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1.
《Ore Geology Reviews》2010,37(4):282-292
Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time. 相似文献
2.
A unified model for gold mineralisation in accretionary orogens and implications for regional-scale exploration targeting methods 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Accretionary orogens are the sites of long-lived convergent margin tectonics, both compressional and extensional. They are
also the hosts to the majority of the world’s important gold deposits. A very diverse range of deposit types occurs within
accretionary orogens, commonly in close proximity in space and time to each other. These include porphyry and associated high-sulphidation
Au–Cu–Ag deposits, classic low-sulphidation Au–Ag deposits, low-sulphidation Au deposits centred on alkalic intrusive complexes,
Carlin-type Au deposits, Au-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, orogenic Au deposits, intrusion-related Au deposits
and iron oxide Cu–Au deposits. Empirical patterns of spatial distribution of these deposits suggest there must be fundamental
generic controls on gold metallogeny. Various lines of evidence lead to the proposal that the underlying key generic factor
controlling accretionary orogen gold metallogeny is regional-scale, long-term, pre- and syn-subduction heterogeneous fertilisation
of the lithospheric mantle that becomes a source of mineralisation-associated arc magma or hydrothermal fluid components.
This process provides a gold-enriched reservoir that can be accessed later in a diverse range of tectonomagmatic settings.
Based on this concept, a unified model is proposed in which the formation of a major gold deposit of any type requires the
conjunction in time and space of three essential factors: a fertile upper-mantle source region, a favourable transient remobilisation
event, and favourable lithospheric-scale plumbing structure. This framework provides the basis for a practical regional-scale
targeting methodology that is applicable to data-poor regions. 相似文献
3.
The Tethyside orogen, a direct consequence of the separation of the Gondwanaland and the accretion of Eurasia, is a huge composite orogenic system that was generated during Paleozoic–Mesozoic Tethyan accretionary and Cenozoic continent–continent collisional orogenesis within the Tethyan domain. The Tethyside orogenic system consists of a group of diverse Tethyan blocks, including the Istanbul, Sakarya, Anatolide–Taurides, Central Iran, Afghanistan, Songpan–Ganzi, Eastern Qiangtang, Western Qiangtang, Lhasa, Indochina, Sibumasu, and Western Burma blocks, which were separated from Gondwana, drifted northwards, and accreted to the Eurasian continent by opening and closing of two successive Tethyan oceanic basins (Paleo-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan), and subsequent continental collision.The Tethyan domain represents a metallogenic amalgamation across diverse geodynamic settings, and is the best endowed of all large orogenic systems, such as those associated with the Cordilleran and Variscan orogenies. The ore deposits within the Tethyan domain include porphyry Cu–Mo–Au, granite-related Sn–W, podiform chromite, sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) Cu–Pb–Zn deposits, epithermal and orogenic Au polymetallic deposits, as well as skarn Fe polymetallic deposits. At least two metallogenic supergroups have been identified within the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain (ETMD): (1) metallogenesis related to the accretionary orogen, including the Zhongdian, Bangonghu, and Pontides porphyry Cu belts, the Pontides, Sanandaj–Sirjan, and Sanjiang VMS belts, the Lasbela–Khuzdar sedimentary exhalative-type (SEDEX) Pb–Zn deposits, and podiform chromite deposits along the Tethyan ophiolite zone; and (2) metallogenesis related to continental collision, including the Gangdese, Yulong, Arasbaran–Kerman and Chagai porphyry Cu belts, the Taurus, Sanandaj–Sirjan, and Sanjiang Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb–Zn belts, the Southeast Asia and Tengchong–Lianghe Sn–W belts or districts, the Himalayan epithermal Sb–Au–Pb–Zn belt, the Piranshahr–Saqez–Sardasht and Ailaoshan orogenic Au belts, and the northwest Iran and northeastern Gangdese skarn Fe polymetallic belts. Mineral deposits that are generated with tectonic evolution of the Tethys form in specific settings, such as accretionary wedges, magmatic arcs, backarcs, and passive continental margins within accretionary orogens, and the foreland basins, foreland thrust zones, collisional sutures, collisional magmatic zones, and collisional deformation zones within collisional orogens.Synthesizing the architecture and tectonic evolution of collisional orogens within the ETMD and comparisons with other collisional orogenic systems have led to the identification of four basic types of collision: orthogonal and asymmetric (e.g., the Tibetan collision), orthogonal and symmetric (Pyrenees), oblique and symmetric (Alpine), and oblique and asymmetric (Zagros). The tectonic evolution of collisional orogens typically includes three major processes: (1) syn-collisional continental convergence, (2) late-collisional tectonic transform, and (3) post-collisional crustal extension, each forming distinct types of ore deposits in specific settings. The resulting synthesis leads us to propose a new conceptual framework for the collision-related metallogenic systems, which may aid in deciphering relationships among ore types in other comparable collisional orogens. Three significant processes, such as breaking-off of subducted Tethyan slab, large-scale strike-slip faulting, shearing and thrusting, and delamination (or broken-off) of lithosphere, developed in syn-, late- and post-collisional periods, repsectively, were proposed to act as major driving forces, resulting in the formation of the collision-related metallogenic systems. Widespread appearance of juvenile crust and intense inteaction between mantle and crust within the Himalayan–Zagros orogens indicate that collisional orogens have great potential for the discovery of large or giant mineral deposits. 相似文献
4.
