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1.
Runoff and infiltration were investigated on abandoned fields of patchy vegetation in semi-arid Spain during 15 months of natural rainfall and by rainfall simulations. The aim was to ascertain sources and sinks of runoff and the effects of soils and plant cover. Soils of the catena developed from mica schists of the upper hillslopes, fan deposits of the lower hillslopes, and an alluvial terrace at the bottom. Runoff from natural events were from three sets of three pairs each of 10 × 2 m runoff plots. The pairs of each set had different densities of plant cover; the sets were vegetated with tussock grass, Stipa tenacissima, a shrub, Anthyllis cytisoides, and a bush, Retama sphaerocarpa. Nineteen natural rainfall events of intensities up to 18 mm/h produced 400 mm of rain during the study period. Because the rainfall threshold for runoff production was about 20 mm, only eight events produced runoff. The rainfall simulations used a sprinkler that produced 50 mm/h of rain for 30 minutes; runoff was recorded each minute in 0.24 m2 bounded plots.The depth and structure of the soil mantle provide the main controls on runoff rates, which are lowest on the lower fan deposits and highest on the thin upslope soils. The river-bank terrace, with a surface covered by crusts and mosses, also yields relatively high runoff. In general, vegetation density varies inversely with runoff. Nevertheless, shrub and bush litter favor runoff, as does a particular spatial distribution of individual plants on the hillslope. Settling of the upper few centimeters of soils of the alluvial fan following cessation of cultivation 15 to 40 years ago has produced a near-surface compacted layer favoring shallow subsurface runoff. Apparently contradictory results between runoff plots and rainfall simulations are the result of differing processes. 相似文献
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土壤结皮深刻影响绿洲边缘固沙植被区的土壤水文过程。土壤结皮斥水性是量化上述影响的潜在指标。采用滴水穿透时间（WDPT）法,研究了河西走廊荒漠边缘不同建植年限梭梭植被区固定沙丘土壤结皮斥水性的时间演变规律及影响因素。结果表明：建植20 a后,丘顶与丘间地土壤结皮出现显著斥水性（WDPT>5 s）,而丘坡土壤结皮无斥水性（WDPT<5 s）。丘顶土壤结皮斥水性与总有机碳、微生物量碳、有机碳C-H组分以及电导率显著相关（P<0.01）;而丘间地土壤结皮斥水性与黏、粉粒含量显著相关（P<0.01）。植被形成的“碳岛”及“盐岛”效应是丘顶土壤结皮斥水性形成的主要原因,而黏、粉粒在土壤表层的积聚是丘间地土壤结皮斥水性形成的主要原因。 相似文献
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土壤微生物结皮对两种一年生植物幼苗存活和生长的影响 总被引：31，自引：15，他引：16
在温室实验和野外调查中,分析了两种一年生草本植物小画眉草(Eragrostics poaeoides)和雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)的幼苗在苔藓结皮、藻结皮和流沙上的存活和生长状况。两种植物的幼苗存活率均表现出在苔藓结皮上最高而在流沙基质中最低。两种植物幼苗存活率与土壤表层水分含量呈正相关关系。与小画眉草相比较,雾冰藜的幼苗在萌发后根生长较为迅速,在3种土壤类型中和干湿两种水分处理下,雾冰藜较小画眉草均具有较高的幼苗存活率。在干燥处理下,生长在有结皮土壤中的两种植物的植株干重大约是生长在无结皮土壤中植株的5倍。增加水分能降低植株幼苗的死亡率,促进植株生长;增加水分也能在一定程度上减弱因土壤基质差异对幼苗存活和幼苗生长的影响。因此,在自然状况下年降雨量的多少和分配状况的差异可能会影响这两种植物每年幼苗存活率和生长状况的差异,进而会影响到这两个种群在人工固沙区盖度和分布格局的差异性。 相似文献
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沙坡头固定沙丘结皮层的微生物区系动态 总被引：22，自引：7，他引：15
对中科院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站的人工植被固定沙丘、红卫自然植被固定沙丘的结皮层和流动沙丘表层(0~ 05cm)中的微生物类群数量的研究结果表明:①好气性细菌数量影响着微生物总数量的变化趋势;②微生物总数量分布依次排列为:自然植被固定沙丘>1956年栽植区>1964年栽植区>自然半固定沙丘>1982年栽植区>流动沙丘;③土壤微生物类群数量与结皮层的形成、植物覆盖度和土壤含水率等因子有密切的关系;④结皮层中的微生物类群数量与流动沙丘的固定程度呈正向关系。 相似文献
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土壤生物结皮蒸散特征研究 总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6
土壤生物结皮在沙漠地区植被恢复和重建中具有重要的生态学意义。通过对3种土壤生物结皮[包括真藓（Bryum argenteum）、黑对齿藓（Didymodon nigrescens）和藻类结皮]在对照和3个不同水分条件下进行蒸散量以及蒸腾指标的观测,结果表明：①3种土壤生物结皮蒸散量日变化过程呈现单峰型,各个处理间峰值出现时间和蒸散量变化幅度差异较大;真藓对照组峰值为0.473 g/10 cm2,出现时间为11：00时。黑对齿藓结皮和藻类结皮蒸散量日变化趋势和真藓一致。真藓和藻类结皮在17：00时蒸散量出现负值,分别为-0.009 g/10 cm2和-0.010 g/10 cm2,说明其出现吸湿凝结水的现象;②真藓结皮的蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈现不明显的“双峰型”,说明其存在蒸腾“午休”现象;黑对齿藓和藻类结皮蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈现“单峰型”,峰值出现的时间依含水量的下降而推后;③气孔扩散阻力和蒸腾速率为负相关关系;④蒸散作用和影响因子的相关性分析表明光量子和流量显著影响着结皮的蒸腾速率,而气孔阻力和相对湿度与蒸腾速率呈现负相关性。 相似文献
