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《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2007,48(8):668-674
In dividing supracrustal strata, formation and horizon have been and are basic stratigraphic units. Stratigraphic boundaries of a formation, a natural geologic body, are drawn mostly on the basis of its composition. Paleontological remains constrain the formation in time and spatially locate it in the Earth's crust. Boundaries between formations can be of three types: strictly stratigraphic, parastratigraphic, and allostratographic. The stratigraphic interval can range from a fraction of a horizon or chronozone to several stages. At the boundary between two systems the adjacent parts of the formation can relate to both systems. The main stratigraphic characteristics for recognizing horizons are paleontologic (biostratigraphic) features, revealed by zonal, paleoecosystemic (ecostratigraphic), bioeventual, and other methods to make a basis for their immanent signature. Horizon can be characterized by boundaries of only two types: strictly stratigraphic and allostratigraphic. The stratigraphic interval of a horizon can vary from a single chronozone to a stage. Boundaries of neighboring horizons at the contact between two stages or systems should coincide with the latter. The stratigraphic units of the International Stratigraphic Chart, in contrary to formation and horizon, are characterized by borders of only one type — strictly stratigraphic. 相似文献
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层序地层格架及其对页岩储层发育特征的影响-以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩为例 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为研究海相页岩沉积层序及其对页岩储层发育特征的控制作用,通过露头、岩芯研究及地化测试、有机质测试、矿物组分测试、孔隙发育特征测试等室内分析测试,结合测井小波分析,综合建立四川盆地龙马溪组的层序地层格架,并结合储层发育特征探讨层序与储层发育特征的关系。研究表明:研究区龙马溪组发育有两个三级层序;结合多口钻孔通过测井小波分析构建了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架,识别出四个中期旋回A~D;对比各旋回内的储层发育特征,旋回A储层岩石学特征与旋回B~D存在显著差异,表现为储层有机质含量更高、水平层理更为发育、脆性矿物含量更高、微观储集空间（微—纳米级孔隙与微裂隙）发育程度更好,显示了层序旋回与储层物质成分、结构、力学脆性、含气性特征的显著相关关系,说明层序旋回是储层物性与含气性等发育特征的重要影响因素。基于前述研究,讨论了层序地层格架对储层发育的控制机理,层序格架下各旋回内沉积环境与沉积条件的差异导致储层沉积构造、物质成分与分布的差异,进而影响储层物性与含气性等特征;沉积盆地内高分辨率层序格架的建立可以为储层对比、评价与资源预测提供时间框架。建立了通过测井小波分析高分辨率层序地层格架进行储层分析对比的新方法,提出了基于储层小层分析建立页岩储层精细评价的新工作流程,有助于减少人为因素干扰,可以为页岩优质储层成因研究及其预测评价提供科学依据与新思路。 相似文献
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Due to the complex natural geological conditions, many slope-related geological hazards occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China. This study focuses on the characteristics of landslide development and their underlying mechanisms in this area. A statistical analysis is conducted to determine the characteristics of landslide development in the Wushan area, including the landslide distribution as a function of the elevation, slope, landslide material composition, scale, lithology, boundary conditions, instability mechanism, stratigraphic age, attitude, and sliding direction. The mechanisms of slope instability and the effect on the occurrence of landslides are analyzed. This study provides important reference material for landslide research in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and similar stratigraphic areas. 相似文献
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罗家窝棚组是哈尔滨地区的第四纪下限地层,其岩性是紫红色砂砾石,被认为是冰碛物堆积。早期的区测资料对其进行了岩性描述,对于其它地层属性,特别是地球化学属性的认识尚未涉及。为此,本文选择黑龙江五常拉林镇罗家窝棚村层型剖面作为研究对象,首次对其沉积学、矿物学、元素地球化学展开综合研究,以揭示其沉积过程和沉积环境。结果表明,这套砾石分选和磨圆较差,风化程度很高,无定向性排列,砾石成分以陆源碎屑岩(砂岩和粉砂岩,44.2%)和花岗岩(37.4%)为主,其次为凝灰岩(11.2%),石英质、闪长岩、流纹岩和玄武岩等少量出现。重矿物组成以赤/褐铁矿占绝对优势(87.5%),其次是白钛石(5.0%),其它重矿物含量较少。元素地球化学揭示,罗家窝棚组中的细颗粒碎屑以及泥质基质经历了很强的化学风化过程,是初次循环的结果。砾石岩性和地球化学组成共同揭示了这些碎屑主要来源于长英质母岩,但中性和铁镁质母岩也有少量贡献。综合沉积学、矿物学和地球化学地层属性,本文认为罗家窝棚组地层是在炎热气候条件下的洪积物堆积,而非寒冷气候条件下的冰碛物。这项研究对于哈尔滨地区第四纪地层的划分和早更新世构造—地貌—气候—水系演化等地质事件的重建具有重要意义。 相似文献
