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1.
P. Cappelletti G. Cerri A. Colella M. de’Gennaro A. Langella A. Perrotta C. Scarpati 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,79(1-2):79-97
Summary ¶This paper deals with the mineralogical features of the most important and widespread pyroclastic formation of Southern Italy: the Campanian Ignimbrite. This formation is characterized by four stratigraphic units, different in colour and mineralogical composition. The lowermost unit (USAF) is constituted by an incoherent, thin (few tens of cm) sequence of glass or feldspar-rich layers. The middle part of the succession is formed by two main units: a lower grey, welded unit (WGI) capped by a yellow and lithified unit (LYT) that differ in both volcanological features and mineralogical composition. Locally these units are found separately. An incoherent unit (max thickness about 2m) mainly represented by fresh glass, forms the upper part of the succession. A detailed analysis has been carried out on six sections representative of the entire succession. The WGI is feldspathized by authigenic mineralization processes, and the feldspar content ranges between 30 and 90%. The LYT has been deeply affected by zeolitization processes and the total zeolite content often reaches 60%. Based on a comparative examination of both volcanological and mineralogical data, it is hypothesized that these two units were involved in different secondary mineralization processes. The portion of the succession characterized by the highest emplacement temperatures suffered welding and feldspathization and the result of these processes gave rise to the WGI unit. In contrast, the overlying lower-temperature and incoherent portion of the deposit was affected by circulation of meteoric water, thus enhancing zeolitization and lithification. The product of this process gave rise to the LYT unit.Received July 4, 2002; revised version accepted April 23, 2003 相似文献
2.
I. Yu. Chekryzhov V. K. Popov A. N. Panichev V. V. Seredin E. V. Smirnova 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2010,4(4):314-330
This paper presents the results of studying the Cenozoic volcanogenic-sedimentary cover of the Vanchinskaya depression of
Sikhote Alin. It was established that, in terms of the taxonomic composition of the fossil plants, the basal part of the Cenozoic
section is attributed to the Paleocene, while the overlaying coal-bearing sequence, to the Early Eocene. The geochronological
(K-Ar) dating showed that the volcanic rocks intruding and overlaying the coal-bearing deposits are Middle Eocene in age:
rhyolites—44.7 ± 1.0; trachyandesites—43.7 ± 1.4 Ma. The petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the volcanic and
volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks and related zeolitites are described. The zeolitized rocks containing plant detritus differ
in their extremely high contents of Y and HREE. The zeolitization of the volcanic glass in tuffs, tuffites, and perlites was
caused by hydrothermal solutions that ascended along NW fault zones from the subsurface magmatic chamber. 相似文献
3.
Zeolitization of Oligo-Miocene volcaniclastic rocks from Logudoro (northern Sardinia, Italy) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guido Cerri Piergiulio Cappelletti Alessio Langella Maurizio de'Gennaro 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,140(4):404-421
The present study reports the results of research on volcaniclastic products from Logudoro (northern Sardinia), a reconstructed
stratigraphic succession some hundreds of meters thick, comprising two different ignimbritic units separated by an epiclastic
layer (generally ˜10 m thick). Clinoptilolite is the most widely distributed authigenic phase in epiclastite and unwelded
units, always associated with opal-CT and sometimes with smectite. An adularia-like feldspar, cristobalite and epigenetic
quartz are typical phases of welded units. Within the zeolitized units (unwelded ignimbrite and epiclastic units) clinoptilolite
and opal-CT constitute the cement deriving from the transformation of the precursor rhyolitic glass, in agreement with a single
zeolitization process that developed after the deposition of the entire succession. Silica increases in zeolitized rocks with
respect to the precursor material, leading to hypothesize that the secondary mineralization process was favored by mineralized
hydrothermal fluids preferentially circulating through the fault system of the area. Quartz veins in welded subunit and K-feldspar
(adularia-like) preferentially located near the faults are in agreement with this hypothesis. The interaction of these fluids
with the glassy fraction favored its dissolution and the consequent crystallization of clinoptilolite. Furthermore, the pH
increase and the silica supersaturation enhanced the contemporary or subsequent precipitation of opal-CT.
Received: 5 June 2000 / Accepted: 14 August 2000 相似文献
4.
The Mwadui pipe represents the largest diamondiferous kimberlite ever mined and is an almost perfectly preserved example of a kimberlitic crater in-fill, albeit without the tuff ring.
