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1.
灌丛沙堆是干旱、半干旱区绿洲边缘常见景观类型,在绿洲风沙防护及生物多样性保护方面有重要意义。本文对中国西北干旱区不同气候区常见的柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）、泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）灌丛沙堆形态和养分积累特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：柽柳灌丛沙堆高度、面积和体积显著高于泡泡刺和柠条锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆,泡泡刺灌丛沙堆高度、面积和体积最小。3种灌丛的存在都显著增加了沙堆土壤有机质含量,使灌丛沙堆成为“肥岛”,其中柽柳灌丛沙堆“肥岛”效应最明显。柽柳灌丛沙堆土壤有机质、全碳、全氮和凋落物含量显著高于泡泡刺和柠条锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆。主要原因是柽柳枝条茂密,拦截面积大且凋落物量大,因此沙物质拦截和养分积累能力强于其他两种灌丛。另外,不同气候区沙源和气象条件的差异也可能导致灌丛沙堆形态及养分累积特征不同。 相似文献
2.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of
ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial
distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological
characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures.
We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow,
soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult
to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized
for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which
was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the
variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different
influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully
discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
3.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
4.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas,and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas.This paper reviews the following aspects,including formation and succession,spatial distribution,shape and surface airflow characteristics,balance between erosion and deposition,ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation,response to precipitation and groundwater,soil properties as well as the protection measures.We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods,and shape characteristics,surface airflow,soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood,which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors.Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation,while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected,which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas.Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation,soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors.In addition,positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed.According to the data got from the above,effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
5.
Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim., a typical desert plant which often appears in nebkha form, is widely distributed along the periphery of oasis in arid regions of Northwest China, and plays an important role in desertification control around oases. In this paper, the characteristics and distribution patterns of N. sphaerocarpa nebkhas were investigated in a Gobi environment outside an oasis. Results shows that about 200 N. sphaerocarpa nebkhas per hectare was recorded and total sand sediments was 25 m3/ha. Nebkhas vary in size, and the mean height (H) and horizontal composition (L) were 15 cm and 80 cm, respectively. There exists a significant linear relationship between H and L, suggesting that the investigated nebkhas are mostly in the growth stage. The numbers, height and sand deposit of nebkhas decreased with increasing distance away from the oasis. Grain-size analysis indicates that the mean grain size of sediments at the crests of nebkhas increased with increasing nebkha height. Organic C and total N concentrations were related to the mean grain size. It was concluded that N. sphaerocarpa shrubs are efficient horizontal sand traps for wind-driven sediments. A better understanding of the development of nebkha can provide information for the design of biological sand control measures around oases in arid regions. 相似文献
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7.
Nebkha （coppice dune） formation and significance to environmental change reconstructions in arid and semiarid areas 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Environments in arid and semiarid regions are extremely sensitive to climate changes.High wind activity in these regions has resulted in an extensively developed arid geomorphology,but past environmental changes are poorly understood because of the absence of relatively high-resolution proxies.The accumulation characteristics of nebkhas,which have developed extensively in these regions,can be used as a method of reconstructing environmental changes.Here we summarized recent advances in research on the formation,development,and sediment characteristics of nebkhas and their significance to environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions.Based on the studies of our colleagues,we suggested that research on nebkha formation can provide distinct clues about environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions;however,continued studies are needed. 相似文献
8.
灌丛沙丘形成演化及环境指示意义研究的主要进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱半干旱区风沙活动较强烈, 风沙地貌十分发育, 环境演变过程对气候变化响应敏感。由于缺乏高分辨率载体, 在这些地区进行环境变化重建的手段及获得的结果相对贫乏。但是在这些区域发育的灌丛沙丘是风沙堆积体, 其形成演化记录了相对丰富的区域环境演变信息。本文综述了目前在灌丛沙丘形态学特征、发育过程、以及其在区域环境变化重建中的意义等方面的研究进展。我们认为, 灌丛沙丘形成演化研究在揭示干旱区环境演变过程方面有重大的意义, 但还没有形成系统的体系, 这一方面的研究仍有较大的空间。 相似文献
9.
灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m3,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m3。 相似文献
10.
过去45年中国干湿气候区域变化特征 总被引：24，自引：4，他引：24
利用中国1960-2004年降水、平均气温、风速和相对湿度等资料,分别采用降水指数和干湿分类函数作为干湿区域的划分标准,将中国划分成三个干湿等级的区域:干旱区、半干旱区和湿润区。结果发现无论以哪种指数作为衡量干湿的标准,我国过去45年的干旱总面积,即干旱区面积和半干旱区面积之和,均为扩大趋势,湿润面积则为减小趋势,这种情况在近十年表现得尤为显著。而半干旱区面积在分析时段变化的幅度最大,是干湿变化的敏感区。但两种结果之间也存在不同:降水指数的结果表明干旱区和湿润区的面积减小,半干旱区的面积增大;而干湿分类函数得到的各个干湿区域的面积则表明干旱区的增大,半干旱区和湿润区的减小。从定量的角度讲,干湿分类函数估算的干旱区面积的45年平均值比降水指数估算的干旱区面积的45年平均值约大15%,其估算的半干旱面积的45年平均值比降水指数的结果约小9%,而两者湿润区面积的45年平均值相差约6%。最后给出了仅分析降水指数就能反映干湿状况的地区和必须分析干湿分类函数才能确定干湿状况的区域。 相似文献
11.