The orogenic collages of the northern Circum-Pacific between Japan and Alaska revealed an endowment of about 450 Moz Au in various deposit types and diverse Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic settings. The area consists of predominantly late Paleozoic to Cenozoic turbidite to island arc terranes as well as Precambrian cratonic terranes that can be grouped into the Kolyma–Alaska, Kamchatka–Aleutian, and Nipponide collages. The latter can be linked via the Mongol–Okhotsk suture with the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic terranes in the Mongolides.The early Yanshanian magmatic arc terranes in the fossil Kolyma–Alaska collage host copper–gold porphyry deposits, which have only recently received much attention. Exploration has revealed a large and growing gold endowment of more than 30 Moz Au in some individual deposits, with smaller role of epithermal deposits. This mineralization, formed at 140–125 Ma, is partly coeval with the collisions of magmatic arcs with the passive margin sequences of the Siberian craton and related granitoid magmatism. About 200 Moz of gold is known in the Kolyma–Alaska collage in the Mesozoic orogenic gold deposits and related Quaternary placers. The Central Kolyma, Indigirka, South Verkhoyansk, and North Chukotka subprovinces of the collage revealed an endowment of more than 10 Moz Au each. A similar and coeval event in the Mongolides in relation to the collision between Siberia and North China is largely reflected in still poorly dated intrusion-related gold deposits clustered along the Mongol–Okhotsk suture.The overlapping Yanshanian magmatic arcs in Transbaikalia and northeast China and the Okhotsk–Chukotka magmatic arc in the Russian Far East stitch the Kolyma–Alaska collage with the Paleozoic Central Asian supercollage and adjacent cratons. While the Okhotsk–Chukotka arc reveals a relatively simple and broad oroclinal pattern, the Yanshanian arcs in Mongolia, and NE China form a tightly deformed giant Z-shaped feature that was bent in response to the southward movement of the Siberian craton and northward translation of the Nipponides and North China craton to close the Mongol–Okhotsk suture in late Jurassic to Cretaceous times. The Yanshanian arcs host mostly small to medium-sized 100–70 Ma Au–Ag deposits, with the largest endowment discovered in the Baley district in Transbaikalia and at Kupol in the northern part of the Okhotsk–Chukotka arc. Some intrusion-related gold deposits were formed synchronously with this arc magmatism, with the largest known examples in the Tintina belt in Alaska formed at 104 and 93–91 Ma.The Kamchatka–Aleutian collage is still evolving in front of the westward-subducting Pacific plate. It's late Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatic arc rocks form immature island arc terranes, extending from the Aleutian islands towards the Nipponides via Kamchatka peninsula, Kuril islands and eastern Sakhalin. However, in the Nipponides, the Sikhote–Alin portion of the magmatic arc overlaps the Mesozoic turbidite terranes. The oroclinal pattern of this more than 8000 km-long magmatic arc indicates its westward translation in agreement with the movement of the Pacific plate so that the arc is presently colliding with itself along the island of Sakhalin, a seismically active intraplate lineament and a boundary between the Nipponide and Kamchatka–Aleutian collages. This magmatic arc is usually interpreted to be of intra-oceanic origin, with subsequent docking to Asia from the south; however, presence of the Sea of Okhotsk cratonic terrane between Sakhalin and Kamchatka suggests that it may be rather considered as an external arc system that separated from the rest of Asia due to backarc spreading events, therefore, forming the most external arc system at the active margin with the Pacific plate. The subduction-related events in the collage produced numerous late Mesozoic to Cenozoic 1–3 Moz gold epithermal deposit in Kamchatka and Sikhote–Alin as well as Au–Cu porphyry deposits, with currently largest gold endowment in the pre-Tertiary Pebble Copper deposit in Alaska. The westward translation of the Kamchatka–Aleutian collage might have controlled the emplacement of this porphyry deposit, as well as up to 30 Moz into intrusion-related gold deposits at 70–65 Ma in the Kuskokwim belt, immediately north from the porphyry cluster. 相似文献
5.