The geology of Mwadui can be subdivided into five geological units, viz. the primary pyroclastic kimberlite (PK), re-sedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite deposits (RVK), granite breccias (subdivided into two units), the turbidite deposits, and the yellow shales listed in approximate order of formation. The PK can be further subdivided into two units—lithic-rich ash and lapilli tuffs which dominate the succession, and lithic-poor juvenile-rich ash and lapilli tuffs. The lower crater is well bedded down to at least 684 m from present surface (extent of current drill data). The bedding is defined by the presence of juvenile-rich lapilli tuffs vs. lithic-rich lapilli tuffs, and the systematic variation in granite content and clast size within much of the lithic-rich lapilli tuffs. Four distinct types of bedding have been identified in the pyroclastic deposits. Diffuse zones characterised by increased granite abundance and size, and upward-fining units, represent the dominant types throughout the deposit.
Lateral heterogeneity was observed, in addition to the vertical changes, suggesting that the eruption was quite heterogeneous, or that more than one vent may have been present. The continuous nature of the bedding in the pyroclastic material and the lack of ash-partings suggest deposition from a high concentration (ejecta), sustained eruption column at times, e.g. the massive, very diffusely stratified deposits. The paucity of tractional bed forms suggest near vertical particle trajectories, i.e. a clear air-fall component, but the poorly sorted, matrix-supported nature of the deposits suggest that pyroclastic flow and/or surge processes may also have been active during the eruption.
Available diamond sampling data were examined and correlated with the geology. Data derive from the old 120 (37 m), 200 (61 m), 300 (92 m) and 1200 ft (366 m) levels, pits sunk during historical mining operations, drill logs, as well as more recent bench mapping. Correlating macro-diamond sample data and geology shows a clear relationship between diamond grade and lithology. Localised enrichment and dilution of the primary diamond grade has taken place in the upper reworked volcaniclastic deposits due to post-eruptive sedimentary in-fill processes. Clear distinction can be drawn between upper (re-sedimented) and lower (pyroclastic) crater deposits at Mwadui, both from a geological and diamond grade perspective.
Finally, an emplacement model for the Mwadui kimberlite is proposed. Geological evidence suggests that little or no sedimentary cover existed at the time of emplacement. The nature of the bedding within the pyroclastic deposits and the continuity of the bedding in the vertical dimension suggest that the eruption was continuous, but that the eruption column may have been heterogeneous, both petrologically as well as geometrically. Volcanic activity appears to have ceased thereafter and the crater was gradually filled with granite debris from the unstable crater walls and re-sedimented volcaniclastic material derived from the tuff ring.
The Mwadui kimberlite exhibits marked similarities compared to the Orapa kimberlite in Botswana. 相似文献
5.
天然沸石是岩石圈上部分布最广的硅酸盐矿物之一,它普遍地见于各种火山岩和火山-沉积岩中。沸石不仅在岩浆期后热液阶段生成,而且在沉积-成岩作用阶段、表生作用(风化)阶段、低级变质阶段都可以生成。由于沸石对周围的物理化学条件和热、动力变质作用反应灵敏,因此,它是了解地质体形成时的地质环境及其变化的良好的指示矿物。本文概述了我国东部中生代火山岩中沸石岩的分布、时代、产出的地层岩性剖面、原岩类型、矿物组合及其生成顺序,并探讨了它的形成条件和成因类型,其中主要涉及具有工业意义的斜发沸石岩和丝光沸石岩。 相似文献
6.
