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1.
S. Michaelides V. Levizzani E. Anagnostou P. Bauer T. Kasparis J.E. Lane 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(4):512-533
This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales. 相似文献
2.
Some annual variation characteristics for the Northern Hemispheric monthly mean precipitation fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Tang Maocang 《大气科学进展》1989,6(2):186-201
By the utilization of monthly precipitation data from all stations in the Northern Hemisphere annexed to the “World Survey of climatology, Vol. 1-15, the distributions of the maximum precipitation months (MPM), the annual relative precipitation (ARP) and the monthly relative precipitation (percent of annual) in January and July are respectively mapped. Moreover the distributions of intermonthly relative precipitation variabilities from January to December are plotted as well. From these figures, the precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere may be classified into three types (continental, oceanic and transitional types) and 17 regions. The precipitation regime may also be divided into two patterns, the global and regional patterns. The global pattern consists of planetary front system and ITCZ and its inter-monthly variation shows the north-and-south shift of the rain belt; the regional pattern consists of the sea-land monsoon and plateau monsoon regime, in which the inter-monthly variation of rain belt shows a east- and-west shift. 相似文献
3.
降水粒子特性是大气运动和云内微物理过程的综合结果,在云降水物理及人工影响天气领域有着重要的意义。传统的测量方法不适合对大量数据分析寻找规律,德国OTT公司的Parsivel激光降水粒子谱测量系统可以较好解决自动测量难题。该仪器是以激光测量为基础的粒子测量传感器,采用平行激光束和光电管阵列结合,当有降水粒子穿越采样空间时,自动记录遮挡物的宽度,通过穿越时间计算降水粒子的尺度和速度,根据各种参数的综合信息对降水粒子进行分类,并能够以数字形式显示瞬时降水强度、降水粒子总数、累积降水量、降水时的能见度和雷达反射因子,以图形方式显示降水粒子尺度谱、速度谱、降水粒子分类且自动生成天气现象代码,实现天气现象的自动识别。激光降水粒子谱仪主要用于气象水文观测。在雷达气象学领域可用于Z/R关系的拟合修正,比传统的用雨量筒观测数据拟合效果好得多;由降水粒子谱仪测量雨滴的降落速度,可以对天气雷达垂直向上测量的粒子径向速度谱进行校正。人工影响天气的效果检验一直是一个难题,自然降水粒子谱分布形式与人工催化以后的降水粒子谱型理论上应当具有较大的差别,人工增雨作业降水滴谱变化物理响应和降水强度时间变化响应都有明显的区别。如果能够实时检测到这些差别,就能够充分说明人工催化的有效性。未来如果能够进行联网观测记录区域性降水、降雹,就有充分证据表明人影作业的有效性,在定量化作业效果评估以及灾害损失评估等方面应用潜力巨大。利用该仪器已经对一年的自然降水过程进行了连续观测,并将所获得的降水粒子谱、雨滴浓度值随时间变化状况与卫星反演的云顶有效粒子半径时间变化趋势进行了对比,发现有较好的一致性。 相似文献
4.
GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
Udo Schneider Andreas Becker Peter Finger Anja Meyer-Christoffer Markus Ziese Bruno Rudolf 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(1-2):15-40
In 1989, the need for reliable gridded land surface precipitation data sets, in view of the large uncertainties in the assessment of the global energy and water cycle, has led to the establishment of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at Deutscher Wetterdienst on invitation of the WMO. The GPCC has calculated a precipitation climatology for the global land areas for the target period 1951–2000 by objective analysis of climatological normals of about 67,200 rain gauge stations from its data base. GPCC's new precipitation climatology is compared to several other station-based precipitation climatologies as well as to precipitation climatologies derived from the GPCP V2.2 data set and from ECMWF's model reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim. Finally, how GPCC's best estimate for terrestrial mean precipitation derived from the precipitation climatology of 786 mm per year (equivalent to a water transport of 117,000 km3) is fitting into the global water cycle context is discussed. 相似文献
5.