中国陆壳演化、多块体拼合造山与特色成矿的关系 总被引：5，自引：10，他引：5
矿产资源的种类、时空分布、形成演化与成岩作用和大地构造格局密切相关。中国地质构造复杂,成矿条件多样(发育裂谷成矿、碰撞成矿、地幔柱成矿、低温成矿等特色成矿系统),矿床类型比较齐全,如大宗矿产(铁、铝、铜、钾盐)短缺,小宗矿产中盛产稀土元素(REE)、钨、锡、钼矿。中国早前寒武纪矿床相对较少,燕山期成矿集中爆发。这种矿产资源分布格局与中国大陆地壳的性质与演化、多块体拼合造山格局之间的内在联系尚待深入揭示。本文基于对中国陆壳演化、陆块与造山带组成格局和多块体拼合造山的系统分析总结,试图阐明中国成矿特色与其内在联系,从陆壳形成与造山带演化的宏观视角来研究中国大陆成矿特色、成矿物质时空分布规律,其特色包括:(1)中国陆壳的地台区与造山带区质量比约3∶7(全球陆壳地台区占69.6%),太古界面积小且支离破碎,地壳固化时间晚且运动频繁强烈,因此难以形成巨型条带状铁建造(BIF)富铁矿床、太古代火山岩块状硫化物型(VMS)铜锌矿带和元古代内克拉通裂谷有关的扎伊尔-赞比亚巨型铜矿。(2)环绕中朝-塔里木和扬子板块的增生造山带由老到新依次形成,并镶接于古板块边缘,使中国大陆逐渐增生扩展,导致火山岩型、与岩浆岩类和沉积岩系有关的大型矿床空间上向板块边缘推移,时间上越来越新,地壳演化成矿作用和矿床类型越来越多样化。(3)中亚成矿域以古生代多陆块拼合造山、中新生代陆内造山与山盆体系构成独特的地质构造格局。既发育增生造山阶段的弧环境相关矿床(蛇绿岩型铬铁矿、斑岩铜矿、VMS),也发育与碰撞造山有关的矿床(造山型金矿、石棉、滑石、白云母)、地幔柱叠置造山带背景下的岩浆铜镍矿和后碰撞陆内岩石圈伸展相关的大陆环境矿床(斑岩钼矿、热液金矿、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿)。(4)青藏高原(特提斯成矿域)系特提斯洋长期增生演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的产物。其成矿条件优越,具有多期成矿作用、多矿种和多类型的复合成矿系统特点。形成了蛇绿岩套型铬铁矿、密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿和独具特色的碰撞环境超大型斑岩铜钼矿。(5)我国东部环太平洋成矿域,伴随晚中生代克拉通性质的根本转变及岩石圈明显的减薄过程与破坏,在华北克拉通周缘发生大规模的岩浆活动和强烈的金、铜、钼和轻稀土等成矿作用。不同时期的造山带干涉叠加使得南岭地区盛产花岗岩有关的钨、锡、钼矿,具有叠加改造成矿、大器晚成的鲜明成矿特色。由于中国成矿特色与大陆地壳演化密切相关,中国的找矿勘探部署必须立足于中国大陆演化与多块体拼合造山的基本地质事实,方能取得好的勘查效果。中国大陆小陆块拼合造山成矿还存在诸多未解之谜,文末提出了当前成矿学面临的一系列科学问题,对于今后我国找矿战略选区具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
6.
中国西北地区中亚型造山—成矿作用的研究意义和进展 总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57
地处欧亚大陆核心的中亚型造山带,由多条古生代缝合带与多个前寒武纪小陆块镶嵌,基此 形成 中新生代盆地—山脉耦合的构造格局,并具有独特的构造演化史和动力学机制。中亚型造山 作用造就了丰富的矿产资源,矿床类型多样,超大型矿床汇聚,是解决我国21世纪矿产资源 问题的关键地带。但目 前尚未查明其成矿规律、成矿机制和找矿方向,因而急需研究。 相似文献
7.
Northern Sweden is currently experiencing active exploration within a new gold ore province, the so called Gold Line, situated southwest of the well-known Skellefte VMS District. The largest known deposit in the Gold Line is the hypozonal Fäboliden orogenic gold deposit. Mineralization at Fäboliden is hosted by arsenopyrite-rich quartz veins, in a reverse, mainly dip-slip, high-angle shear zone, in amphibolite facies supracrustal host rocks. The timing of mineralization is estimated, from field relationships, at ca. 1.8 Ga.The gold mineralization is hosted by two sets of mineralized quartz veins, one steep fault–fill vein set and one relatively flat-lying extensional vein set. Ore shoots occur at the intersections between the two vein sets, and both sets could have been generated from the same stress field, during the late stages of the Svecofennian orogen.The tectonic evolution during the 1.9–1.8 Ga Svecofennian orogen is complex, as features typical of both internal and external orogens are indicated. The similarity in geodynamic setting between the contemporary Svecofennian and Trans-Hudson orogens indicates a potential for world-class orogenic gold provinces also in the Svecofennian domain.The Swedish deposits discussed in this paper are all structurally associated with roughly N–S striking shear zones that were active at around 1.8 Ga, when gold-bearing fluids infiltrated structures related to conditions of E–W shortening. 相似文献
8.