C. E. Nelson 《Mineralium Deposita》2000,35(6):511-525
Gold mineralization in the Pueblo Viejo district, Dominican Republic, is spatially and temporally related to a series of
Early Cretaceous volcanic domes. Separate but overlapping hydrothermal cells, centered on the domes, together deposited more
than 40 million oz. of gold, 240 million oz. of silver, 3 million tonnes of zinc, and 0.4 million tonnes of copper. Two principal
deposits (Moore and Monte Negro) and a number of smaller deposits (Cumba, Mejita, Upper Mejita, Banco V, Arroyo Hondo I and
II) have contributed ore since mining commenced in 1975. New geologic mapping has identified a series of previously unrecognized
volcanic domes that vary from andesite to dacite in composition. A dacite porphyry dome intrudes epiclastic sediments in the
Moore deposit and is surrounded by a baked contact metamorphic aureole. Crumble breccias of mixed epiclastic and pyroclastic
origin mantle andesite domes in the Monte Negro, Cumba, and Mejita deposits. Epiclastic volcanic sediments surrounding each
of the domes reflect the composition of the local source rock. Andesite domes of the Monte Negro deposit are surrounded by
andesitic volcaniclastic sediments. Epiclastic sediments surrounding a dacite porphyry dome in the Moore deposit contain detrital
quartz eyes and debris flows of dacite porphyry. A series of at least seven volcanic centers interfinger, overlap, and are
interbedded with locally derived epiclastic sediments. Field relations indicate that volcanic dome emplacement, epiclastic
sediment accumulation, hydrothermal alteration, and gold mineralization were coeval events. Domes were emplaced in a shallow
subaqueous environment on the flanks of an emergent volcanic edifice. Hydrothermal cells responsible for gold mineralization
are controlled by high-angle faults. These same faults influenced the emplacement of volcanic domes, an essential step in
the development of gold ore in the Pueblo Viejo district.
Received: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 29 September 1999 相似文献
7.
华北西缘太原组火山事件沉积的发现及太原组地层对比 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
摘要：作者主要依据镜下岩矿特征,辅以岩石的野外产状与分布特点,并参考ＲＥＥ配分模式特征,首次发现华北西缘太原组存在３个火山事件层。根据火山事件沉积并结合最大海侵事件层对华北西缘太原组进行了区域对比． 相似文献
8.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):661-674
In western Anatolia, a thick volcanic succession of andesitic to rhyolitic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks crops out extensively. On Foça Peninsula, the westernmost part of the region, a dominantly rhyolitic sequence is exposed where massive rhyolites occur as dome or domelike stubby lava flows. These rhyolite domes vertically and laterally pass into blanketing volcaniclastic sequences. The gradational boundary relations and the facies characteristics of the surrounding volcaniclastic sequences indicate that the silicic domes directly intruded a subaqueous environment and were shattered upon sudden contact with water to form hyaloclastic blankets. In and around these rhyolite domes, we have defined six different volcanic and volcaniclastic facies, consisting of: (1) massive rhyolite; (2) massive perlite; (3) hyaloclastic breccias; (4) rhyolite pumice and lithic fragment-bearing volcaniclastic rocks; (5) subaqueous welded ignimbrites; and (6) brecciated perlite. The massive rhyolite facies have distinct structures from the centers to the peripheries of the domes and stubby lava flows. Massive lava facies gradually pass into hyaloclastic breccias and massive perlite facies, indicating water-magma interaction during the emplacement. Phreatomagmatic explosive activity and doming caused the subaqueous pyroclastic flows on the flanks of the volcanic center. Welding in the upper parts of these pyroclastic flow deposits indicates the high-temperature emplacement of the pyroclastic material and relatively slow cooling caused by the cushioning effect of the gas-vapor mixture and rapid deposition of younger pyroclastic units. 相似文献
9.
ABSTRACT The Cagayan basin of Northern Luzon, an interarc basin 250 km long and 80 km wide, contains a 900 m thick sequence of Plio-Pleistocene fluvial and pyroclastic deposits. These deposits are divided into two formations, the Ilagan and Awidon Mesa, and three lithofacies associations. The facies, which are interpreted as meandering stream, braided stream, lahar, and pyroclastic flow and fall deposits, occur in a coarsening upward sequence. Meandering stream deposits interbedded with tuffs are overlain by braided stream deposits interbedded with coarser pyroclastic deposits; lahars and ignimbrites. The coarsening upward volcaniclastic deposits reflect the tectonic and volcanic evolution of the adjacent Cordillera Central volcanic arc. Uplift of the arc resulted in the progradation of coarser clastics further into the basin, the development of an alluvial fan, and migration of the basin depocentre away from the arc. The coarsening of the pyroclastic deposits reflects the development of a more proximal calc-alkaline volcanic belt in the maturing volcanic arc. The Cagayan basin sediments serve as an example of the type and sequence of non marine volcaniclastic sediments that may form in other interarc basins. This is because the tectonic and volcanic processes which controlled sedimentation in the Cagayan basin also affect other arc systems and will therefore control or significantly influence volcaniclastic sedimentation in other interarc basins. 相似文献
10.
