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1.
We studied between-age oxygen and hydrogen isotopic variations of two pine species, red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), with particular attention paid to variations associated with needle maturity. The 2D model by Shu et al. (this volume) was applied to simulate oxygen isotopic ratios of the pine needles; calculated results were compared with data collected from trees in the Hanover, NH area. The calculations indicate that the mechanism most responsible for age-dependent isotopic variations is the variation in transpiration rate along the needle. Because stomata mature progressively from needle tip to needle base, young needles transpire most of their water near the tip. Mature needles, on the other hand, transpire water more evenly along their lengths. We cannot successfully simulate hydrogen isotopic variations, and it remains to be investigated what mechanism or physical process is not included in the model that affects hydrogen isotopic compositions in leaf water.  相似文献   

2.
The method of Epstein et al. (1976) for analysis of D/H ratios of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen has been modified. This modified “renitration” method yields δD values which are in agreement with those obtained by the sodium chlorite delignification method. Comparison of results obtained by the renitration method with the published results of Epstein et al. (1976) indicate some differences in the δD values of individual samples. However, the overall plant-water δD relationship determined by Epstein et al., is not greatly changed upon redetermination by the renitration method. Additional data from a variety of plants representing a wide geographical range reveal that relative humidity is an important variable in determining the δD value of cellulose C-H hydrogen on this inter-regional scale. The role of relative humidity can be reasonably explained by a leaf water model that assumes an isotopic steady-state during transpiration. These results reaffirm the conclusion of Epstein et al., that the δD variations of the source water are the dominant control of the δD variations of cellulose C-H hydrogen from naturally grown plants. Thus, there is an expectation that these cellulose δD variations can have climate significance.  相似文献   

3.
Cellulose and silica phytoliths were extracted from the leaves and stems of Calamovilfa longifolia, a C4 grass, grown under varying climatic conditions across the North American prairies. The oxygen-isotope compositions of both cellulose and silica record a complex signal of the isotopic composition of the soil water that feeds the plants and the relative humidity conditions that influence transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and ultimately the 18O-enrichment of leaf water. As the initial stages of cellulose formation occur in the leaves, cellulose in both the leaves and stems forms primarily from leaf water and does not differ greatly in its oxygen-isotope composition between these locations. In contrast, the δ18O values of leaf phytoliths are significantly enriched in 18O relative to stem phytoliths, reflecting the varying isotopic composition of the water in these tissues. The oxygen-isotope compositions of leaf cellulose may be used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of water involved in leaf phytolith formation, while the δ18O values of stem phytoliths can be used to determine the δ18O values of stem water involved in partial exchange reactions during the transport of carbohydrates through the plant. A comparison of the isotopic compositions of phytoliths with cellulose allows for the deduction of soil and leaf water δ18O values as well as temperature and relative humidity conditions during plant growth. This approach has application in paleoclimate studies that traditionally have required estimations of one or more of these variables because direct measurements were unavailable.  相似文献   

4.
The isotopic composition of atmospheric O2 depends on the rates of oxygen cycling in photosynthesis, respiration, photochemical reactions in the stratosphere and on δ17O and δ18O of ocean and leaf water. While most of the factors affecting δ17O and δ18O of air O2 have been studied extensively in recent years, δ17O of leaf water—the substrate for all terrestrial photosynthesis—remained unknown. In order to understand the isotopic composition of atmospheric O2 at present and in fossil air in ice cores, we studied leaf water in field experiments in Israel and in a European survey. We measured the difference in δ17O and δ18O between stem and leaf water, which is the result of isotope enrichment during transpiration. We calculated the slopes of the lines linking the isotopic compositions of stem and leaf water. The obtained slopes in ln(δ17O + 1) vs. ln(δ18O + 1) plots are characterized by very high precision (∼0.001) despite of relatively large differences between duplicates in both δ17O and δ18O (0.02-0.05‰). This is so because the errors in δ18O and δ17O are mass-dependent. The slope of the leaf transpiration process varied between 0.5111 ± 0.0013 and 0.5204 ± 0.0005, which is considerably smaller than the slope linking liquid water and vapor at equilibrium (0.529). We further found that the slope of the transpiration process decreases with atmospheric relative humidity (h) as 0.522-0.008 × h, for h in the range 0.3-1. This slope is neither influenced by the plant species, nor by the environmental conditions where plants grow nor does it show strong variations along long leaves.  相似文献   