Detrital zircon provides a powerful archive of continental growth and recycling processes. We have tested this by a combined laser ablation ICP-MS U–Pb and Lu–Hf analysis of homogeneous growth domains in detrital zircon from late Paleozoic coastal accretionary systems in central Chile and the collisional Guarguaráz Complex in W Argentina. Because detritus from a large part of W Gondwana is present here, the data delineate the crustal evolution of southern South America at its Paleopacific margin, consistent with known data in the source regions.Zircon in the Guarguaráz Complex mainly displays an U–Pb age cluster at 0.93–1.46 Ga, similar to zircon in sediments of the adjacent allochthonous Cuyania Terrane. By contrast, zircon from the coastal accretionary systems shows a mixed provenance: Age clusters at 363–722 Ma are typical for zircon grown during the Braziliano, Pampean, Famatinian and post-Famatinian orogenic episodes east of Cuyania. An age spectrum at 1.00–1.39 Ga is interpreted as a mixture of zircon from Cuyania and several sources further east. Minor age clusters between 1.46 and 3.20 Ga suggest recycling of material from cratons within W Gondwana.The youngest age cluster (294–346 Ma) in the coastal accretionary prisms reflects a so far unknown local magmatic event, also represented by rhyolite and leucogranite pebbles. It sets time marks for the accretion history: Maximum depositional ages of most accreted metasediments are Middle to Upper Carboniferous. A change of the accretion mode occurred before 308 Ma, when also a concomitant retrowedge basin formed.Initial Hf-isotope compositions reveal at least three juvenile crust-forming periods in southern South America characterised by three major periods of juvenile magma production at 2.7–3.4 Ga, 1.9–2.3 Ga and 0.8–1.5 Ga. The 176Hf/177Hf of Mesoproterozoic zircon from the coastal accretionary systems is consistent with extensive crustal recycling and addition of some juvenile, mantle-derived magma, while that of zircon from the Guarguaráz Complex has a largely juvenile crustal signature. Zircon with Pampean, Famatinian and Braziliano ages (< 660 Ma) originated from recycled crust of variable age, which is, however, mainly Mesoproterozoic. By contrast, the Carboniferous magmatic event shows less variable and more radiogenic 176Hf/177Hf, pointing to a mean early Neoproterozoic crustal residence. This zircon is unlikely to have crystallized from melts of metasediments of the accretionary systems, but probably derived from a more juvenile crust in their backstop system. 相似文献
9.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(3):293-299
China has many volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, few of which are familiar to Western geologists. The economic importance of VMS deposits in China has been increasingly recognized, especially after progress has been made on exploration and research in major orogenic belts since the 1980s. VMS deposits of various types with ages ranging from Proterozoic to Mesozoic have been identified within a number of major metallogenic belts. The VMS deposits in northwestern China occur in Hercy-Caledonian orogenic belts (the Altaides [Altay] and Qilian); those in southwestern China appear in the Himalaya-Tethyan orogenic belt as well as at the margin of Yangtze continental plate; and those in eastern China are related to basemental sequences of Proterozoic to early Paleozoic ages. Most of the important VMS deposits in China appear to be associated with paleotectonic settings of convergent plate margins. Only a few deposits presently have been identified as economically important, but if VMS deposits occur in clusters within metallogenic belts, then the potential for discovering more deposits is considerable. 相似文献
10.
We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny. 相似文献
11.
The Grenvillian and Pan-African orogens: World's largest orogenies through geologic time, and their implications on the origin of superplume 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：0
The Neoproterozoic Earth was shaped largely by the Grenvillian and Pan-African orogenies. Out of these, the Grenvillian orogeny has long been regarded to be of minor nature in terms of global-scale orogenic episodes, whereas the Pan-African orogeny has been widely recognized in many continental fragments, although not in major parts of Asia. Based on chronological information in zircons from major river mouths across several important terrains of the globe, we show here that the Grenvillian orogeny contributed significantly to the formation of the continental crust. The time period between 0.6 Ga and 0.8 Ga marked the climax at the dawn of the Pan-African orogeny. Continental crust formed in this period is concentrated in the Pan-African orogenic belts widely across the globe. These regions were widespread over the half hemisphere of the globe, and were subsequently reduced in size after they moved to form Laurasia. The normalized frequency distribution of zircon ages from river-mouth sand over the world clearly demonstrates that Neoproterozoic and (0.9–0.6 Ga) and Grenvillian (1.3–1.0 Ga) peaks define the largest population. This means that extensive subduction, and hence active plate tectonics, might have operated through these periods. The zircon study has also brought to light new regions of the Grenvillian orogenic belts, particularly in the continents which are now covered by thick Phanerozoic sedimentary basins. Based on the new locations of Grenvillian orogens identified in this study, and using the distribution patterns as a marker bed, we propose revised paleogeographic configurations of the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents.Our results demonstrate that the Neoproterozoic was the most active period of crust formation in the Earth. The cold basins, formed right after the assembly of Rodinia, exhibit a basin chain fringing the northern periphery of Rodinia, which turned into sites of mantle upwellings and led to the rifting and separation of the supercontinental assembly. The continents then moved northwards after the formation of Gondwana at ca. 540 Ma, and enlarged the northern half of the supercontinent Pangea since 250 Ma.Based on the results, we also evaluate the role of supercontinents in the mechanism of generation of superplumes addressing the enigma that the coldest mantle right above the Core–Mantle Boundary turns to the hottest one over a period of several hundreds of million years. Slab graveyard formed by the Pan-African subduction can be imaged through P-wave tomography. We postulate that the high-velocity anomaly in the D” layer underneath Gondwana has now transformed to the low-V regions to generate the African superplume. The tectonic history of solid Earth in the Phanerozoic seems to be controlled by the slab graveyards formed by the Grenvillian orogeny ca. 1.0 Ga. 相似文献
12.