浅论大气电过程与天气气候 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
该文论述了大气电学在天气气候学研究中的渗透，并根据实测资料的对比分析、讨论了晴天大气电过程、雷暴和闪电与天气气候过程之间的相关性和可能的耦合机制。结果表明，区域和全球性雷暴活动是耦合机制的一个关键参量，闪电是直观量，能以参数化形式引入大气环流模式定量地讨论耦合机制；发展的全球电路概念有可能把太阳、大气和地层联结在一起进行整体研究。 相似文献
6.
基于T639集合预报的持续性强降水中期客观预报技术研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
针对持续性强降水预报困难的问题,根据Anderson-Darling检验原理,构建基于中国气象局T639集合预报系统的持续性强降水中期客观预报方法。对比分析2010-2015年5-9月T639集合预报降水与实况降水的累积概率分布函数差异,在此基础上采用扩展时间序列和空间范围的方法构建3种模式气候累积概率方案,通过批量预报试验和检验,选取最优概率方案纳入预报模型,考察持续性强降水个例的最长预报时间。结果表明,随着预报时效的延长,集合预报模式的降水逐渐集中于小和中雨量级,无降水和暴雨以上量级的降水概率低于观测,168 h以后模式降水概率趋于稳定。通过扩展时间序列和空间范围能弥补模式气候资料年限不足所带来的偏差,根据区域气候特征细分模式气候的方法重点突出了不同区域的降水特征,明显优于简单集合所有区域数据的模式气候方案。基于集合预报的持续性强降水预报模型对持续性强降水个例的预报能力为8-9 d,随着预报时效的延长,降水强度以及雨带位置的预报能力逐渐减弱。 相似文献
7.
Climatological characteristics of summer precipitation over East Asia measured by TRMM PR: A review 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yunfei Fu Xiao Pan Yuanjian Yang Fengjiao Chen Peng Liu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,31(1):142-159
Precipitation is an important indicator of climate change and a critical process in the hydrological cycle, on both the global and regional scales. Methods of precipitation observation and associated analyses are of strategic importance in global climate change research. As the first space-based radar, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) has been in operation for almost 17 years and has acquired a huge amount of cloud and precipitation data that provide a distinctive view to help expose the nature of cloud and precipitation in the tropics and subtropics. In this paper we review recent advances in summer East Asian precipitation climatology studies based on long-term TRMM PR measurements in the following three aspects: (1) the three-dimensional structure of precipitation, (2) the diurnal variation of precipitation, and (3) the recent precipitation trend. Additionally, some important prospects regarding satellite remote sensing of precipitation and its application in the near future are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Precipitation is an important indicator of climate change and a critical process in the hydrological cycle, on both the global and regional scales. Methods of precipitation observation and associated analyses are of strategic importance in global climate change research. As the first space-based radar, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Precipitation Radar(PR) has been in operation for almost 17 years and has acquired a huge amount of cloud and precipitation data that provide a distinctive view to help expose the nature of cloud and precipitation in the tropics and subtropics. In this paper we review recent advances in summer East Asian precipitation climatology studies based on long-term TRMM PR measurements in the following three aspects:(1) the three-dimensional structure of precipitation,(2) the diurnal variation of precipitation, and(3) the recent precipitation trend. Additionally, some important prospects regarding satellite remote sensing of precipitation and its application in the near future are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Robert J. Trapp Eric D. Robinson Michael E. Baldwin Noah S. Diffenbaugh Benjamin R. J. Schwedler 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(3-4):677-688
We explore the use of high-resolution dynamical downscaling as a means to simulate the regional climatology and variability of hazardous convective-scale weather. Our basic approach differs from a traditional regional climate model application in that it involves a sequence of daily integrations. We use the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, with global reanalysis data as initial and boundary conditions. Horizontal grid lengths of 4.25?km allow for explicit representation of deep convective storms and hence a compilation of their occurrence statistics over a large portion of the conterminous United States. The resultant 10-year sequence of WRF model integrations yields precipitation that, despite its positive bias, has a diurnal cycle consistent with observations, and otherwise has a realistic geographical distribution. Similarly, the occurrence frequency of short-duration, potentially flooding rainfall compares well to analyses of hourly rain gauge data. Finally, the climatological distribution of hazardous-thunderstorm occurrence is shown to be represented with some degree of skill through a model proxy that relates rotating convective updraft cores to the presence of hail, damaging surface winds, and tornadoes. The results suggest that the proxy occurrences, when coupled with information on the larger-scale atmosphere, could provide guidance on the reliability of trends in the observed occurrences. 相似文献
10.
