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1.
考察酸性条件特别是在近中性 pH范围内胡敏酸对高岭石吸附铜离子的强化作用。研究表明 ,胡敏酸的加入可以提高高岭石对铜离子的吸附率 ,甚至在pH 5～ 6附近高岭石对铜离子的吸附率也从约 5 0 %提高到约 6 5 %。当 pH <4时 ,由于高岭石表面铝的高溶出或胡敏酸阴离子基团离解程度降低等因素 ,使其表面对胡敏酸的吸附率有所降低 ,但与高岭石样品相比 ,胡敏酸高岭石复合体对铜离子的吸附仍然有明显的增加。胡敏酸对高岭石吸附铜离子的强化机制是 ,高岭石端面形成了Al—HA—Cu三元配合物 (B型 ) ,与传统的诸如pH、离子强度与离子初始浓度等介质条件影响不同。在 pH >7时高岭石端面及腐殖质基团去质子化增强 ,因而静电排斥降低了高岭石对胡敏酸的吸附 ,从而使得胡敏酸对铜离子在高岭石表面上的吸附作用有所减弱 ,此时可能出现胡敏酸铜及氢氧化铜的沉淀 ,铜离子的表观吸附率可能不会有明显变化 相似文献
2.
淡—咸水界面切换中矿物表面吸附性变化研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
实验研究表明,当电解质离子浓度从有低上升到极高时,矿物吸附金属离子的普遍下降,例外的仅有石英、水云母、ＣａＣＯ３和三水铝矿对Ｐｂ＾３＋、Ｚｎ＾３＋离子的吸 云母对Ｃｕ＾２＋的吸附和石英对Ｃｒ＾３＋的吸附。理论研究表明,一方面,电解质ＮａＣｌ的加入,使矿物表面Ｓｔｅｎ的层电位发生变化,△ψ（ψ０－ψβ）的绝对值增大,提高了矿物表面吸附离子的能力;另一方面,由于Ｎａ离子的竞争吸附和Ｃｌ离子与深液中金 相似文献
3.
铜在坡缕石中的吸附位置和吸附机理研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对四个吸附铜的坡缕石的解吸附实验研究表明,被解吸附的铜来自于坡缕石的表面和纤维状晶体的网状空隙。吸附铜的坡缕石的X射线光电子能谱（XPS）上出现了932．5eV和933．7eV的光电子峰,表明坡缕石表面的铜以Cu^＋和Cu^2＋的形式存在;傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱（FTIR）上八面体离子的吸收峰出现规律性偏移,其中Mg3OH和Al2□OH吸收峰向高频方向移动了3～5cm^-1,部分铜离子进入到坡缕石的晶体结构的通道中;电子顺磁共振谱上（ESR）出现了g=2．34、2．12、2．08和2．05等4个信号：表明铜离子位于H^＋难以到达的位置。吸附铜的坡缕石的矿物学研究及其解吸附实验的结果均表明铜在坡缕石中以3种形式存在：①以Cu^＋和Cu^2＋的形式吸附在坡缕石纤维的表面,与坡缕石表面的悬空氧成键;②以ECu（H2O）4]^2＋的形式存在于坡缕石的晶体结构的微空腔中（通道）;③以Cu^2＋的形式存在于坡缕石晶体结构中的硅氧四面体六元环的底部或八面体位。 相似文献
4.