Khin Zaw Stephen G. Peters Paul Cromie Clive Burrett Zengqian Hou 《Ore Geology Reviews》2007,31(1-4):3-47
The South China Region is rich in mineral resources and has a wide diversity of deposit types. The region has undergone multiple tectonic and magmatic events and related metallogenic processes throughout the earth history. These tectonic and metallogenic processes were responsible for the formation of the diverse styles of base and precious metal deposits in South China making it one of the resource-rich regions in the world. During the Proterozoic, the South China Craton was characterised by rifting of continental margin before eruption of submarine volcanics and development of platform carbonate rocks, and the formation of VHMS, stratabound copper and MVT deposits. The Phanerozoic metallogeny of South China was related to opening and closing of the Tethyan Ocean involving multiple orogenies by subduction, back-arc rifting, arc–continent collision and post-collisional extension during the Indosinian (Triassic), Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary) Orogenies. The Late Palaeozoic was a productive metallogenic period for South China resulting from break-up and rifting of Gondwana. Significant stratabound base and precious metal deposits were formed during the Devonian and Carboniferous (e.g., Fankou and Dabaoshan deposits). These Late Palaeozoic SEDEX-style deposits have been often overprinted by skarn systems associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Chengmenshan, Dongguashan and Qixiashan). A number of Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic VHMS deposits also developed in the Sanjiang fold belt in the western part of South China (e.g., Laochang and Gacun).South China has significant sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin-like deposits, which occur in the Devonian- to Triassic-aged accretionary wedge or rift basins at the margin of the South China Craton. They are present in a region at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces called the ‘Southern Golden Triangle’, and are also present in NW Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, in an area known as the ‘Northern Golden Triangle’ of China. These deposits are mostly epigenetic hydrothermal micron-disseminated gold deposits with associated As, Hg, Sb + Tl mineralisation similar to Carlin-type deposits in USA. The important deposits in the Southern Golden Triangle are Jinfeng (Lannigou), Zimudang, Getang, Yata and Banqi in Guizhou Province, and the Jinya and Gaolong deposits in Guangxi District. The most important deposits in the Northern Golden Triangle are the Dongbeizhai and Qiaoqiaoshang deposits.Many porphyry-related polymetallic copper–lead–zinc and gold skarn deposits occur in South China. These deposits are related to Indosinian (Triassic) and Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) magmatism associated with collision of the South China and North China Cratons and westward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate. Most of these deposits are distributed along the Lower to Middle Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The most significant deposits are Tonglushan, Jilongshan, Fengshandong, Shitouzui and Jiguanzui. Au–(Ag–Mo)-rich porphyry-related Cu–Fe skarn deposits are also present (Chengmenshan and Wushan in Jiangxi Province and Xinqiao, Mashan-Tianmashan, Shizishan and Huangshilaoshan in Anhui Province). The South China fold belt extending from Fujian to Zhejiang Provinces is characterised by well-developed Yanshanian intrusive to subvolcanic rocks associated with porphyry to epithermal type mineralisation and mesothermal vein deposits. The largest porphyry copper deposit in China, Dexing, occurs in Jiangxi Province and is hosted by Yanshanian granodiorite. The high-sulphidation epithermal system occurs at the Zijinshan district in Fujian Province and epithermal to mesothermal vein-type deposits are also found in the Zhejiang Province (e.g., Zhilingtou). Part of Shandong Province is located at the northern margin of the South China Craton and the province has unique world class granite-hosted orogenic gold deposits. Occurrences of Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu–Co are found in Permian-aged Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) in South China (Jinbaoshan and Baimazhai in Yunnan Province and Yangliuping in Sichuan Province). South China also has major vein-type tungsten–tin–bismuth–beryllium–sulphide and REE deposits associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Shizhuyuan and Xihuashan), important world class stratabound base metal–tin deposits (Dachang deposit), and the large antimony deposits (Xikuangshan and Woxi). During the Himalayan Orogeny, many giant deposits were formed in South China including the recently emerging Yulong and Gangdese porphyry copper belts in Tibet and the Ailaoshan orogenic gold deposits in Yunnan. 相似文献
13.
The Paleoproterozoic North Hebei Orogen: North China craton's collisional suture with the Columbia supercontinent 总被引：36，自引：4，他引：32
Understanding the geologic history and position of the North China craton in the Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent has proven elusive. Paleoproterozoic orogenic episodes (2.00–1.85 Ga) are temporally associated with ultimate stabilization of the North China craton (NCC), followed by the development of extensive craton-wide rift systems at 1.85–1.80 Ga. The age difference between the sedimentary cover and the metamorphic basement is up to 500–700 Ma, suggesting that uplift and doming of cratonic basement occurred in the latest Paleoproterozoic. Mafic dike swarms (1.80–1.77 Ga) and anorogenic magmatism (1.80–1.70 Ga) record the extensional breakup and dispersal of the North China craton during this stage. The late Paleoproterozoic tectonic framework and geological events documented provide important constraints for reconstruction of the NCC within the Late Paleoproterozoic supercontinent of Columbia.An east-west striking thousand kilometer long belt of khondalites (granulite facies metapelites) stretches along the northern margin of the North China craton, on the cratonward side of the Northern Hebei orogenic belt. This granulite belt includes Mg–Al (sapphirine bearing) granulites that reached ultrahigh-temperature “peak” metamorphic conditions of 1000 °C at 10 kbars at 1927 ± 11 Ma. Following peak ultrahigh-temperature conditions, the rocks underwent initial isobaric cooling and subsequent isothermal decompression, and these trajectories are interpreted to be part of an overall anti-clockwise P-T evolution indicating that the northern margin of the craton experienced continental collision at 1.93–1.92 Ga. The position of the khondalite belt south of the Northern Hebei orogenic belt makes it analogous to Tibet, a continental collision-related plateau characterized by double crustal thicknesses and granulite facies metamorphism at depth. We suggest that the tectonic evolution of the NCC during this period was closely related to the assembly and break-up of the Columbia supercontinent, and that the NCC was adjacent to the Baltic and Amazonian cratons in the period 2.00–1.70 Ga. Craton-wide extension occurred within 100–150 Ma of collision along the northern margin of the craton at 1.93–1.92 Ga. It is concluded that mantle upwellings are chiefly responsible for the breakup of the NCC from the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent. 相似文献
14.
