共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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利用2013～2016年的Aqua MODIS卫星和CloudSat卫星的二级产品资料,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的降水冰云和非降水冰云进行了统计。基于此,对比分析了两类冰云的云类型,研究了二者在云特征参数、云层数及垂直结构上的差异,并且探究了二者在不同通道下云特征参数的相对大小。结果表明:1）京津冀地区的降水冰云以深对流云和雨层云为主,分别占48.63%和34.65%,而非降水冰云以高层云和卷云为主,分别占55.62%和31.58%。2）降水冰云和非降水冰云的平均云顶温度、云顶高度、光学厚度、积分云水总量、有效粒子半径分别为230.99 K、10.90 km、53.26、937.98 g/m2、31.45
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We have analyzed the fine-structure of 131 electric field (E) waveforms that were radiated during the onset of first return strokes in cloud-to-ocean lightning. The dE/dt waveforms were recorded using an 8-bit waveform digitizer sampling at 100 MHz, and the E waveforms were sampled at 10 MHz using a 10-bit digitizer. 49 (or 37%) of the dE/dt waveforms contain one or more large pulses within ± 1 μs of the largest (or dominant) peak in dE/dt, i.e. within an interval from − 1 μs to + 1 μs, where t = 0 μs is the time of the dominant peak, and 37 (or 28%) have one or more large pulses in the interval from 4 μs before to 1 μs before the dominant peak, i.e. − 4 μs to − 1 μs, and only the dominant peak within ± 1 μs . We give statistics on the amplitude and timing of dE/dt pulses that are near the dominant peak, and we show how the presence of these pulses adds considerable fine-structure to the shape of Eint, the integrated dE/dt waveform, on a time-scale of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. This fine-structure includes fast pulses near the beginning of the slow front, large pulses and shoulders within the slow front and during the fast-transition, and very narrow peaks in Eint. Our overall conclusion is that the electromagnetic environment near the point(s) where lightning leaders attach to the surface is often more complicated than what would be produced by a single current pulse propagating up a single channel at the time of onset. 相似文献
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GUEBUEM KIM NAJID HUSSAIN THOMAS M. CHURCH 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(1):74-80
Many researchers have reported the widespread occurrence of excess 210 Po in the global atmosphere and suggested probable sources such as resuspension of top soils, stratospheric aerosols, sea spray of the surface micro‐layer, volcanic emission, and bio‐volatile 210 Po species from the productive ocean. We have observed excess 210 Po on aerosols in the coastal atmosphere of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. On‐board measurements in the Chesapeake Bay atmosphere show that the increase of this excess 210 Po is dependent upon wind speed. Simultaneously measured activity ratios of 7 Be/210 Pb and 210 Pb/222 Rn argue against either higher altitude air or continental soils as the source of this excess. We hypothesize that the excess 210 Po originates mainly from surface waters either by the sea‐spray of the surface microlayer, or more likely, by gas exchange. We conclude gas exchange as the mechanism since the polonium excess increases linearly with wind speed over a threshold of 3 m s−1 (mean) similar to other gases (i.e., CO2 , SF6 , and DMS). In addition, higher 210 Po excess with lower 222 Rn is observed in on‐shore marine air at Lewes, DE. This suggests sea‐air exchange of volatile Po along with other bio‐volatile species (i.e., DMS, DMSe, and MMHg) in the coastal productive ocean during high wind speeds. 相似文献
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Summary In this paper, we first examine the relationship of El Nino and La Nina events with the westerly wind anomalies over the
western Pacific warm pool. On this basis, the roles of the Asian and Australian winter monsoons in the formation and progress
of the westerly wind anomalies are studied. Finally, we analyze the associations of the Asian and Australian winter monsoons,
the westerly wind anomalies and the El Nino and La Nina alternations with the propagating anomalies of the Southern and Northern
Oscillation.
The results show that the westerly wind bursts are frequent over the Maritime Continent and western Pacific, only those which
can further intensify and propagate eastward are accompanied by an El Nino event. It is identified that the establishment
and eastward propagation of westerly wind bursts are related to enhanced East Asian and Australian winter monsoon, respectively.