河南省皇城山银矿床地球化学特征及成矿模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
皇城山银矿床产于皇城山组火山碎屑岩层及其基底中。矿床地质、微量元素、同位素及流体包裹体特征等方面综合研究表明,矿床的成矿物质主要间接来源于火山喷发形成的皇城山组火山碎屑岩,成矿介质以大气水占主导地位,为浅成火山热液矿床。认为Ag在浅部碱性环境下主要呈[Ag(S2O3)2]3-络合物的形式迁移;地热流体及其循环蚀变作用导致银矿、钠基膨润土矿等系列矿产的形成,并建立了矿床成矿模式。 相似文献
11.
火山碎屑密度流是一种危险的火山活动现象,也是一种重要的盆地物源供给方式,对其沉积机制的研究具有灾害预防和油气勘探的双重意义。松辽盆地东南隆起区九台营城煤矿地区白垩系营城组古火山机构保存良好,发育有典型的火山碎屑密度流沉积物。本文在精细刻画火山碎屑岩的岩石结构、沉积构造的基础上,运用薄片观察和沉积物粒度统计的方法,从物质来源、搬运机制和就位方式角度系统地分析了火山碎屑密度流的整个沉积过程,并结合国内外火山学、沉积学的研究进展探讨了不同浓度火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制。研究区内的火山碎屑密度流沉积物可以划分为五种微相:①块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相;②无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相;③逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;④正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;⑤韵律层理凝灰岩微相。第一种微相具有熔结结构,可能形成于高挥发分岩浆喷发柱的垮塌,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度较高;后四种微相具有正常火山碎屑岩结构,可能形成于火山口的侧向爆炸,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度中等。沉积块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有黏性碎屑流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相和逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有颗粒流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相和韵律层理凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有湍流的流体特征,沉积物连续加积就位。火山碎屑密度流的颗粒浓度是一个连续变量,但流体性质可能会发生突变,稀释的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合下部流动边界模型,稠密的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合层流(碎屑流或颗粒流)模型。 相似文献
12.
叶蜡石矿床是一种重要的非金属矿产,主要分布于东南沿海地区侏罗纪—白垩纪的中酸性火山岩地层中,受控于区域大规模断裂和伸展断陷盆地。文章对中国内外叶蜡石矿床的地质和矿产特征进行了综合分析,总结了浙闽地区叶蜡石矿床特征和成因。浙闽地区叶蜡石矿床的赋矿原岩为流纹质火山碎屑岩和凝灰岩等,具有高硅高铝的特点。矿床成因类型主要包括火山热液交代型和火山热液充填型。结合泰顺龟湖、青田周村和山口等典型叶蜡石矿床的实例研究,文章揭示了火山热液交代型叶蜡石矿床普遍发育硅化、叶蜡石化、明矾石化、黄铁矿化的垂直分带特征,中酸性火山岩组分在热液作用下发生交代、分解,使铝有规律的富集成矿;火山热液充填型叶蜡石矿床围岩蚀变分带不明显,从围岩中淋滤、萃取的硅铝组分沿着构造裂隙运移,在有利的空间成矿。因此,笔者认为侏罗纪—白垩纪中酸性火山岩与凝灰岩、区域断裂带和火山岩带、围岩蚀变垂直分带以及陡峭山峰是叶蜡石矿的重要找矿标志。 相似文献
13.