5.
Controls on the D/H ratios of plant leaf waxes in an arid ecosystem   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The extent to which leaf water D-enrichment (transpiration) and soil water D-enrichment (evaporation) affect the D/H ratio of plant leaf waxes remains a contentious issue, with important implications for paleohydrologic reconstructions. In this study we measure δD values of precipitation (δDp), groundwater (δDgw), plant xylem water (δDxw) and leaf water (δDlw) to understand their impact on the δD values of plant leaf wax n-alkanes (δDwax) in an arid ecosystem. Our survey includes multiple species at four sites across an aridity gradient (80-30% relative humidity) in southern California.We find that many species take up groundwater or precipitation without significant fractionation. D-enriched soil water is a minor source even in species known to perform and utilize waters from hydraulic lift, such as Larrea tridentata (+10‰). Measurements of leaf water isotopic composition demonstrate that transpiration is an important mechanism for D-enrichment of leaf waters (+74 ± 20‰, 1σ), resulting in the smallest net fractionation yet reported between source water and leaf waxes (L. tridentata −41‰; multi-species mean value is −94 ± 21‰, 1σ). We find little change in leaf water D-enrichment or net fractionation across the climatic gradient sampled by our study, suggesting that a net fractionation of ca. −90‰ may be appropriate for paleohydrologic reconstructions in semi-arid to arid environments. Large interspecies offsets in net fractionations (1σ = 21‰) are potentially troublesome, given the observed floristic diversity and the likelihood of species assemblage changes with climate shifts.  相似文献   

6.
沉积物叶蜡正构烷烃氢同位素是指示气候和环境变化的一种新的生物地球化学指标,由于其存在广泛、成因机制清晰、易于保存等特点,被认为是具有很大潜力的重建古环境的替代指标。分析了正构烷烃的形成过程与其氢同位素的分馏机制,讨论了叶蜡正构烷烃氢同位素在不同气候区指示湿度变化的能力,总结了在东亚季风区半干旱区的一些应用案例。相比于风成黄土中其他气候代用指标,沉积物正构烷烃氢同位素更直接地指示了区域干湿变化,对区域气候和环境变化响应敏感,在长时间尺度上记录了水汽变化过程,并存在显著的太阳辐射岁差周期。正构烷烃氢同位素是一种理想的东亚季风区干旱半干旱地区湿度重建的代用指标,未来需要进一步研究大气降水同位素和本地分馏过程对其变化的控制规律,加强其在古气候定量重建中的研究应用。  相似文献   

7.
Coastal salt marsh ecosystems contain strong environmental gradients that are anticipated to influence the D/H ratios recorded in the leaf waxes of salt-tolerant plants. We characterized the molecular and hydrogen isotopic composition of alkanes in plant and sediment samples as well as the D/H ratios of environmental and plant waters across an elevation and inundation gradient in a southern Californian, coastal salt marsh. We sampled the dominant salt marsh plant species: Salicornia virginica, Arthrocnemum subterminale and Jamuea carnosa (all succulents), as well as Monanthochloe littoralis and Limonium californicum (nonsucculents). Plant xylem water hydrogen isotopic compositions indicate a shift in source waters from meteoric influences at upland sites (δD value −20‰) to seawater dominated values (0‰) at lowland areas. We found leaf water D enrichment relative to xylem water ranging from mean δD values of +54‰ (upland) to +28‰ (lowland), interpreted as a reduction of transpiration with increasing inundation time. This has the effect of increasing the net fractionation between source water and leaf wax product across the environmental gradient from mean values of −101‰ (upland) to −134‰ (lowland), with an attenuated signal recorded in the δD values of plant leaf wax n-alkanes (−122‰ to −136‰). These results constrain the hydrogen isotopic composition of salt marsh organic matter that may contribute to marine carbon budgets of the Santa Barbara Basin, and further indicate the potential for plant leaf waxes to resolve paleoenvironmental change, including sea level change, in sediment cores from salt marsh ecosystems.  相似文献   