基于1960—2013年106个地面气象站观测数据,对江淮地区雨、雪、雨夹雪及冻雨4种相态降水日数气候特征、月际分布、年际变化、长期趋势以及各相态降水日数与纬度、海拔高度之间关系等方面进行探讨,结果表明:江淮地区全年降雨日数为各相态降水日数之最多,空间分布上呈南多北少的分布特点,雪日数空间分布与雨日数相反,为北多南少;雨夹雪和冻雨日数主要表现为纬向差异,东部沿海少于西部内陆;在近54a中,各相态降水日数区域平均值均呈减少趋势,其中雨、雪、雨夹雪减少趋势显著;从各站点降水日数变化趋势的空间分布看,虽然各相态降水日数普遍以减少趋势为主,但冻雨显著减少的站点最少;除降雨主要出现在3—8月,其他相态的降水出现较多的时段为11月至翌年3月;4种相态降水日数中,降雪和冻雨日数与海拔高度关系最为密切,呈显著正相关,其次为雨夹雪。 相似文献
11.
Isabella M. Angelini Michael Garstang Robert E. Davis Bruce Hayden David R. Fitzjarrald David R. Legates Steven Greco Stephen Macko Vickie Connors 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,105(1-2):243-261
Recent studies suggest that vegetation can drive large-scale atmospheric circulations and substantially influence the hydrologic cycle. We present observational evidence to quantify the extent of coupling between vegetation and the overlying atmosphere. Within the context of vegetation–atmospheric interactions, we reanalyze existing climatological data from springtime leaf emergence, emissivity, dew point temperatures, and historical records of precipitation and forest coverage. We construct new rainfall transects based on a robust global climatology. Using isotopic analysis of precipitation, we find that rain in Amazonia comes primarily from large-scale weather systems coupling interior regions to the ocean and is not directly driven by local evaporation. We find that changes in vegetative cover and state influence the temperature and moisture content of the surface and atmospheric boundary layer but are not reflected in observable precipitation changes. This analysis reaffirms the view that changes in precipitation over continental reaches are a product of complex processes only partly influenced but not controlled by local water sources or vegetation. 相似文献
12.
M. Mayers T. N. Krishnamurti C. Depradine L. Moseley 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2001,78(1-2):75-88
Summary
A month-long short-range numerical weather prediction experiment using the Florida State University’s (FSU) global and regional
models and the multi-model/multi-analysis super-ensemble over the Eastern Caribbean domain is presented in this paper. The
paper also investigates weather prediction capabilities of FSU global and regional models by examining the root mean square
errors (RMSE) for the wind and precipitation fields.
Super-ensemble forecasting, a new statistical approach to weather forecasting, is used over this domain. Here, forecasts from
a number of numerical models provide the input and statistical combinations of these forecasts produce the super-ensemble
forecast. A similar approach is used for the precipitation field where one model using different rain rate algorithms is used
to generate different model outputs.
The results show that the super-ensemble method produces forecasts that are superior to those obtained from the ensemble members.
Received May 29, 2000/Revised February 15, 2001 相似文献
13.
2012年7月25—26日呼和浩特市强降水天气过程分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2012年7月25—26日,呼和浩特市先后出现了两次大到暴雨降水过程,文章利用常规天气资料、地面加密自动观测资料、雷达和云图等资料对这次过程进行了分析,结果表明:这两次强降水过程具有历时短、强度大的特点;两次降水过程是在"东高西低"的环流背景下,由中低纬、上下游、高低层系统共同作用、配置产生的,前一次降水过程使呼市近地面大气湿度增加,不稳定形势重新建立并且进一步加强,高空有干冷空气入侵后造成的局地的不稳定降水;云图和雷达对这两次短时强降水具有更加显著的指示意义。 相似文献
14.