Zekiye Karacik 《Geological Journal》2006,41(2):145-162
The Middle‐Upper Miocene Bodrum magmatic complex of the Aegean region, southwestern Turkey, is mainly represented by intermediate stocks, lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. Monzonitic stocks and connected porphyry intrusions and extrusions are the first products of the magmatism. These are followed by a volcanic succession consisting of andesitic‐latitic lavas, autobrecciated lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. The final stage is represented by basaltic and basaltic andesitic flows and dykes intruded into previous units. The volcanic succession crops out in the northern part of the Bodrum peninsula. In the lower part of this succession are widespread pyroclastic deposits, composed of pyroclastic fall and flow units, alternating with epiclastic deposits. Grain size, volume and thickness of the pyroclastic deposits were mainly controlled by the type, magnitude and intensity of the eruption. Further up the section, there are two horizons of debris avalanche deposits forming the coarsest and thickest deposits of the volcaniclastic succession. The debris avalanche deposits indicate at least two different flank collapses coeval with the volcanism. The stratigraphy and map pattern of these volcanic units imply that the northern part of the Bodrum peninsula was the north‐facing flank of a stratovolcano during the mid‐Late Miocene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Fluid metasomatic genesis of stratiform skarn in the Suoerkuduke Cu-Mo deposit,East Junggar,NW China
Stratiform skarns associated with ore deposits are widespread in the north of East Junggar, particularly in the Suoerkuduke Cu-Mo deposit. The Suoerkuduke stratiform and stratoid skarns are hosted by Devonian intermediate-mafic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, mainly andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone, without carbonate or calcareous rocks. The skarns consist of dominant andradite-grossular, epidote, diopside-hedenbergite and minor actinolite, quartz, magnetite and metallic sulfides. The garnet and epidote composition, especially Fe3 + and Al contents, is largely a function of the bulk composition and physicochemical environment (particularly fO2) during crystallization. Such mineralogy indicates a relatively oxidizing environment and medium acidity of solution during skarnization.The Suoerkuduke skarns are distinct from typical contact metasomatic skarn in wall rock, as no carbonate or calcareous rocks were found, and differ in the distribution patterns of skarn zonation in that gradually weakened skarn zones are not quite symmetrically distributed on both sides of the alteration center (a garnet skarn). Abundant remnants of andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone in the weakened skarn zone indicate that the protolith of the skarn is andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone. Magmatic water, meteoric and seawater are involved in skarn alteration. Moyite and granitic porphyry are not coeval with skarn, and their emplacement resulted in the hornfelization of wall rock instead of skarnization, and themselves keep away from skarn alteration. Therefore, there was probably a huge batholith supplying magmatic fluid for skarn formation. Mass balance estimates suggest that hydrothermal fluid must contribute a portion of Ca and Fe to ensure sufficient supply for skarn formation in the absence of local carbonate and calcareous rocks. In conclusion, the stratiform skarns in the Suoerkuduke are products of intermediate-mafic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks metasomatised by hydrothermal fluid that probably leached calcareous wall rock during ascent. 相似文献
15.
The recently discovered Salgadinho copper deposit, 7 km NNE of S. Luis, Portugal is located in the southernmost linear belt of outcropping low metamorphic grade deformed Palaeozoic rocks (Famennian) in the SW part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The stratabound replacement pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralisation is present in variably altered felsic pyroclastic rocks which are overlain by pyritic graphitic shales and tuffs which have undergone alteration in the lowermost 5m. The altered pyroclastic rocks are characterised by pale green celadonitic fluoro-muscovite and, in the most intense zone of alteration, quartz, ankerite, and ore minerals are present (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, galena, bournonite). No exhalative Cu-Zn or Zn-Pb ore has been discovered associated with the submarine volcanic stratabound Cu-rich alteration zone. Alteration of feldspars and groundmass has involved a net loss from the system and gains in Fe2+, F, H2O, Mg, Fe3+, Ca, Mn, P, Ti, S, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, Ag and Au at the expense of Si, K, Al and Na. The great enrichment of F in the altered rocks, the association of zonal alteration facies with coarse grained pyroclastic masses and the intimate association of pale green celadonitic fluoro-muscovite with mineralisation at Salgadinho and most other deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt represents a powerful exploration guide for submarine exhalative ores.Text of paper presented at the 26th I.G.C., Paris, July 1980 相似文献
16.
17.
Khaled El-Gameel 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(8):185
Gabal Abu Had is an exposure of a volcanosedimentary succession in the North Eastern Desert Basement Complex. This succession includes intercalation of two major rock units, which are Dokhan Volcanics and Hammamat Group with different styles of formation, deposition environments, and genesis. Gabal Abu Had succession (GHS) is a northward dipping, c. 700-m-thick volcanosedimentary succession that rests on metavolcanic and old granitoid rocks with erosion unconformity. The lower part of GHS is dominated by volcaniclastic mass flow deposits and andesitic lava with interbedded gravely sandstone, whereas the upper sequence is composed of pyroclastic flow deposits including welded to no welded ignimbrite intercalated with gravely sandstone and massive clast-support conglomerate toward the top. Facies analysis study of GHS presented eight lithofacies types, which grouped into five lithofacies associations. The GHS basin started with effusive eruption of silica-poor volcanic center, which produced andesitic lava. A part of lava underwent hyaloclastic fragmentation due to the presence of fluvial water in places producing the volcaniclastic mass flow deposits. Later, an explosive silica-rich volcanic center affected the GHS basin and created the pyroclastic plain deposits (ignimbrite and bedded tuff). The fluvial braided river is still in action since the first eruption, producing gravely sandstone, which is intercalated with the volcanic sequence. The upper GHS is characterized by thick, massive, and clast-supported conglomerate (well rounded clasts up to 100 cm) of alluvial fan facies. Several silica-rich and silica-poor subvolcanic intrusions were emplaced in the GHS. The GHS development displays a cycle from low- to high-energy sedimentation under humid climatic conditions, in addition to extension and down faulting of basin shoulders. In comparison with Gabal El Urf, located to the north of GHS and was studied by El-Gameel (2010), the GHS is a lava-rich succession rather than Gabal El Urf succession which is mainly pyroclastic rich. 相似文献
18.