Christian J. Grainger David I. Groves Fernando H.B. Tallarico Ian R. Fletcher 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,33(3-4):451-489
The Itacaiúnas Belt of the highly mineralised Carajás Mineral Province comprises ca. 2.75 Ga volcanic rocks overlain by sedimentary sequences of ca. 2.68 Ga age, that represent an intracratonic basin rather than a greenstone belt. Rocks are generally at low strain and low metamorphic grade, but are often highly deformed and at amphibolite facies grade adjacent to the Cinzento Strike Slip System. The Province has been long recognised for its giant enriched iron and manganese deposits, but over the past 20 years has been increasingly acknowledged as one of the most important Cu–Au and Au–PGE provinces globally, with deposits extending along an approximately 150 km long WNW-trending zone about 60 km wide centred on the Carajás Fault. The larger deposits (approx. 200–1000 Mt @ 0.95–1.4% Cu and 0.3–0.85 g/t Au) are classic Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits that include Salobo, Igarapé Bahia–Alemão, Cristalino and Sossego. They are largely hosted in the lower volcanic sequences and basement gneisses as pipe- or ring-like mineralised, generally breccia bodies that are strongly Fe- and LREE-enriched, commonly with anomalous Co and U, and quartz- and sulfur-deficient. Iron oxides and Fe-rich carbonates and/or silicates are invariably present. Rhenium–Os dating of molybdenite at Salobo and SHRIMP Pb–Pb dating of hydrothermal monazite at Igarapé-Bahia indicate ages of ca. 2.57 Ga for mineralisation, indistinguishable from ages of poorly-exposed Archean alkalic and A-type intrusions in the Itacaiúnas Belt, strongly implicating a deep magmatic connection.A group of smaller, commonly supergene-enriched Cu–Au deposits (generally < 50 Mt @ < 2% Cu and < 1 g/t Au in hypogene ore), with enrichment in granitophile elements such as W, Sn and Bi, spatially overlap the Archean Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits. These include the Breves, Águas Claras, Gameleira and Estrela deposits which are largely hosted by the upper sedimentary sequence as greisen-to ring-like or stockwork bodies. They generally lack abundant Fe-oxides, are quartz-bearing and contain more S-rich Cu–Fe sulfides than the Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits, although Cento e Dezoito (118) appears to be a transitional type of deposit. Precise Pb–Pb in hydrothermal phosphate dating of the Breves and Cento e Dezoito deposits indicate ages of 1872 ± 7 Ma and 1868 ± 7 Ma, respectively, indistinguishable from Pb–Pb ages of zircons from adjacent A-type granites and associated dykes which range from 1874 ± 2 Ma to 1883 ± 2 Ma, with 1878 ± 8 Ma the age of intrusions at Breves. An unpublished Ar/Ar age for hydrothermal biotite at Estrela is indistinguishable, and a Sm–Nd isochron age for Gameleira is also similar, although somewhat younger. The geochronological data, combined with geological constraints and ore-element associations, strongly implicate a magmatic connection for these deposits.The highly anomalous, hydrothermal Serra Pelada Au–PGE deposit lies at the north-eastern edge of the Province within the same fault corridor as the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au deposits, and like the Cu–Au deposits is LREE enriched. It appears to have formed from highly oxidising ore fluids that were neutralised by dolomites and reduced by carbonaceous shales in the upper sedimentary succession within the hinge of a reclined synform. The imprecise Pb–Pb in hydrothermal phosphate age of 1861 ± 45 Ma, combined with an Ar/Ar age of hydrothermal biotite of 1882 ± 3 Ma, are indistinguishable from a Pb–Pb in zircon age of 1883 ± 2 Ma for the adjacent Cigano A-type granite and indistinguishable from the age of the Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au deposits. Again a magmatic connection is indicated, particularly as there is no other credible heat or fluid source at that time.Finally, there is minor Au–(Cu) mineralisation associated with the Formiga Granite whose age is probably ca. 600 Ma, although there is little new zircon growth during crystallisation of the granite. This granite is probably related to the adjacent Neoproterozoic (900–600 Ma) Araguaia Fold Belt, formed as part of the Brasiliano Orogeny.Thus, there are two major and one minor period of Cu–Au mineralisation in the Carajás Mineral Province. The two major events display strong REE enrichment and strongly enhanced LREE. There is a trend from strongly Fe-rich, low-SiO2 and low-S deposits to quartz-bearing and more S-rich systems with time. There cannot be significant connate or basinal fluid (commonly invoked in the genesis of Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits) involved as all host rocks were metamorphosed well before mineralisation: some host rocks are at mid- to high-amphibolite facies. The two major periods of mineralisation correspond to two periods of alkalic to A-type magmatism at ca. 2.57 Ga and ca. 1.88 Ga, and a magmatic association is compelling.The giant to world-class late Archean Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits show the least obvious association with deep-seated alkaline bodies as shown at Palabora, South Africa, and implied at Olympic Dam, South Australia. The smaller Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au–W–Sn–Bi deposits and Au–PGE deposit show a more obvious relationship to more fractionated A-type granites, and the Neoproterozoic Au–(Cu) deposit to crustally-derived magmas. The available data suggest that magmas and ore fluids were derived from long-lived metasomatised lithosphere and lower crust beneath the eastern margin of the Amazon Craton in a tectonic setting similar to that of other large Precambrian Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits. 相似文献
15.