两种白刺叶片及沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在植物叶片氮、磷化学计量学研究中,氮磷比常作为判断土壤养分限制性的指标,其适用范围从海洋、湖泊等水生生态系统扩展到陆地生态系统。以生长在民勤绿洲的毛瓣白刺(Nitraria praevisa)和唐古特白刺(N. tangutorun)为研究对象,分别测定叶片N、P含量以及沙堆各层土壤有机质、N、P含量,以探讨两种白刺叶片及其沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的关系。研究结果表明:①白刺叶片的N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;②两种白刺沙堆各项土壤养分指标差异极显著(P<0.01);③毛瓣白刺沙堆土壤的N含量在0～20 cm土层存在富集现象,唐古特白刺沙堆土壤的有机质、N、P含量在20～40 cm土层存在富集现象;④在水分为最主要的限制性因子的荒漠生态系统中,能否以叶片N∶P作为判定营养元素限制性的标准,值得进一步探讨。 相似文献
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荒漠草原带沙源及灌丛对灌丛沙堆形态的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
灌丛沙堆是干旱区一种典型的景观类型,经常出现在靠近流沙地带。在地处荒漠草原带的宁夏盐池北部的流沙边缘就发育有典型的白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆。本文对不同沙源距离和灌丛生长状况下的白刺灌丛沙堆形态特征进行了研究。结果表明:荒漠草原带白刺灌丛沙堆的高度0.2～4.8 m,90.05%的高度小于3.0 m;体积0.11～805.17 m3,6.08%的体积小于150 m3;面积0.86～333.3 m2,72.26%的小于50 m2。灌丛沙堆长轴长和短轴长、高度和面积、高度和体积、面积和体积间都存在很好的幂函数关系,随着灌丛沙堆高度的增加,其面积和体积也增加。沙源对白刺灌丛沙堆的分布特征有显著影响,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积和沙源距离都有很好的抛物线形关系。白刺灌丛的生长状况对灌丛沙堆的形态特征也有明显的影响,即白刺灌丛生长状况越好,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积也增大。 相似文献
14.
全球气候变暖背景下中国降水量变化的区域差异显著。基于1961—2016年期间,全国763个观测台站白昼和夜间的降水观测数据,分别从昼夜降水量、降水日数、降水强度以及对总降水量的贡献率等四个方面,解读中国九大流域昼夜降水变化的时空格局。结果表明：① 昼夜降水量变化的流域差异显著,可归纳为四种类型：昼夜同增型、昼夜同减型、昼增夜减型和昼减夜增型。② 流域总降水量变化与昼夜降水量密切相关。淮河流域降水量减少是由白昼降水量（-0.72 mm/a）减少所致,而黄河流域降水量减少则是由夜间降水量（-0.21 mm/a）减少所致。③ 干旱区、半干旱区及半湿润区的流域,昼夜大雨的雨量要高于昼夜暴雨;湿润区的流域,则表现为昼夜暴雨的雨量要高于昼夜大雨,尤其是珠江流域和东南诸河流域。④ 从全国尺度来看,白昼大雨、夜间大雨和暴雨对总降水量的贡献率超过10%,而白昼暴雨的贡献率约10%。湿润区流域昼夜暴雨对总降水量的贡献率高于昼夜大雨对总降水量的贡献率,而干旱区-半干旱区流域则相反。研究结果有助于深化认识全球变暖对区域日降水循环的影响。 相似文献
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低覆盖度治沙理论的核心水文原理概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤水分的渗漏过程是陆地生态水文的3个最核心过程之一,降水向土壤深层渗漏或者补给地下水,关系到干旱沙区水平衡维持和植被稳定持续发育。多年的治沙实践和研究结果表明：（1）天然分布稳定的沙生植被,覆盖度一般低于30%,降水均能够渗漏到土壤深层或者补给地下水;（2）人工营造的固沙林,当林分的覆盖度大于40%后,林下土壤含水率逐步降低,降水不能够渗漏到土壤深层或者补给地下水,林木出现衰败或者死亡;（3）低覆盖度固沙林设计出了带间的土壤渗漏补给带,确保了降水能够渗漏到深层或者补给地下水,固沙林及其带间植被能够稳定持续发育;（4）在极端干旱区,基本上没有降水能够渗漏到2 m以下土层,灌溉才能确保林分的稳定持续;在干旱区,深层渗漏水量占年降雨量的1%—13%,半干旱地区的深层渗漏水量占年降雨量的11%—23%,半湿润干旱区的深层渗漏水量占年降雨量的15%—45%,能够确保沙区的水平衡和雨养植被的稳定持续发育。这也是低覆盖度治沙理论最基本的生态水文原理,为中国防沙治沙事业开拓了新领域、新方向和新思路,对推动中国今后的防沙治沙工作有着重要意义。 相似文献
17.