合成ＰｂＳ和ＺｎＳ对Ａｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋、Ｆｅ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｓｂ２＋和Ｂｉ３＋等离子吸附量与温度关系的实验研究表明，其遵从Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ公式：在Ａ类吸附，即抗衡离子交换型吸附中，温度上升，其吸附量升降由反应热决定，本实验中Ａ类吸附多为上升型；而大部分Ｂ和Ｃ类吸附，即朗谬尔型及反朗谬尔型的吸附量则随温度上升呈指数下降。例外的仅有ＰｂＳ对Ｂｉ３＋离子的吸附，其吸附量随温度上升有微弱的上升。这可能与Ｂｉ３＋离子和吸附剂ＰｂＳ之间共晶反应和铅的铋硫盐的形成有关。Ａ类吸附的吸附量受介质条件变化影响很少。但对Ｂ和Ｃ类吸附，吸附量受ｐＨ和离子强度变化影响取决于三个因素：①吸附剂ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ表面电荷特性；②溶液介质条件变化时吸附离子在溶液中离子态的分布与变化；③被吸附离子在吸附剂中扩散和形成化合物或共晶的能力。因此，当ｐＨ增加时，Ｐｂｓ和ＺｎＳ对金属离子吸附量的变化表现出多样性：增加的有ＰｂＳ对Ｆｅ２＋离子的吸附；下降的有ＰｂＳ对Ｓｂ３＋离子的吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ｆｅ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋离子的吸附；不变的有ＰｂＳ对Ｂｉ３＋、Ｚｎ２＋离子的吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ｍｇ２＋离子的吸附。当溶液中离子强度增加时，由于溶液中自由态离子 相似文献
5.
进行了U（VI）在粘土上吸附的批实验，其中，粘土样采自我国南方某大型铀尾矿库库底。实验结果表明U（VI）在粘土上的吸附与浸泡液的pH值呈强烈的非线性关系，在pH值近中性时，U（VI）在粘土上的吸附达到了一个最大值，而在偏酸性或偏碱性条件下，U（VI）在粘土上的吸附迅速减少；运用表面络合理论建立了U（VI）在粘土上吸附的表面络合模型（DLM），该模型很好地拟合了实验数据。模型检验表明，它可以精确预测U（VI）在不同热力学条件下的吸附行为；此外，模拟结果表明，U（VI）的粘土上吸附在酸性条件下受固液比（M／V）影响明显，而在碱性条件下主要受浸泡液中HCO3^-和CO3^2-的控制。 相似文献
6.
7.
研究了电气石微粉吸附水中Cu2＋、Pb2＋、Zn2＋的过程,讨论了吸附时间、粒度、用量和pH值等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了电气石对含Cu2＋、Pb2＋、Zn2＋废水的吸附机理。电气石加工成超细粉体时,表面产生大量的不饱和键,在溶液中与水配位,使水发生解离生成羟基化表面,将重金属离子吸附到晶体负极,使局部金属离子浓度增高与电气石表面羟基离解而产生的氢氧根离子发生反应,形成各种沉淀或碱式盐析出,直到溶液中各种离子浓度达到平衡时为止。提出了凡是氢氧化物难溶于水的金属离子,理论上都可以使用电气石微粉进行吸附净化处理的观点。研究结果表明,电气石微粉对Cu2＋、Pb2＋、Zn2＋有较好的吸附效果。 相似文献
8.
硫化物吸附金属离子的实验研究──Ⅰ类型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）、Ｚｎ（２＋）、Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｍｎ（２＋）、Ｍｇ（２＋）、Ｓｂ（３＋）和Ｂｉ（３＋）的吸附等温线（５０℃）研究表明，其可分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三类：Ａ类，线性型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈线性上升，并表现出百分之百吸附，属于此类的吸附有ＰｂＳ对Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）离子吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）离子的吸附；Ｂ类，朗谬尔型，即随吸附离子的浓度增加，吸附量逐趋向一饱和值，属于此类的有ＰｂＳ对Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｓｂ（３＋）、Ｂｉ（３＋）等离子及ＺｎＳ对Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｍｎ（２＋）、Ｍｇ（２＋）等离子的吸附；Ｃ类，反朗谬尔型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈非线性增加。属此类吸附的有ＰｂＳ对Ｚｎ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）等离子的吸附。合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子的吸附量与天然方铅矿和闪锌矿中微量元素含量可类比，这意味着吸附作用可能在硫化物矿物微量元素形成过程中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
9.