8.
Compound specific hydrogen isotope ratios (δD) of long chain sedimentary n-alkanes, which mostly originate from the leaf waxes of higher terrestrial plants, are increasingly employed as paleoclimate proxies. While soil water is the ultimate hydrogen source for these lipids and the isotopic fractionation during biosynthesis of lipids is thought to remain constant, environmental parameters and plant physiological processes can alter the apparent hydrogen isotopic fractionation between leaf-wax lipids and a plant’s source water. However, the magnitude and timing of these effects and their influence on the isotopic composition of lipids from higher terrestrial plants are still not well understood. Therefore we investigated the seasonal variability of leaf-wax n-alkane δD values for two different temperate deciduous forest ecosystems that are dominated by two different tree species, Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Maple (Acerpseudoplatanus).We found significant seasonal variations for both tree species in n-alkane δD values of up to 40‰ on timescales as short as one week. Also, the isotopic difference between different n-alkanes from the same plant species did vary significantly and reached up to 50‰ at the same time when overall n-alkane concentrations were lowest.Since δD values of soil water at 5 and 10 cm depth, which we assume represent the δD value of the major water source for the investigated beech trees, were enriched in autumn compared to the spring by 30‰, whereas n-alkane δD values increased only by 10‰, we observed variations in the apparent fractionation between beech leaf derived n-alkanes and soil water of up to 20‰ on a seasonal scale. This observed change in the apparent fractionation was likely caused by differences in leaf water isotopic enrichment. Based on mechanistic leaf water models we conclude that changes in the isotopic difference between water vapor and soil water were the most likely reason for the observed changes in the apparent fractionation between n-alkanes and soil water.The large variability of n-alkane concentrations and δD values over time implies a continuous de novo synthesis of these compounds over the growing season with turnover times possibly as short as weeks. The signal to reach the soil therefore represents an integrated record of the last weeks before leaf senescence. This holds true also for the sedimentary record of small catchment lakes in humid, temperate climates, where wind transport of leaf-wax lipids is negligible compared to transfer through soil and the massive input of leaves directly into the lake in autumn.  相似文献   

9.
We analyzed hydrogen isotope ratios of high-molecular weight n-alkanes (δDl) and oxygen isotope ratios of α-cellulose (δ18OC) for C3 and C4 grasses grown in the field and in controlled-environment growth chambers. The relatively firm understanding of 18O-enrichment in leaf water and α-cellulose was used to elucidate fractionation patterns of δDl signatures. In the different relative humidity environments of the growth chambers, we observed clear and predictable effects of leaf-water enrichment on δ18OC values. Using a Craig-Gordon model, we demonstrate that leaf water in the growth chamber grasses should have experienced significant D-enriched due to transpiration. Nonetheless, we found no effect of transpirational D-enrichment on the δDl values. In field samples, we saw clear evidence of enrichment (correlating with relative humidity of the field sites) in both δ18OC and δDl. These seemingly contrasting results could be explained if leaf waxes are synthesized in an environment that is isotopically similar to water entering plant roots due to either temporal or spatial isolation from evaporatively enriched leaf waters. For grasses in the controlled environment, there was no enrichment of source water, whereas enrichment of grass source water via evaporation from soils and/or stems was likely for grass samples grown in the field.Based on these results, evaporation from soils and/or stems appears to affect δDl, but transpiration from leaves does not. Further evidence for this conclusion is found in modeling expected net evapotranspirational enrichment. A Craig-Gordon model applied to each of the field sites yields leaf water oxygen isotope ratios that can be used to accurately predict the observed δ18OC values. In contrast, the calculated leaf water hydrogen isotope ratios are more enriched than what is required to predict observed δDl values. These calculations lend support to the conclusion that while δ18OC reflects both soil evaporation and transpiration, δDl appears to only record evaporation from soils and/or stems. Therefore, the δD of n-alkanes can likely be used to reconstruct the δD of water entering a leaf, supporting the soil-enrichment model of Smith and Freeman (2006). In both the field and controlled studies, we found significant photosynthetic pathway effects on n-alkane δD suggesting that biochemical pathways or plant phylogeny have a greater effect on leaf wax δD than leaf-water enrichment in grasses.  相似文献   

