水重力流沉积有不同的理解,如深水重力流沉积一定要在多深的水下沉积,深水重力流沉积的判识一定要有深水环境的标志,深水重力流沉积作用保留在地层中的沉积层理构造特征一定是重力流流态的等。通过南海北部深水实钻资料和沉积体系的研究,认为深水重力流沉积具有偶发而动、沿坡搬运、择低而积、有限分布的特点。陆架坡折带以外的粗陆源碎屑沉积以重力流沉积成因为主,低位体系域的重力流更易于发育砂岩储层。陆坡区深水重力流沉积的特点表明储层识别是深水勘探的关键工作。 相似文献
19.
Geoscience Australia (GA) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) conducted a marine survey including monitoring hydroacoustic flares in order to understand the natural leakage pathways in the offshore northern Perth Basin. 186 hydroacoustic contacts were encountered and classified and thirty two were interpreted as possible seeps or expulsion of gases from the subsurface. The contacts were typically distributed above areas of interpreted subsurface faulting. In the survey site Da (15 km2), nine probable seeps and sixteen other contacts were interpreted and are aligned with a fault segment (A2) interpreted on 2D seismic reflection data. The segment A2 is part of a major N–NNW trending fault system intersecting the sedimentary sequence from the near seabed to the Permian units, including the Kockatea Shale source rock located in the oil window. Evaluation of the stress state on the fault segment A2 suggests that it is not critically stressed and therefore not likely prone to reactivation and dilation and vertical leakage under the modelled stress field. We propose that fault segment A2 acts as a baffle delimiting a migration pathway in the wall rock and permitting hydrocarbons generated from the source rock to overcome capillary entry pressures of the overlying marginal seals. The interpreted seeps could therefore be associated with intraformational vertical migration in the wall rock focused by the faults. 相似文献
20.
等深流沉积特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据国内外等深流沉积的研究成果,从产状、成分、结构、沉积构造、垂向层序和与海平面变化的关系等方面总结了等深流沉积特征以及与其他类型深水沉积的区别。等深流沉积是深水牵引流沉积中的一种重要类型,蕴含有重要的古海洋学和古气候信息,对其进行解析是近年国际海洋学、气候学研究的热点。等深流沉积最明显的特征包括对称递变层序以及强烈的生物扰动,其储集性能优于浊流沉积,具有非常重要的含油气潜能。南海是中国具有深海环境的唯一边缘海盆,在南海北部深水陆坡环境已确认等深流沉积普遍存在,是等深流研究的理想场所,但南海的等深流沉积类型、形态特征以及控制其发育的主要因素等问题有待进一步研究。 相似文献