高岭石水溶液的界面反应特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
高岭石的表面荷电性、溶解及其对 Cu2 、 Pb2 的吸附等实验结果表明, 高岭石的零净质子电荷点 pHPZNPC=5.2,但端面 >AlOH的 pHPZNPC在 6.5～ 7.0之间,而 >SiOH的 pHPZNPC < 2.3;然而,在 pH 2～ 10范围,ζ电位均为负值,即电动电荷等于零对应的 pH (pHIEP) < 2;且在 pH < 4溶解时, Al溶出率比 Si高,表明高岭石表层形成富 Si贫 Al层.随着溶液 pH由酸性往碱性的变化,重金属离子的吸附表现为离子交换与表面配位模式并存,并发生规律性的变化:在 pH < 6.5时主要表现为离子交换吸附,在 pH < 4时由于受到高岭石 Al的高溶出及较高的离子强度影响,高岭石对 Cu2 、 Pb2 的吸附率较低,但在 pH 5～ 6附近吸附率有明显的提升,并且有个吸附平台;在 pH > 6.5时,主要表现为离子交换和表面配位均为重要的吸附机制,若 pH再升高或重金属离子浓度过高时甚至发生表面沉淀.研究还表明,溶液 pH与离子强度影响高岭石水界面反应过程,表面溶解与质子化反应改变高岭石的表面性质,包括表面荷电性和表面位化合形态,因而调控 Cu2 、 Pb2 的界面吸附行为. 相似文献
10.
土壤中铅铜锌镉的吸附特性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以徐州王庄矿（WZK）、奎河（KH）、背景-1（BG-1）和背景-2（BG-2）等4个土壤样品为供试对象，加入不同浓度梯度的铅、铜、锌、镉离子，通过静态实验研究了铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附特性。结果表明，土壤对4个重金属的吸附量与加入到土壤中的重金属离子浓度呈正相关性，它们之间大部分满足线性相关关系。在4个土壤样品中加入铅、铜、锌、镉离子的初始浓度比为10：10：10：1时，平衡浓度为Czn〉Ccu〉CPh〉Ccd，吸附量为Scd〉SPh〉Scu〉Szn，4个土壤样品对铅、铜、锌、镉离子的吸附能力依次为WZK〉KH〉BG-2〉BG-1。在所选实验条件下，土壤对铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附能力受土壤中铅、铜、锌、镉的含量、土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水量和土壤的pH值影响较大。 相似文献
11.
Yin Xiulan China Institute of Geo-environmental Monitoring Beijing China Hu Ping Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Northeastern Illinois University Chicago IL USA Li Dien Division of Earth Environmental Sciences Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2004,15(4):355-360
The sorption of Eu species onto nano-size silica-water interfaces was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy for Ph ranges of 1-8.5 and an initial Eu concentration (Ceu) of 2×10-4 M. The sorption rate of Eu was initially low, but significantly increased at Ph>4. The sorption density of Eu species on a silica surface was ～1.58×10-7 mol/m2 when the dissolved Eu species were completely sorbed onto silica-water interfaces at Ph=～5.8. The sorbed Eu species at Ph<6 is aquo Eu3 , which is sorbed onto silica-water interfaces as an outer-sphere complex at Ph<5, but may be sorbed as an inner-sphere bidentate complex at 5相似文献
12.