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荒漠化草原植被斑块分布对地表径流、侵蚀及养分流失的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
地表径流是干旱区水、养分和土壤物质迁移和再分配的主要途径之一,它在很大程度上受植被格局的影响。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘生物土壤结皮斑块和灌丛斑块镶嵌分布的植被格局对地表径流、侵蚀及其驱动下的资源再分配的影响。结果表明,植被斑块对地表径流和侵蚀产物起着拦截作用,能显著减少资源的流失。生物土壤结皮斑块和植被斑块之间存在资源(径流、侵蚀产物及养分等)再分配的源-汇关系。模拟降雨条件下,含有灌丛斑块和生物土壤结皮斑块的样方出现表面积水和径流需要的时间均显著大于只含生物土壤结皮斑块的样方;含两类斑块的样方出现径流需要的降雨量显著大于只含生物土壤结皮斑块的样方。在模拟降水和自然降水条件下,生物土壤结皮斑块产生的径流、侵蚀产物、有机质、氮及溶解养分中均大量被位于下坡向的灌丛斑块截获;灌丛斑块土壤水分入渗深度显著大于结皮斑块。灌丛斑块对生物土壤结皮斑块产生的地表径流、侵蚀产物及其携带的资源的捕获能显著减少资源流失,有效地防止荒漠化的进一步发生发展。 相似文献
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生物土壤结皮对荒漠昆虫多样性的影响 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
生物土壤结皮广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区与寒区荒漠,是荒漠生态系统的主要组成和景观特征之一,其重要性已被大量的研究报道所证实。然而,关于生物土壤结皮与昆虫种类多样性之间关系的研究却很少。本文以腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头地区半固定沙丘柠条－油蒿群落和固定沙丘柠条－油蒿群落为观测样地,选择具有不同类型生物土壤结皮分布的植被群落为观测样方。昆虫的调查采用100 m×100 m的样方,利用样筐和网捕法收集昆虫,记录昆虫数量,采集标本在室内进行鉴定。结果表明:与无结皮覆盖的植被区相比,生物土壤结皮在地表的覆盖显著地增加了昆虫的多样性和种的丰富度,其中以苔藓和地衣为主的结皮覆盖的植被样方中昆虫种的多样性和丰富度显著地高于以蓝藻和藻类为主的结皮样方。生物土壤结皮对荒漠昆虫多样性的贡献可能是由于稳定了土表、改善了植被系统中的土壤环境,为昆虫,特别是幼虫阶段提供相对适宜的土壤生境或部分食物来源。 相似文献
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Spatial patterns of soil surface components (vegetation, rock fragments, crusts, bedrock outcrops, etc.) are a key factor determining hydrological functioning of hillslopes. A methodological approach to analyse the patterns of soil surface components at a detailed scale is proposed in this paper. The methods proposed are applied to two contrasting semi-arid Mediterranean hillslopes, and the influence of soil surface component patterns on the runoff response of the slopes was analysed. A soil surface components map was derived from a high resolution photo-mosaic obtained in the field by means of a digital camera. Rainfall simulation experimental data were used to characterise the hydrological behaviour of areas with a specific pattern of soil surface components by means of the parameters of the Horton equation. Plot runoff data were extrapolated at the hillslope scale based on the soil surface component maps and their hydrological characterisation. The results show that in both slopes runoff generation is concentrated up- and downslope, with a water accepting area in the centre of both slopes disrupting the hydrological connectivity at the slope scale. This reinfiltration patch at the centre of the slope is related to the type of soil surface component and its spatial pattern. Herbaceous vegetation and ‘on top rock fragments’ increase the infiltration capacity of soils at the centre of the slope. In contrast, embedded rock fragments, rock outcrops, as well as crusted surfaces located in the upper and lower slopes favour runoff generation in these areas. In addition, a general pattern of water contribution areas downslope is apparent on both slopes. The south-facing slope shows a higher hydrological connectivity and more runoff. 55% of the surface of the south-facing slope produces runoff at the end of a 1 hour rainfall event and 17.3% of the surface is covered by a runoff depth between 0.5 and 1 mm. While on the north-facing slope only 38% of the surface produces runoff under the same conditions. Longitudinal connectivity of runoff is higher at the south-facing slope where more runoff-generating surfaces appear and where the vegetation pattern favours the connectivity of bare areas. 相似文献