Changes in soil nutrients, vegetation structure and herbaceous biomass in response to grazing in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of grazing was studied on vegetation structure, herbaceous biomass, basal and bare ground covers, together with soil nutrient concentrations in two locations in an Ethiopian semi-arid savanna. The lightly grazed sites had significantly higher herbaceous diversity, total abundance, basal cover and aboveground biomass, and a lower percentage of bare ground compared with the heavy grazed sites. Grazing pressure had no effect on the density and number of woody species as well as on the proportion of encroaching woody species. The light grazing sites had higher organic carbon, phosphorus and exchangeable bases, and therefore a higher pH and higher electrical conductance, indicating an improved soil nutrient status compared with heavy grazing sites, mainly attributed to the higher basal cover and standing biomass at light grazed sites, and the export of nutrients through grazing and dung collection from the heavily grazed sites. There were significantly higher soil nutrients, species diversity, aboveground biomass and basal cover in the light grazing sites compared with heavy grazing sites. We concluded that changes in herbaceous vegetation, standing biomass and soil compositions are caused by interactions between grazing, soil and vegetation, and these interactions determine the transitions of semi-arid savannas. 相似文献
18.
新疆准噶尔盆地典型荒漠区不同景观植被对土壤养分的影响 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
在群落演替的不同阶段,土壤与植被之间存在不同的互动关系。在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘,选择荒漠-绿洲交错区、沙漠边缘、沙漠腹地典型景观类型取样,监测不同景观条件下土壤水分、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和植被盖度。结果表明,不同景观植被盖度、土壤水分、土壤养分含量存在显著的差异性(P0.5)。土壤水分含量、植被盖度、土壤养分含量表现为荒漠-绿洲交错区沙漠边缘沙漠腹地的变化趋势;土壤含水量由荒漠-绿洲交错带10.4%递减到沙漠边缘5.8%、沙漠腹地3.5%;植被盖度、土壤养分含量随土壤类型由荒漠灰钙土向风沙土过渡,呈现显著的下降趋势。在相同土壤属性情况下,植被盖度与土壤有机质、土壤全氮之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,表明不同区域内植被在一定程度上影响土壤养分的积累。 相似文献
19.
为探究不同植被土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征及其影响因素,以黄土丘陵区油松、刺槐、沙棘和草地4种典型退耕恢复植被0~100 cm土壤为研究对象,分析不同植被土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、全磷（STP）含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明：（1） 不同恢复植被对土壤养分含量有显著影响,刺槐的SOC、STN最高,油松的SOC、STN最低,STP表现为草地>刺槐>油松>沙棘。（2） 不同恢复植被土壤养分具有“表聚性”,随土层深度增加,SOC和STN含量呈下降趋势,而STP的变异性较弱。特别是刺槐的SOC和STN在60~100 cm呈增加趋势。（3） 不同恢复植被土壤SOC:STN（C:N）、SOC:STP（C:P）差异不显著（P>0.05）,刺槐的土壤STN:STP（N:P）显著高于其他植被类型（P<0.05）,土壤C:N、C:P、N:P均低于全球及全国平均水平,研究区有机质的分解速率较快,P的有效性高,植被生长主要受N元素限制。（4） 研究区土壤C:N、C:P和N:P主要受SOC和STN影响;土壤养分与土壤含水量（SWC）和土壤容重（BD）呈负相关,与土壤粉粒（slit）和黏粒（clay）含量呈正相关,STP对土壤细颗粒的响应强度大于SOC和STN。研究区土壤化学计量在不同退耕恢复植被间差异显著,其中刺槐的土壤养分含量较其他植被类型更好,可为该地区植被恢复工作进一步开展提供参考。 相似文献
20.
温度和降水是干旱半干旱区土壤呼吸的重要扰动因子,全球气候变化导致的未来干旱半干旱区增温和降水变率增大对土壤呼吸有着重要影响。研究通过人工设置P16×2.5mm、P8×5mm、P4×10mm、P2×20mm、P1×40mm的降雨频率梯度和增温2 ℃左右的控制试验,探讨不同降雨频率和增温处理对干旱半干旱区土壤呼吸的影响,以及土壤呼吸与土壤温湿度的关系及其对降雨频率改变的响应。结果表明：降雨频率和增温单独对土壤呼吸具有极显著影响（P<0.001）,但是两者之间并无交互作用（P>0.5）;在降雨量一定的情况下,土壤呼吸速率随着降雨频率的减小而减小,即多频率小降雨事件激发的土壤呼吸速率大于小频率大降雨事件;增温促进土壤呼吸,提高了约11%的土壤呼吸。本结果有助于对未来干旱半干旱地区全球变暖背景下降雨格局的改变对土壤呼吸产生的影响进行预测,同时也为进一步估算该区域生态系统的碳收支提供参考数据。 相似文献