Sorption of Cm(III) and Eu(III) at trace concentrations onto Ca-montmorillonite (SWy-1) and Na-illite (Illite du Puy) has been studied under anaerobic conditions by batch sorption experiments and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Comparison of the results from spectroscopic and batch sorption experiments with Cm and Eu indicates the existence of outer-sphere complexes at pH <4 in the experiments with Na-illite (0.25 g/L solid; 2.5 × 10−7 mol/L Cm; 0.1 mol/L NaClO4). In the case of Ca-montmorillonite, (0.25 g/L solid, 2.5 × 10−7 mol/L Cm or 10−6 mol/L Eu, 0.066 mol/L Ca(ClO4)2), Cm/Eu outer-sphere complexes do not form at significant levels due to the Ca2+ competition for the clay mineral cation-exchange sites. TRLFS spectra indicate the formation of inner-sphere surface complexes at pH >5 for both clay minerals. Five H2O/OH− molecules remain in the first metal ion coordination sphere of the sorbed Eu/Cm. Measured fluorescence lifetimes of sorbed Eu/Cm and peak deconvolution of Cm-spectra are consistent with the formation of surface complexes of the form ≡S-O-Eu/Cm(OH)x(2−x)(H2O)5−x. At pH ≥ 12 Cm becomes incorporated into a surface precipitate at the Ca-montmorillonite surface presumably composed of Ca(OH)2 or calcium silicate hydrate. A dramatic shift of the fluorescence emission band by more than 20 nm and a clear increase in the fluorescence lifetime suggests the almost complete displacement of coordinated H2O and OH−. The pH dependent Eu sorption data obtained in batch experiments are consistent with spectroscopic data on Eu and Cm within experimental uncertainties thus demonstrating the validity of Eu as a homologue for trivalent actinides. Parameterization of a two-site protolysis nonelectrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange model using the batch sorption data and spectroscopic results is discussed in Part 2 of this work. 相似文献
13.
Boron is an important micronutrient for plants but is toxic at high pore solution concentrations. Its mobility and migration in many geochemical environments is often controlled by reactions with mineral surfaces, and thus its speciation on mineral surfaces has been extensively investigated. Most previous studies have used IR spectroscopy to characterize the surface B-environments. We present here the first 11B MAS NMR study of surface sorbed boron on minerals. The results demonstrate the capability of this method to effectively probe the local structure of the sorption sites at total B-concentrations in the samples as small as 0.03 wt% and to provide insight into the mechanisms of sorption. Signal is readily resolved for both trigonal (B(3)) and tetrahedral (B(4)) boron exchanged onto boehmite, silica gel and illite, and the resonances are readily assigned on the basis of chemical shift and quadrupole coupling constant. Boron surface densities on illite are approximately order of magnitude greater than on silica gel or boehmite. For boehmite, both B(3) and B(4) occur dominantly as inner-sphere complexes formed by ligand exchange reaction with surface aluminol sites. The B(3)/[B(3) + B(4)] ratio of approximately 0.87 does not vary significantly with pH from 3 to 11, with solution B-concentration, or with washing. The occurrence of B(3) and B(4) as inner-sphere complexes is in agreement with previous suggestions from IR studies of B-sorption on iron hydroxide, allophone, kaolinite, and hydrous ferric oxide. For silica gel, B(3) and B(4) occur principally as outer-sphere complexes or as residual precipitate from un-removed solution. The B(3)/B(4) ratio decreases with increasing pH paralleling the speciation in solution, but the relative abundance of B(4) is greater than in solution. A small fraction of the B(4) occurs as inner-sphere complexes with B(4)-O-Si linkages formed by ligand exchange reaction with silanol sites. For illite, surface boron occurs as outer-sphere B(3) and B(4), as for silica gel, and as inner-sphere B(3) and B(4), as for boehmite. Outer-sphere B(3) and B(4) are dominant at pH 3 and 5, whereas inner-sphere B(3) and B(4) are dominant at pH 9 and 11. The inner-sphere complexes probably form dominantly by ligand exchange reactions involving sites on the broken edges of illite layers. 相似文献
14.
YU Wenhui and LIU Congqiang The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang Guizhou Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(3):343-348
1 Introduction Coherent element pairs (Y3+-Ho3+, Zr4+-Hf4+, Nb5+-Ta5+ and Sr2+-Eu2+) have the same valences and very similar ionic radii. They are seldom fractionated during silicate mineral/melt interaction systems because the partitioning of these element pairs between melts and minerals is tightly controlled by charge valence and crystal structure (lattice site size) or ionic radius. The concentration ratios of these pairs in igneous rocks are close to the chondritic values (Y/Ho=28, Zr… 相似文献
15.