10.
Raddatz  R. L. 《Natural Hazards》2003,29(2):113-122
On the Canadian Prairies, a significantportion of the transpiration is derived from a ratherhomogenous agro-ecosystem comprised of springwheat and other annual C3 field crops with similar water use patterns. The seasonal pattern oftranspiration is determined, to alarge extent, by crop phenology. By increasing thespecific humidity of the atmospheric boundarylayer, regional transpiration has a large positive effect on themagnitude of the potential energy available fordeep convection and thus, on the likelihood of occurrence andintensity of severe thunderstorms. Acomparison of the average wheat phenologycurve, for a representative aridgrassland and for a representativetransitional grassland site, with theaverage number of tornado days per week inthe entire eco-climatic zone demonstrated that the twoare linked. With increasing atmospheric concentrations ofCO2, the physiological response of C3 cropsmight lower transpiration rates and climate warming may advance cropseeding dates. The former would reduce the specifichumidity of the convective boundary layer, and thereby, reducethe potential energy available for deep convection.Thus, future summer severe weather seasons might, on average,be more benign and occur earlier in the seasonthan at present. This conclusion is far from certain as there are amultitude of complex feedback mechanisms. What ismore certain is that global circulation models (GCMs) mustadequately handle the inter-action between theatmosphere and the agro-ecosystem of the Canadian Prairies beforethey can correctly simulate the thermodynamic propertiesof the convective boundary layer and determine the impactof increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 onfuture summer severe weather.  相似文献   

11.
We seek to identify the depth to which water is extracted by the roots in the soil. Indeed, in an isotopic steady-state condition of leaf water, transpiration introduces into the atmosphere a vapour whose isotopic signature is identical to that of root water. In the isotopic models of atmospheric general circulation, it is classically allowed that the signature of transpiration belongs to the meteoric water line. This supposes that the water taken by the roots has escaped with the evaporation of the soil and comes thus from the deep layers of the soil. At the time of experimentation carried out on maize plants (Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France), this extraction depth was inferred from the comparison between the signature of the water measured on the level of the first internode of the stems of the plants and the isotopic profile of water in the soil. When the flow of transpiration reaches a maximum value, the plant uptakes water resulting from precipitations and which preserves its non-evaporating character after having quickly infiltrated in the deep layers of the soil. This relates to only 55% of the flux transpired by the canopy, the remainder presenting an evaporating character more or less marked according to ambient conditions. This experiment invalidates the classical hypothesis used in isotopic models of general atmospheric circulation in temperate regions. In fact, only half the amount of water vapour transpired by the canopy during the day presents a signature similar to that of the rainwater sampled in deep soil layers. To cite this article: Z. Boujamlaoui et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).  相似文献   