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Modelling runoff and erosion for a semi-arid catchment using a multi-scale approach based on hydrological connectivity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Runoff and erosion processes are often non-linear and scale dependent, which complicate runoff and erosion modelling at the catchment scale. One of the reasons for scale dependency is the influence of sinks, i.e. areas of infiltration and sedimentation, which lower hydrological connectivity and decrease the area-specific runoff and sediment yield. The objective of our study was to model runoff and erosion for a semi-arid catchment using a multi-scale approach based on hydrological connectivity. We simulated runoff and sediment dynamics at the catchment scale with the LAPSUS model and included plot and hillslope scale features that influenced hydrological connectivity. The semi-arid Carcavo catchment in Southeast Spain was selected as the study area, where vegetation patches and agricultural terraces are the relevant sinks at the plot and hillslope scales, respectively. We elaborated the infiltration module to integrate these runoff sinks, by adapting the parameters runoff threshold and runoff coefficient, which were derived from a rainfall simulation database. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation patches and agricultural terraces largely determined hydrological connectivity at the catchment scale. Runoff and sediment yield for the scenario without agricultural terraces were, respectively, a factor four and nine higher compared to the current situation. Distributed hydrological and erosion models should therefore take account of relevant sinks at finer scales in order to correctly simulate runoff and erosion-sedimentation patterns. 相似文献
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《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2003,23(1):23-45
The paper presents runoff and soil erosion measurements from plots on outward-sloping rainfed agricultural terraces in the Likhu Khola drainage basin, Middle Hills, Nepal, for the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods of 1992 and 1993. Runoff coefficients ranged from 5% to over 50%, depending on the nature of the rainfall event and the characteristics of the terrace. Total rainfall amount provided the highest level of explanation for the variation in runoff. Soil losses ranged from 2.7 to 8.2 t ha–1 for 1993 and up to 12.9 t ha–1 for 1992. The higher losses were associated with red, finer-grained soils. The majority of these rates are lower than the rates of soil loss that have been commonly perceived for the Middle Hills of the Himalaya. However, they are broadly similar to rates obtained from the few other studies that have examined runoff and erosion under traditional rainfed cultivation. The results suggest that a re-evaluation of the degree of land degradation in such areas may be necessary. Relationships between soil loss and rainfall characteristics were highly variable but were improved considerably when vegetation cover was included. This indicates that the maintenance of some form of ground cover is advisable if runoff and erosion are to be minimized. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Runoff generation and soil erosion were investigated at the Guadalperalón experimental watershed (western Spain), within the land‐use system known as dehesa, or open, managed evergreen forests. Season and type of surface were found to control runoff and soil‐loss rates. Five soil units were selected as representative of surface types found in the study area: hillslope grass, bottom grass, tree cover, sheep trails, and shrub cover. Measurements were made in various conditions with simulated rainfall to gain an idea of the annual variation in runoff and soil loss. Important seasonal differences were noted due to surface cover and moisture content of soil, but erosion rates were determined primarily by runoff. Surfaces covered with grass and shrubs always showed less erosion; surfaces covered with holm oaks showed higher runoff rates, due to the hydrophobic character of the soils. Concentrations of runoff sediment during the simulations confirmed that erosion rates at the study site depended directly on the sediment available on the soil surface. 相似文献