The microscopic reversibility of the sorption of Sm and Yb onto kaolinite and smectite is investigated by introducing an isotopic disequilibrium between the clay and the solution. The experiments are performed at 25°C, in 0.025 or 0.5 M NaClO4 and from pH 4 up to pH 7. The isotopic exchange is monitored as a function of time over a duration of 355 hours. The first stage of the experiment consists of equilibrating the clays with a natural or spiked lanthanide solution. The second stage consists of interchanging the solutions between twin phials (same clay, pH and ionic strength, but with different lanthanide isotopic compositions). The isotopic composition and concentration of aqueous lanthanides are analysed by ICP-MS. The results are as follows: (1) the lanthanide isotopic composition of the solution is rapidly modified and stabilised within 24 h; (2) the isotopic exchange between the solid and the solution is not always complete; (3) the degree of microscopic reversibility (isotopic exchange) decreases with increasing pH. These results are explained by the fact that exchange is easier for lanthanides linked to the surface as outer-sphere complexes (physical sorption), which predominate at low pH, than for atoms sorbed as inner-sphere complexes (chemical sorption) which predominate at high pH. The contrasted kinetics observed for the different kind of sites provide additional constraints for the modeling of migration processes in natural systems. 相似文献
16.
Sorption of Cu and Pb to kaolinite-fulvic acid colloids: Assessment of sorbent interactions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ilona Heidmann 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(7):1675-1686
The sorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) to kaolinite-fulvic acid colloids was investigated by potentiometric titrations. To assess the possible interactions between kaolinite and fulvic acid during metal sorption, experimental sorption isotherms were compared with predictions based on a linear additivity model (LAM). Suspensions of 5 g L−1 kaolinite and 0.03 g L−1 fulvic acid in 0.01 M NaNO3 were titrated with Cu and Pb solutions, respectively. The suspension pH was kept constant at pH 4, 6, or 8. The free ion activities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ were monitored in the titration vessel using ion selective electrodes. Total dissolved concentrations of metals (by ICP-MS) and fulvic acid (by UV-absorption) were determined in samples taken after each titration step. The amounts of metals sorbed to the solid phase, comprised of kaolinite plus surface-bound fulvic acid, were calculated by difference. Compared to pure kaolinite, addition of fulvic acid to the clay strongly increased metal sorption to the solid phase. This effect was more pronounced at pH 4 and 6 than at pH 8, because more fulvic acid was sorbed to the kaolinite surface under acidic conditions. Addition of Pb enhanced the sorption of fulvic acid onto kaolinite at pH 6 and 8, but not at pH 4. Addition of Cu had no effect on the sorption of fulvic acid onto kaolinite. In the LAM, metal sorption to the kaolinite surface was predicted by a two-site, 1-pK basic Stern model and metal sorption to the fulvic acid was calculated with the NICA-Donnan model, respectively. The LAM provided good predictions of Cu sorption to the kaolinite-fulvic acid colloids over the entire range in pH and free Cu2+ ion activity (10−12 to 10−5). The sorption of Pb was slightly underestimated by the LAM under most conditions. A fractionation of the fulvic acid during sorption to kaolinite was observed, but this could not explain the observed deviations of the LAM predictions from the experimental Pb sorption isotherms. 相似文献
17.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(19-20):3205-3215
Sorption processes typically control trace metal concentrations in aquatic systems. To illustrate the impact of various types of surface sites on metal ion sorption behavior, Co(II) and Sr(II) sorption by several clay minerals under a range pH and background electrolyte conditions was studied. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to characterize the surface complexes formed to explain the basis for the sorption trends. At low pH, Co(II) could be displaced from the surface by increasing the Na ion concentration. XAS analysis of these samples showed that sorbed Co(II) retained the coordination structure of aqueous phase Co(II), suggesting the formation of weakly associated, outer-sphere, mononuclear Co complexes at permanent charge sites. At high pH, sorbed Co could not be displaced by increasing the Na ion concentration. The XAS analyses of these samples indicated the formation of Co coprecipitates. The results of the Sr(II) sorption experiments suggested weaker bonding between sorbed Sr and the solid surfaces, regardless of solution conditions and adsorbent. XAS analysis of Sr sorption samples revealed the formation of mononuclear, outer-sphere complexes of Sr at clay–water interfaces, similar to the outer-sphere Co sorption samples observed only at low pH. 相似文献
18.