This paper discusses the scale at which the weather is experienced and modified by human activities in urban environment. The climates of built-up areas differ from their non-urban counterparts in many aspect: wind-flows, radiation, humidity, precipitation and air quality all change in the presence of human settlement, transforming each city into a singularity within its regional weather system. Yet this pervasive category of anthropogenic climate change has always tended to be hidden and difficult to discern. The paper first describes the sequence of discovery of the urban heat island since the early nineteenth century, and the emergence and consolidation of a scientific field devoted to the climatology of cities. This is followed by a discussion of various attempts to apply knowledge of climatic factors to the design and management of settlement. We find that real-world application of urban climatology has met with limited success. However, the conclusion suggests that global climate change gives a new visibility and practical relevance to urban-scale climate science. 相似文献
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新探测仪器资料在短时强降水过程中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
结合新一代多普勒天气雷达观测,利用德国RPG-HATPRO-G3型14通道并行地基微波辐射计观测的温度和液态水路径数据、THIES公司THIES CLIMA LNM型地面激光雨滴谱仪获取的地面雨强资料,综合分析了2015年8月3日济南短时强降水天气过程逆温层分布特征、液态水路径变化、雨滴谱特征分布及拟合分析。结果表明,由于受强对流降水过程中的潜热增温作用,大气中存在逆温层,且较强;液态水含量存在较强的短时积聚现象,降水前液态水含量路径起伏较大,跃增非常明显,伴随降水强度的减弱,液态水路径起伏减小;整个降水过程中,前期雨滴谱呈现双峰分布,强降水和后期降水为单峰谱,雨滴谱特征符合Gamma分布。 相似文献
18.
利用2006-2010年南宫酸雨观测资料和地面资料、结合邢台探空资料及天气形势,采用数理统计方法,分析南宫酸雨变化特征及不同气象条件对酸雨的影响。结果表明：近年来南宫降水平均pH值均小于4.70,酸雨频率大于50%,属于重酸雨区或较重酸雨区。降水酸性在夏秋两季较强,而酸雨出现频率则在秋冬两季较大,降水电导率冬季最大。南宫酸雨多出现在主导风向为偏东风、静风及北-西北风|高空天气系统为切变线时,酸雨及强酸雨频率随降水量级增大而增大|酸雨强度随相对湿度和逆温增加而增强。 相似文献
19.
随着数值预报技术的飞速发展, 模式定量降水预报已成为天气预报业务工作中的主要参考依据。本文对目前在国家气象中心应用的3个业务运行模式T213L31, HLAFS0.25, 华北中尺度模式MM5和德国模式及日本模式的降水预报产品进行了季节空间分布、区域时间序列演变及统计检验, 试图从空间、时间及统计方面对降水预报产品的预报性能进行综合评估。检验结果表明:目前的数值预报模式对短期时效内定量降水预报均具有一定的空间预报能力, 但强降水中心位置有一定的偏差; 从时间序列演变检验来看, 模式对区域强降水过程的发展趋势具有较强的预报能力, 但降水量预报与实况有一定的差距; 从累加统计评分检验结果来看, 模式短期时效的预报性能差别不大, 全球模式在小中雨预报方面有一定优势, 其中日本模式的综合预报性能最好, 大雨以上量级的预报则是国内的模式有一定的优势, 其中华北中尺度MM5模式, T213L31模式各有所长, 但均存在预报量和预报区偏大问题。 相似文献
20.
利用2006—2010年南宫酸雨观测资料和地面气象资料,结合邢台探空资料及天气形势,采用数理统计方法,分析南宫酸雨变化特征及不同气象条件对酸雨的影响。结果表明：近年来南宫降水平均pH值均小于4.70,酸雨频率大于50%,属于重酸雨区或较重酸雨区。降水酸性在夏秋两季较强,而酸雨出现频率则在秋冬两季较大,降水电导率冬季最大。南宫酸雨多出现在主导风向为偏东风或静风及北—西北风;高空天气系统为切变线时,酸雨及强酸雨频率随降水量级增大而增大;酸雨强度随相对湿度和逆温增加而增强。 相似文献