12.
We measured hydrogen isotope compositions (δD) of high-molecular-weight n-alkanes (C27-C33) from grasses grown in greenhouses and collected from the US Great Plains. In both cases, n-alkanes from C4 grasses are enriched in D by more than 20‰ relative to those from C3 grasses. The apparent enrichment factor (εC29-GW) between C29n-alkane and greenhouse water is −165 ± 12‰ for C3 grasses and −140 ± 15‰ for C4 grasses. For samples from the Great Plains, δD values of C29n-alkanes range from −280 to −136‰, with values for C4 grasses ca. 21‰ more positive than those for C3 grasses from the same site. Differences in C3 and C4 grass n-alkane δD values are consistent with the shorter interveinal distance in C4 grass leaves, and greater back-diffusion of enriched water from stomata to veins, than in C3 grass leaves. Great Plains’ grass n-alkane isotopic ratios largely reflect precipitation δD values. However, the offset or apparent fractionation between n-alkanes and precipitation is not uniform and varies with annual precipitation and relative humidity, suggesting climatic controls on lipid δD values. The dryer sites exhibit smaller absolute apparent fractionation indicative of D-enrichment of source waters through transpiration and/or soil evaporation. To explore the relationship between climate and n-alkane δD values, we develop three models. (1) The ‘direct analog’ model estimates δDC29 values simply by applying the apparent enrichment factors, εC29-GW, observed in greenhouse grasses to precipitation δD values from the Great Plains. (2) The ‘leaf-water’ model uses a Craig-Gordon model to estimate transpirational D-enrichment for both greenhouse and field sites. The transpiration-corrected enrichment factors between C29 and bulk leaf-water, εC29-GW, calculated from the greenhouse samples (−181‰ for C3 and −157‰ for C4) are applied to estimate δDC29 values relative to modeled bulk leaf-water δD values. (3) The ‘soil- and leaf-water’ model estimates the combined effects of soil evaporation, modeled by analogy with a flow-through lake, and transpiration on δDC29 values. Predictions improve with the addition of the explicit consideration of transpiration and soil evaporation, indicating that they are both important processes in determining plant lipid δD values. D-enrichment caused by these evaporative processes is controlled by relative humidity, suggesting that important climatic information is recorded in leaf wax n-alkane δD values. Calibration studies such as this one provide a baseline for future studies of plant-water-deuterium systematics and form the foundation for interpretation of plant wax hydrogen isotope ratios as a paleo-aridity proxy.  相似文献   

13.
To investigate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration of Salix psammophila (S. psammophila) bush, systemic measurements of meteorological conditions, sap flow of S. psammophila, soil water contents and groundwater levels were conducted in the Hailiutu River catchment, NW of China. Based on the collected field data, Hydrus-1D software package was used to calibrate water movement for root uptake in the saturated–unsaturated zone. The soil hydraulic parameters and root uptake function parameters were calibrated. The simulated results of soil water contents and sap flow fitted well with the observed ones. Based on the calibrated hydraulic parameters, different groundwater levels were imposed at the low boundary to simulate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration. The relationship between ratio of actual transpiration and potential (T/T p) and groundwater water table depth was established. The results shows that the ratio of actual transpiration and potential transpiration decreases with groundwater table depth increase as inverse ‘S’ shape. And the turn point is corresponding to the extinct depth, i.e., no groundwater contribution to S. psammophila transpiration. To further verify this phenomenon is universal, the soil hydraulic parameters were replaced with the other five groups in the calibrated forward model. The results confirmed the similar changes of T a/T p with the groundwater levels changed, i.e. inverse ‘S’ shape. However, the extinction depth is different corresponding to different soil hydraulic parameters. So, the research results indicated the relationship between transpiration and groundwater levels is non-linear function.  相似文献   

14.
To quantitatively analyze the response of distributions and hydrogen isotopic compositions （SD） of plant leaf wax to moisture, and to better understand their implications for paleoclimatic reconstruction, we measured av- erage chain length （ACL） and 8D values of n-alkanes and n-fatty acids （n-FAs） from Orinus kokonorica, a typical and representative plant in Lake Qinghai area, along a distance transect extending from lakeshore to wetland to dry- land in the arid ecosystem. The results showed that the ACL values of n-alkanes and n-FAs were negatively corre- lated with soil water content （SWC） with R2~0.593 and R2=0.924, respectively. This is as a result of plant＇s response to water loss with more abundance in long-chain n-alkyl lipids under increasing aridity by analyzing relationships between the molecular ratios of long-chain n-alkyl lipids （n-alkanes and n-FAs） from O. kokonorica and SWC. The 8D values of C29 n-alkane and C28 n-FA were also negatively correlated with SWC with R2-0.778 and R2-0.760, respectively, which may due to enhanced D-enrichment in leaf water by evapotranspiration （soil water evaporation and leaf water transpiration） with increasing aridity. Our results demonstrated that moisture exerts a significant con- trol on the ACL and 8D values from O. kokonorica in an arid ecosystem. This preliminary study on a modern single plant （O. kokonorica） sets a foundation for comprehending these values as quantitative proxies for paleo-humidity reconstruction.  相似文献   