The sorption of Np(V) and Np(IV) onto kaolinite has been studied in the absence and presence of humic acid (HA) in a series of batch equilibrium experiments under different experimental conditions: [Np]0: 1.0 × 10-6 or 1.0 × 10-5 M, [HA]0: 0 or 50 mg/L, I: 0.01 or 0.1 M NaClO4, solid to liquid ratio: 4 g/L, pH: 6–11, anaerobic or aerobic conditions, without or with carbonate. The results showed that the Np(V) sorption onto kaolinite is affected by solution pH, ionic strength, Np concentration, presence of carbonate and HA. In the absence of carbonate, the Np(V) uptake increased with pH up to ∼96% at pH 11. HA further increased the Np(V) sorption between pH 6 and 9 but decreased the Np(V) sorption between pH 9 and 11. In the presence of carbonate, the Np(V) sorption increased with pH and reached a maximum of 54% between pH 8.5 and 9. At higher pH values, the Np(V) sorption decreased due to the presence of dissolved neptunyl carbonate species with a higher negative charge that were not sorbed onto the kaolinite surface which is negatively charged in this pH range. HA again decreased the Np(V) uptake in the near-neutral to alkaline pH range due to formation of aqueous neptunyl humate complexes. The decrease of the initial Np(V) concentration from 1.0 × 10−5 M to 1.0 × 10−6 M led to a shift of the Np(V) adsorption edge to lower pH values. A higher ionic strength increased the Np(V) uptake onto kaolinite in the presence of carbonate but had no effect on Np(V) uptake in the absence of carbonate. 相似文献
19.
The sorption of selenium(VI) onto pure anatase, a polymorph of titanium dioxide, was investigated. At the macroscopic level, batch experiments and electrophoretic mobility measurements were performed. Selenium(VI) retention was found to be pH-dependent, i.e. sorption of selenium(VI) decreases with increasing pH (pH range 3.5-11). Selenium(VI) sorption dependence on the ionic strength was also evidenced, i.e. sorption increases while the ionic strength decreases. Electrophoretic mobility measurements showed that selenium(VI) sorption had no effect on the isoelectric point of anatase. At the microscopic level, XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) measurements evidenced the absence of reduction of selenium(VI) during the sorption process. Furthermore, the nature of the sorbed surface species at the anatase/liquid interface was elucidated using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results strongly suggested the formation of outer-sphere complexes on the whole pH range, in agreement with batch sorption experiments and electrophoretic mobility findings. 相似文献
20.
Clay minerals were reacted with silica-spiked solutions of unbuffered distilled water; water buffered at pH 5.5, 8 and 10; alkali chloride solutions; natural and artificial sea water to assess the influence of pH, silica and cation activities. The data are plotted as silica produced by dissolution or sorption of silica by clay surface as a function of initial silica concentration at a given pH and solution composition. This allows the determination of the dissolved silica value at which the clay mineral surface neither dissolves nor sorbs silica. The values of the various activities in different solutions are used to infer the phase equilibria between solution, clay mineral and the surface phase produced either by dissolution or sorption. Most intensively investigated were sorption reactions of kaolinite in sea water and other ionic solutions to form silica-rich, cation-rich surface phases in cationic solutions and silica-rich phases in cation-free solutions.Inferred equilibrium constants imply that silicate reconstitution is doubtful as a mechanism for partial control of silica and cation composition of sea water but is reasonable in silica-rich interstitial waters. 相似文献