Andrea Cattaneo Andrea Rossotti Giorgio Pasquarè Anna Somigliana Domenico M. Cavallo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(4):861-871
Since Etrurian age, the Viterbo Province (Central Italy) is famous for its ancient towns carved out of local ignimbrite deposits
which geologically represent the sedimentation of pumice-rich, volcano-related pyroclastic flows. Almost the entire study
area is geologically characterized by a thick succession of ignimbrites, tephra fallouts and lava flow deposits locally subjected
to zeolitization. Among zeolites, fibrous erionite represents a well-known health hazard and so this work aims at locating
and quantifying the presence of fibrous zeolites in volcanic deposits of the Viterbo area, suggesting at the same time a standard
operational procedure useful in other areas showing the same possible hazard. 41 samples collected in the Viterbo area were
analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, optical and electron microscopy. Fibrous zeolites were detected in five samples and
quantified in amounts ranging from 0.35 to 1.66% vol. They generally occur in tetragonal or orthorhombic prismatic habit and
showed chemical composition mainly consistent with K-phillipsite. Fibrous zeolites occurred with aspect ratios (mean = 6.3),
comparable or lower than those of erionite fibers reported in previous studies and mean diameters >3 μm. 相似文献
19.
Jung Ho Ahn Donald R. Peacor Douglas S. Coombs 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,99(1):82-89
Clay minerals from the three principal kinds of zeolitic sediments from the type area for zeolite facies alteration, the Triassic Murihiku Supergroup, Southland, New Zealand, have been studied by TEM. Bentonitic tuff consists largely of smectite and heulandite with minor illite; they occur as replacements of glass shards and are inferred to be direct alteration products of tuff alteration. Both analcime- and laumontite-rich tuffs contain chlorite, illite and mixed-layer illite-chlorite, including 11 mixed-layer sequences. Subhedral to euhedral phyllosilicate crystal shapes and other textural features imply that phyllosilicates crystallized from solution derived in part by dissolution of precursor smectite. Intralayer transitions involving illite and chlorite are inferred to be products of crystallization rather than direct alteration and replacement. Petrographically similar bentonitic and analcimized tuffs overlap each other in the stratigraphic section, supporting earlier observations that there is no systematic change in smectite relative to the illite plus chlorite derived from smectite in sections up to 8.5 km thick. The data imply that smectite may be metastable relative to illite plus chlorite. Permeability and fluid chemistry are inferred to be as significant as temperature in promoting reactions in clay minerals as well as zeolites during burial metamorphism.Contribution No. 436, from The Mineralogical Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 相似文献
20.
Large areas of Italian territory are covered by thick and widespread deposits of zeolite-bearing volcaniclastic products. The main zeolites are phillipsite and chabazite spread over the whole peninsula, and clinoptilolite recorded only in Sardinia. A trachytic to phonolitic glassy precursor accounts for the formation of the former zeolites characterized by low Si/Al ratios (3.00), while clinoptilolite is related to more acidic volcanism. The genesis of most of these zeolitized deposits is linked to pyroclastic flow emplacement mechanisms characterized by quite high temperatures and by the presence of abundant fluids. The main utilization of these materials has been and still is as dimension stones in the building industry. Currently, limited amounts are also employed in animal farming (dietary supplement, pet litter and manure deodorizer) and in agriculture as soil improvement and slow-release fertilizers. New fields of application have been proposed for these products on account of their easy availability, very low cost, their high-grade zeolites (50–70%), and good technological features such as high cation exchange capacities and adsorption properties. 相似文献