地质历史中板块构造启动时间 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赵振华 《大地构造与成矿学》2017,41(1):1-22
地质历史中板块构造是何时开始启动的长期存在着激烈的争论,最极端的一是认为板块构造在新元古代的800 Ma前开始,二是在冥古宙4.3 Ga就已启动,多数学者认为在太古宙末开始启动。确定板块构造启动时间主要依据以下几方面:(1)地球动力学特点,如地幔的热状态以及粘塑性地幔对流模拟表明,板块构造可能是在地球热和冷停滞状态之间演化的一个相。在太古宙较热的地球中,板片强度低,板片的频繁断离阻止了形成类似现代样式的长期俯冲体系,太古宙的板块构造是短期的、阵发性的;(2)代表俯冲的标志的蛇绿岩、蓝片岩和超高压(UHP)变质地体;(3)具有弧特征的岩石组合,如拉斑玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩及英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)岩套;(4)增生楔中混杂岩和大洋板块地层、前陆盆地、大陆裂谷、双变质带、造山带;(5)与俯冲带关系密切的造山型Au矿、斑岩Cu矿和浅成热液矿床、火山岩型块状硫化物矿床(VHMS),它们最早出现的年龄一致在3.5~3.1 Ga,指示了板块构造的开始;(6)世界不同地区大陆的Ni/Co、Cr/Zn比值随沉积年龄变年轻而降低,陆壳从3.0 Ga前的镁铁质转变为2.5 Ga时的长英质,表明全球板块构造的启动应在3.0 Ga的古中太古代;(7)冥古宙锆石、太古宙金刚石中矿物包裹体及Hf、O、C、N同位素组成研究表明,冥古宙地球表面存在类似板块汇聚边缘,太古宙含有大陆沉积物的海洋岩石圈俯冲进入地幔。 相似文献
16.
The Wutai greenstone belt in central North China Craton(NCC) hosts a number of Precambrian gold deposits and ore occurrences. Based on the host rock association, these can be divided into Banded Iron Formation(BIF), meta-volcano-sedimentary and meta-conglomerate types. The two former types formed during ~2.5-2.3 Ga and the third one at ~1.85 Ga. The characteristics of these Precambrian gold deposits are broadly similar with those of the orogenic gold deposits. Based on available geochronological data, here we reconstruct the major tectonic events and their relationship with gold mineralization in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region during Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic as follows.(1)~2.6-2.5 Ga: widespread intrusion of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) magmas in the Hengshan terrane and Fuping continental arc, formation of the Wutai volcanic arc in the southern margin of Hengshan terrane with granitoids emplacement, and the Hengshan-Wutai intra-oceanic arc accretion to the Fuping arc at the end of Neoarchean.(2) ~ 2.5-2.3 Ga: the subduction of Hengshan arc from north leading to persistent magmatism and orogenic gold mineralization.(3)~2.2-2.1 Ga:extension leading to the formation of graben structure in the Wutai and Fuping region, deposition of the Hutuo and Wanzi Group sediments, formation of placer gold through erosion of the orogenic gold deposits.(4)~2.2-2.0 Ga: widespread magmatism in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region.(5)~1.95-1.8 Ga: regional metamorphism associated with collision of the Western and Eastern Blocks of the NCC and associated orogenic gold deposits. The multiple subduction-accretion-collision history and subsequent deep erosion has significantly affected most of the Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt. 相似文献
17.
Types,geological features and geodynamic significances of gold-copper deposits in the Kanggurtag metallogenic belt,eastern Tianshan,NW China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Occupying the middle of the central Asia Paleozoic accretionary and collisional orogenic belt, the eastern Tianshan area has a great economic potential due to Au-Cu mineralization during syn- and post- orogenic events. In the Kanggurtag Au-Cu metallogenic belt, three major types of gold deposits have been recognized: ductile-shear-zone-hosted gold deposits, magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits, and epithermal gold deposits. Four kinds of copper deposits have also been identified recently: the porphyry-type, the skarn-type, the magmatic type, and volcanic/sedimentary-type. Tectonically, the development of these late Paleozoic gold and copper deposits was closely associated with the subduction and collision of the ancient Tianshan ocean that intervened between the Tarim craton and the Siberian block. In the early to mid-Carboniferous, N-dipping subduction beneath the Dananhu arc generated magmatic intrusions, leading to formation of the porphyry Cu deposits. The magmatic front migrated southward to form the Yamansu arc upon the Kanggurtag accretionary wedge. In the latest Carboniferous to early Permian, during the closure of the ancient Tianshan ocean, large mafic-ultramafic complexes were emplaced, resulting in several magmatic copper-nickel deposits. Gold deposits of the shear-zone-type are controlled by the Kanggurtag ductile shear zone, which is related to collisional orogenesis. The epithermal gold deposits are associated with extensional tectonics and post-tectonic volcanic activity. The tectonic settings, geological features, and temporal and spatial distributions of these different types of gold and copper deposits reflect, to a great extent, the accretionary and collisional tectonics that occurred between the northern margin of the Tarim block and the southern margin of the Siberian block. 相似文献
18.