15.
In Mediterranean coastal catchments, water management for preservation of pine forests and other natural areas faces particular challenges. Limited rainfall, water consumption by vegetation as well as subsidence, drainage and salt water intrusion all play an important role. Traditionally forest and water management are carried out independent of one another and do not consider water budget calculations. We show with this study that is very important to have quantitative information of all the components of the water budget as well as the size of the fresh water lenses in the aquifer to be able to integrate the water- and forest management. We use an integrated hydrologic-ecologic methodology based on easily attainable data to assess the monthly water budget of a coastal catchment, Marina Romea (Ravenna, Italy). We present detailed monthly water table records, rainfall data, drainage data, tree density and tree perimeter and use published sap flow measurements of single pine trees (Pinus Pinea) to quantify the actual transpiration of single pine trees in different periods of the year. Transpiration amounts to 10–30 l per day per tree. These values are confirmed by independent estimates of tree transpiration based on our water budget calculations: 9–34 l/tree/day. Because typically there are so many trees in planted pine forests, the total transpiration rates over the whole watershed take up a large percentage (up to 200 %) of the precipitation. In Marina Romea, four monitoring periods out of twelve, the tree transpiration is larger than precipitation. In nine monitoring periods, drainage in the watershed is larger than precipitation or tree water transpiration. The measurements and calculations show that not much freshwater is left to recharge the fresh water lens underneath Marina Romea. Monthly monitoring of groundwater table elevation and salinity in the pine forest of Marina Romea from March 2007 to February 2008 shows that the groundwater table strongly fluctuates and groundwater salinity is constantly very high (up to 17.7 g/l). Analytical calculations based on the Ghyben Herzberg Dupuit principle suggest that even a small continuous annual recharge of 15 mm could form a 2-m deep freshwater lens in the unconfined aquifer. This freshwater lens is not present in the study area and this is due to the fact that tree water transpiration and drainage take out most of the fresh water coming into the watershed. In catchments like Marina Romea, water consumption by the (natural) vegetation and seasonal differences as well as the fact that fresh water lenses are limited in salty surroundings should be taken into account in water and forest management.  相似文献   

16.
Samples of Calamovilfa longifolia were collected from across the North American prairies to investigate the relationship between the oxygen-isotope composition of biogenic silica (phytoliths) deposited in this grass and relative humidity, temperature, and the oxygen-18 enrichment of soil water relative to local precipitation. The δ18O values of silica in nontranspiring tissues were controlled by soil-water composition and temperature, whereas the oxygen-18 content of silica formed in leaf and inflorescence tissues was enriched further by transpiration. Accurate calculation of growing temperature was possible only when the oxygen-isotope compositions of both stem silica and soil water were known. However, the oxygen-isotope values of stem phytoliths can be used to calculate the variation in the isotopic composition of soil water across a North American temperature gradient.As plant organic matter decays and phytoliths are transferred to the soil, the temperature and soil-water signals carried by the oxygen-isotope composition of silica from nontranspiring tissues can be masked by the oxygen-18 enrichment of phytoliths from transpiring tissues. However, the overall oxygen-isotope composition of a soil-phytolith assemblage can be related to temperature using an empirical relationship based on temperature and the difference between soil-phytolith and estimated soil-water oxygen-isotope compositions.  相似文献   