The activities of the East Asian and Australian winter monsoon, the variation of the Pacific westerly and trade winds and
the alternate appearance of El Nino and La Nina events should be internally connected. The main agents of this relationship
are the eastward propagation of alternate positive and negative height anomalies associated with the Southern and Northern
Oscillation on a 3–5 year time scale over the south and north tropical Pacific.
Received January 4, 1998/Revised January 19, 1999 相似文献
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厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件与曲江汛期旱涝和冬季冷暖的统计关系分析 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
本文通过制作曲江汛期旱涝指数和冬季冷指数，从强度方面简要地分析厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件与曲江汛期旱涝和冬季冷暖的统计关系。从而为当地的气候分析预测提供一定的参考依据。 相似文献
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桂林市汛期降水集中度和集中期与旱涝关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用桂林13站近50a的逐日降水资料,采用近年来气象学者提出的降水集中度和集中期的定义,计算桂林汛期降水集中度和集中期,对其统计特征进行分析,结果表明：降水集中度最大值为0.59,最小值为0.12,平均值为0.33,年际变化大,有10a的变化周期;降水集中期出现在汛期第5旬到第8旬之间的年份占76%。对集中度大值年和小值年进行对比分析,得出汛期降水量偏多时,集中度偏大容易造成洪涝灾害,集中度偏小则降水较均匀,不利于洪涝的形成。多水年和少水年降水集中度的空间分布明显不同,多水年的集中期明显比少水年偏迟。 相似文献
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为了解闪电对对流层上部NOx的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NOx体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NOx在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NOx的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO2的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO2并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NOx的传输,而人类活动产生的NOx一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NOx极值较大,所在的高度也较高. 相似文献
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桂林市汛期降水集中度和集中期与旱涝关系的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用桂林13站近50a的逐日降水资料,采用近年来气象学者提出的降水集中度和集中期的定义,计算桂林汛期降水集中度和集中期,对其统计特征进行分析,结果表明:降水集中度最大值为0.59,最小值为0.12,平均值为0.33,年际变化大,有10a的变化周期;降水集中期出现在汛期第5旬到第8旬之间的年份占76%。对集中度大值年和小值年进行对比分析,得出汛期降水量偏多时,集中度偏大容易造成洪涝灾害,集中度偏小则降水较均匀,不利于洪涝的形成。多水年和少水年降水集中度的空间分布明显不同,多水年的集中期明显比少水年偏迟。 相似文献
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H. C. Bostock B. N. Opdyke M. K. Gagan A. E. Kiss L. K. Fifield 《Climate Dynamics》2006,26(6):645-659
The East Australian Current (EAC) is the western boundary current of the south Pacific gyre transporting warm tropical waters to higher southern latitudes. Recent modelling shows that the partial separation of the EAC (~32°S) and the coupled formation of the Tasman Front (~34°S) are caused by a steep gradient in the zonally integrated wind stress curl. Analysis of oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) in the planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides ruber, from sediment cores from the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea indicates that the EAC separation shifted northward to between 23 and 26°S during the last glacial. We suggest these results indicate a significant change in the Pacific wind stress curl during the glacial. Given recent evidence for El Niño-like conditions in the Pacific during the last glacial, with a reduction in the east–west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, we suggest that weaker trade winds combined with more northerly, stronger westerlies were associated with a change to the wind stress curl, which repositioned the EAC separation and Tasman Front. In contrast, by ~11 ka BP, the EAC separation was forced south of 26°S. This southward shift was synchronous with a rapid warming of tropical SSTs, and the onset of a La Niña-like SST configuration across the tropical Pacific. It appears that the south Pacific trade winds strengthened accordingly, causing the EAC to readjust its flow. This readjustment of the EAC marks the onset of modern surface-ocean circulation in the southwest Pacific, but the present EAC transport was only achieved in the late Holocene, after 5 ka BP. 相似文献