大陆再造与钦杭带北东段多期铜金成矿作用 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
大陆再造与铜金成矿系统的研究是当前国际矿床学前沿领域。钦杭成矿带是我国21个重点成矿区带之一,也是扬子与华夏地块的拼贴带。近年,对钦杭带北东段一系列铜金矿床的系统研究表明,成矿作用与富铜金大陆地壳形成和随后的多期再造过程密切相关。晚中元古代-早新元古代,在被动大陆边缘的伸展环境,软流圈地幔部分熔融形成铁砂街岩群细碧岩和VMS型铁砂街铜矿。之后新元古代的洋壳俯冲,岛弧环境的俯冲板片部分熔融形成双溪坞岩群岛弧火山岩和VMS型平水矿铜矿体,其成矿流体主要来自于深循环海水,成矿物质主要来自于平水组幔源火山岩。随后发生的扬子与华夏地块的陆陆碰撞造山作用,新元古代双桥山群基底地层发生强烈再造,形成了受韧性剪切带控制的金山造山型金矿,富CO2变质流体的不混溶作用是金富集沉淀的最重要机制。早古生代,华南陆内造山作用导致新元古代双溪坞岩群和陈蔡岩群发生再造,形成了早古生代韧性剪切带及相应的造山型金矿(璜山、平水金矿等),金的富集沉淀与富CO2变质流体的演化密切相关。韧性剪切带及特征的富CO2变质流体,可以作为加里东期造山型金矿的找矿标志。晚中生代,古太平洋板块开始向华南大陆东南缘俯冲,位于华南内陆的德兴地区受到俯冲作用远程效应,导致德兴地区新元古代富铜金新生地壳部分熔融,形成低镁埃达克质岩及与其相关的银山和建德铜金多金属矿床,当部分熔融过程受到岩石圈地幔影响,则形成高镁埃达克质花岗闪长斑岩及超大型德兴斑岩铜矿。因此,钦杭成矿带北东段先后发生晚中元古-新元古代、早古生代和晚中生代多期铜金成矿。新元古代江南造山事件和稍早的板内岩浆作用形成了富铜金的新生地壳,为钦杭带北东段多期铜金成矿作用以及燕山期金属巨量堆积奠定了丰厚的物质基础,是该成矿带产出的关键控制要素。新元古代富铜金大陆再造是大型、超大型铜金矿床形成的一种重要机制。 相似文献
19.
The Quadrilátero Ferrífero is a classic gold province on a global scale, with hundreds of individual gold occurrences in the Archean greenstone belt comprising the Rio das Velhas Supergroup. There are numerous small gold deposits, including Faria, Esperança III, Bicalho, Bela Fama, Juca Vieira, Brumal, Boa Vista, Fernandes, Moita, Roça Grande, Bico de Pedra and Pari, as well as the world-class deposits of Morro Velho and Cuiabá. All these deposits, whether large or small, are structurally controlled and related to either shear zones or folds. Extensive down-plunge continuity is a consistent feature of the deposits. In the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, six main styles of gold mineralization are recognized. These are deposits hosted within: (1), Lapa seca (e.g., Morro Velho, Bicalho, Bela Fama), (2), Banded iron formations (e.g., Cuiabá, São Bento, Raposos, Faria, Brumal, Roça Grande), (3), Quartz veins (e.g., Juca Vieira, Fernandes), (4), Disseminated sulfides with quartz veinlets (e.g., Moita), (5), Amphibolites (e.g., Pari), and (6), Disseminated to massive base-metal sulfides (e.g., Bico de Pedra). The first four types of deposits are epigentic (orogenic) gold deposits, similar to those found in greenstone belts worldwide. The last two are unusual types of gold deposit, peculiar to the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Bico de Pedra is a polymetallic Au–Ag–Zn–Pb–Cu deposit related to an aplite intrusion, whereas Pari is a stratiform Au-bearing-banded iron formation metamorphosed to epidote–amphibolite metamorphic facies. 相似文献
20.
东北非金矿的矿床类型、成矿条件与努比亚地盾演化密切相关。努比亚地盾金矿类型,按成因可分为两大类:一类是与造山带有关的韧性剪切带金矿,即造山型金矿;另一类是弧-弧拼合过程中形成的火山成因块状硫化物金矿,即VMS型铜-金矿。受韧性剪切带控制的造山型金矿形成于闭合-碰撞造山阶段,与弧-弧碰撞缝合带展布方向一致的北东向韧性剪切带为造山型金矿的主要控矿构造,该类型矿床规模以中小型为主。沿韧性剪切带成带分布的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS型)金矿床形成于洋壳俯冲-岛弧的形成阶段,其形成环境为岛弧裂谷或弧后裂谷环境,矿床规模以大型为主,成群分布于5个矿集区内。本文总结了该地区造山带型和VMS型金矿的主要特征,并依此提出在该地区寻找此两种类型金矿的找矿标志。 相似文献