17.
Based on the existing Land Surface Physical Process Models(Deardorff, Dickinson, LIU, Noilhan, Seller, ZHAO), a Comprehensive Land Surface Physical Process Model (CLSPPM) is developed by considering the different physical processes of the earth‘s surface-vegetation-atmosphere system more completely. Compared with SiB and BATS, which are famous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenient and saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feas...  相似文献   

18.
Leaf wax n-alkanes from barley (Hordeum vulgare) from a field in Switzerland exhibited changes in δD values on the order of 20‰ over a growing season, while source water (soil water) and leaf water varied by 40‰. Additionally the seasonal variability in δD values of leaf wax n-alkanes of different barley leaves can only be found across different leaf generations (i.e. leaves that were produced at different times during the growing season) while n-alkane δD values did not vary significantly within a leaf generation. Interestingly, δD values of n-alkanes correlated best with the δD values of leaf water at midday of the sampling day but showed no significant correlation with soil water (e.g. precipitation) δD values. These results provide empirical evidence that leaf wax δD values record leaf water enrichment, and therefore integrate the isotopic effects of precipitation and evapotranspiration. Our results show that leaf wax n-alkane δD values from grasses are ‘locked in’ early during leaf development and hence record the environmental drivers of leaf water enrichment, such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Our data have important implications for the interpretation of paleorecords of leaf wax δD. We suggest that leaf wax n-alkane δD values from sedimentary records could be used to estimate changes in the degree of leaf water enrichment and hence VPD.  相似文献   

19.
Pine (Pinus Eldarica Medw.) needles as indicator for heavy metals pollution   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
In this study, the pine tree (Pinus Eldarica Medw.) needles were evaluated as the biomonitors of heavy metal contamination in Tehran, Iran. The pine needle samples supplied from the old trees according to the main wind direction (highest wind speed) were obtained from each parts of tree and then were homogeneously mixed. The samples were taken from different locations with different degrees of metal pollution (urban, industrial, highway and control sites). Then, the concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, nickel and chromium were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The result of this study showed that the highest and the lowest metal concentrations were found in the heavy traffic sites and the control site, respectively. However, samples taken from highway sites contained the high concentrations of nickel, copper and lead. Moreover, industrial areas were found to have high contents of zinc and chromium. The variation in heavy metal concentrations between the studied locations is due to changes in traffic density and anthropogenic activities. This research proved significant correlations between the heavy metal concentrations in pine needle samples. Finally, it is concluded that Pinus Eldarica Medw. needles can be applied to monitor polluted sites.  相似文献   

20.
Information regarding climatic conditions during plant growth is preserved by the oxygen-isotope composition of biogenic silica (phytoliths) deposited in grasses. The O-isotope compositions of phytoliths and the plant water from which they precipitate are dependent on soil-water δ18O values, relative humidity, evapotranspiration rates, and temperature. Plant water and phytoliths from two grass species, Ammophila breviligulata (C3) and Calamovilfa longifolia (C4) at Pinery Provincial Park in southwestern Ontario, Canada, were examined to determine the variability in their δ18O values. Stem water was unfractionated from soil-water in oxygen isotopic composition and the δ18O values of stem silica provide a good proxy for the soil water available to roots during the growing season. Greater spatial and temporal variation in the δ18O values of water in the top 5 cm of the soil, and their enhanced sensitivity to evaporative 18O enrichment, are reflected in the generally higher δ18O values of water in the shallow roots and rhizomes of these grasses. Water within the sheath and lower and upper leaf tissues experiences continual evaporation, becoming progressively enriched in 18O as it moves towards the tip of the leaf. However, the water from which leaf silica precipitates has not acquired the extreme 18O enrichment predicted using steady-state models, or measured for midday or average daily leaf water. Possible explanations for this behaviour include preferential deposition of silica at night; the existence of a secluded water fraction within the leaf, which experiences smaller diurnal variations in isotopic composition than leaf water at sites of evaporation; kinetic isotope effects during rapid precipitation of leaf silica; and incomplete exchange between the oxygen in the silicic acid and the leaf water.  相似文献   

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