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Analyzing the runoff response to soil and water conservation measures in a tropical humid Ethiopian highland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dagnenet Sultan Atsushi Tsunekawa Nigussie Haregeweyn Enyew Adgo Mitsuru Tsubo Derege Tsegaye Meshesha 《自然地理学》2013,34(5):423-447
AbstractDifferent soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been implemented in many drought-prone parts of Ethiopia since the 1980s. We assessed the effect of SWC practices on runoff response and experimentally derived and tested the validity of the runoff curve number (CN) model parameter for the tropical humid highland climate of the Kasiry watershed in northwestern Ethiopia. We recorded daily rainfall and runoff depth from 18 runoff plots (30 m long × 6 m wide) representing the five main land-use types with various SWC practices and two slope classes (gentle and steep). CN values were derived using the lognormal geometric mean CN procedure. Runoff was significantly less from plots with SWC measures, with average reductions of 44 and 65% observed in cultivated and non-agricultural lands, respectively. Runoff on plots representing non-agricultural land was relatively accurately predicted with the derived CN method, but predictions were less accurate for plots treated with a SWC practice. We conclude that predicting the effect of SWC practices on runoff requires parameterization with separate sets of CN value for each SWC practice. 相似文献
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《Geomorphology》1997,18(2):61-75
In badland areas of the Ebro Basin, in a semiarid climate, two erosion plots (257 m2; 5° slope and 128 m2; 23° slope) on exposed Tertiary clays were monitored over two years (Nov. 1991–Nov. 1993). This material is characterized by high sodium absorption ratios which lead to high soil dispersivity. The dominant erosion processes in both plots are rilling and sheet erosion. Rainfall intensity was recorded at a weather station, connected to a data-logger, sediment production for single events was collected in tanks, and ground lowering was measured every six months by erosion pins and microtopographic profile gauge techniques. Significant runoff was produced only by rainfall events above 5 mm. Another threshold at 20 mm rain was noted. For rainfalls higher than 20 mm, the 23° slope plot shows a greater runoff response than the 5° one. Rainfall events exceeding this threshold showed a higher sediment production for the steeper slope. In the relationship between precipitation and sediment concentration, an envelope curve can be drawn indicating that any rainfall event of a given amount and intensity has a maximum sediment concentration which we speculate to be a function of the runoff sediment transport capacity. Runoff response and sediment yield in the studied plots are controlled by the rainfall and soil characteristics and their seasonal variations. In both plots, the erosion pins show that erosion rates in rill areas are 25–50% higher than in the interrill areas. Sediment yield recorded by collector devices was higher than the rates measured by erosion pins. The erosion rates based on rill cross-sections by profilometers were higher than the ones recorded by collectors. 相似文献
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毛乌素沙地南缘人工植被区生物结皮发育特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
防沙治沙和生态修复工程实施之后,有植物定植的沙丘表面广泛发育了生物结皮。揭示不同类型人工植被与生物结皮发育特征之间的关系对受损荒漠系统的生态修复具有重要的参考价值。采用野外调查的方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型人工植被区(羊柴Hedysarum mongdicum、小叶杨Populus simonii、沙柳Salix psammophila+羊柴、紫穗槐Amorpha fruticosa和沙地柏Sabina vulgaris)生物结皮厚度、抗剪强度、总盖度及分盖度进行了测定。结果表明:不同类型人工植被区生物结皮发育特征表现出较大差异,小叶杨样地生物结皮厚度、抗剪强度和总盖度均显著高于其他类型人工植被区(P<0.05),羊柴、沙柳+羊柴样地生物结皮的盖度较低。分盖度的调查结果表明,小叶杨样地生物结皮以藓类结皮为主,其余样地则以藻类结皮为主。生物结皮盖度随植被盖度的增加而减少,随表层(0~5cm)土壤含水量的增加而增加。小叶杨的建植有利于生物结皮的扩殖,沙柳行带间栽植羊柴则不利于生物结皮的发育。 相似文献
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微生物量碳是土壤有机碳的重要组成部分,是判别退化系统生态修复的重要指标之一。为了探明生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物量碳的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工固沙区不同生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙年限的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(1956、1964、1981年和1987年固沙区),并以流沙区为对照。与流沙区相比较,54龄、46龄、29龄和23龄固沙区的真藓结皮和藻结皮的存在均可显著提高其下土壤微生物量碳（P<0.05）,且固沙年限与结皮下土壤微生物量碳存在正相关关系;真藓结皮和藻结皮对其下土壤微生物量碳的影响仅限于0~20 cm的土层,随着土层的加深,其影响逐渐减弱,到20~30 cm土层与对照相比已无显著差异（P>0.05）。因此,对生物土壤结皮的干扰可能会造成土壤微生物量碳的损失。 相似文献
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不同固沙区结皮中微生物生物量和数量的比较研究 总被引：30，自引：16，他引：14
沙地生态系统是温带干旱区、半干旱区的重要草地类型, 沙地的稳定性是生态系统健康的重要条件。在中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站, 笔者对不同程度固沙区结皮和流动沙丘表层中的微生物生物量和数量进行了比较研究。结果表明: 自然和人工植被固沙区结皮及流沙表层的微生物数量分布不同, 细菌数量比真菌和放线菌数量多数百倍, 在所有微生物类群中, 细菌数量最大, 微生物总数的变化取决于好气性细菌数量的多少, 但生物量却与之不同。在不同程度固沙区结皮中, 微生物生物量大小依次排列为: 自然植被区>1956年人工植被区>1964年人工植被区>1982年人工植被区>流沙区, 微生物生物量在自然植被固沙区中最多, 分别是1956年、1964年、1982年人工植被固沙区和流沙区的2.63、4.17、9.25和44.29倍, 表明微生物生物量随人工植被的栽植年代增加而增大, 在流动沙丘中最小, 而菌丝生物量方面是1956年人工植被固沙区已与自然植被固沙区十分接近。微生物生物量和数量与沙丘固定程度、人工植被栽植年代、结皮厚度、苔藓种类等均呈正相关, 人工植被栽植年代越长, 结皮越厚、微生物生物量和数量也越大。在不同年代人工植被固沙区结皮中, 微生物生物量和数量与相对稳定的自然植被固沙区相比, 仍未达到稳定状态。 相似文献
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19.
我国水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮敏感性 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
表土结皮是降雨与土壤共同作用下的产物,某一土壤是否结皮、结皮的敏感程度如何,取决于该土壤的性质及所处地区的降雨情况。我国广泛分布着多种理化性质迥异的土壤,尤其是黄土、紫色土、红壤和黑土分布在我国水土流失严重的区域。但是,土壤发育表土结皮的敏感性很少见报道。本文通过分析模拟降雨试验结果及前人研究结论,提出了影响表土结皮发育敏感性的3个关键因素,并基于此对我国四大水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮的敏感性进行了分析。研究表明:细颗粒,尤其是粉粒是表土结皮发育的物质基础;团聚体稳定性是表土结皮发育快慢及程度的决定因素;高强度降雨是表土结皮发育的必要条件。黄土高原地区土壤极易发育表土结皮,四川紫色土区土壤发育表土结皮的概率大,南方红壤区除花岗岩、页岩外其他母岩上发育的土壤很难发育表土结皮,东北典型黑土不发育表土结皮,而非典型黑土易发育表土结皮。 相似文献
20.
《Geomorphology》2002,42(1-2):43-57
A positive relationship between annual rainfall and geomorphic processes (runoff and erosion rates) and environmental factors (water regime, soil and vegetation cover) is often assumed for arid and semi-arid areas with an annual rainfall in the range of 100–300 mm. This assumption disregards the fact that changes along a climatic gradient, at desert margins, are not limited to purely climatic factors. They are often accompanied by a parallel change in surface properties; especially the relative extent of rocky or soil covered surfaces that differ greatly in their response to rainfall. This raises the issue whether the change in surface properties along a climatic gradient enhances the assumed positive effects of rainfall increase or limits it. The hypothesis advanced in this paper is that runoff generation and rate in arid and semi-arid areas are primarily controlled by surface properties rather than by the absolute amounts of storm and annual rain amounts. Hydrological data collected at two instrumented watersheds, located one in an arid rocky area, and the second in a semi-arid soil covered area, support this hypothesis. The implications of data obtained for runoff generation and flow continuity under changing climatic conditions are analyzed. They point to the fact that the same regional climatic change may have different, and even opposite effects, on the hydrological response of different adjoining surface units. This response is expected to be strongly controlled by the specific local surface conditions that prevailed in the area prior to the climatic change. 相似文献