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REE Geochemical Study of the Permian—Triassic Marine Sedimentary Environment in Guizhou Province 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This paper deals with the REE geochemical characteristics of Permian-Triassic marine carbonate rocks in Guizhou Province.It is found that there are two broad categories of strati-graphic units in the region studied in accordance with their ΣREE contents and REE distribu-tion patterns: one is characterized by LREE enrichment and slight Ce depletion,with the REE distribution patterns similar to those of North American shales,and the other featrures relative HREE enrichment and relatively remarkable Ce depletion,with the REE distribution patterns close to those of pelagic sediments.In terms of their different ΣREE contents,five types of stratigraphic units can be distinguished.Incorporation of detrital minerals,REE complexing ca-pability,oxidation-reduction conditions of the media are the main factors affecting the REE com-position and REE distribution patterns of marine carbonate rocks in the region studied.In the light of REE geochemical characteristics of carbonate rocks,coupled with sedimentary facies analysis,this paper discusses the characteristics of the Permian-Triassic marine sedimentary environment in Guizhou Province and its evolutional rules. 相似文献
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Bone apatite acts as a natural, timed sampling device, scavenging trace elements from local pore waters over timescales of ca. 1-50 ka. The rare earth element (REE) and U/Th composition of fossil bones reflects associated pore water compositions during the period of recrystallisation. The REE composition of fossil bones is controlled by partitioning of REE between pore waters and particle surfaces, and the REE composition of fossil bones reflects the REE composition of pore waters which vary spatially and temporally. Light REE are preferentially sorped onto particle surfaces, thus the high La/Yb values seen in many bones from coastal marine and aeolian environments are best explained by release of REE from light REE-enriched particles to local pore waters and subsequent immobilisation in recrystallising bones. The REE compositions of bones recovered from pedogenically altered diatomite sediments of the Olorgesailie Formation of southern Kenya vary over spatial scales of less than 10 m. Location accounts for 48% of the observed variation in bone chemistry and bones recovered from eight discrete excavations within the same time-equivalent stratigraphic layer can be assigned to their excavation location with >70% accuracy based on a discriminant analysis of REE, U, and Th composition. Despite this within-layer variation, bones recovered from different stratigraphic horizons within the Olorgesailie Formation can also be distinguished on the basis of their trace element composition. Bones recovered from four stratigraphic horizons spanning ca. 0.5 million years were assigned to their correct stratigraphic layer with >90% accuracy. Where sedimentological conditions are favourable, the trace element composition of fossil bone may be used to test stratigraphic provenance and burial location in excavated bone with a temporal resolution of <10 ka and a spatial resolution of <10 m. The trace element composition of fossil bone may also be used to investigate the accumulation history of vertebrate assemblages and to reconstruct pore water variability across land surfaces. 相似文献
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Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues Guilherme Malafaia Adivane Terezinha Costa Hermínio Arias Nalini Jr. 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(4):965-972
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of mining on the geochemical composition of the alluvial sediments of the Gualaxo do Norte River Basin, located in the eastern-southeastern portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The analysis of the sedimentological succession was carried out using 16 stratigraphic sections (cutbanks and alluvial terraces) and analysis of 111 sediment samples for major- and trace-elements by ICP-OES. The stratigraphic analysis revealed the deposition history of the collected sediments. Anomalous concentrations of certain elements such as As and Pb were found, which are associated with stratigraphic facies with evidences of gold artisanal mining, and Fe anomalies associated with iron ore mining. The classification of the sections was possible by means of principal component analysis. From the sediment characteristics, three groups were identified: (1) those influenced by iron ore mining and gold artisanal mining; (2) those influenced by iron ore mining and (3) those with no influence of human activities. 相似文献
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根据1:5万区域地质调查有关规范和技术要求,在西藏埃永错东地区开展了1:5万区域地质调查。通过对岩石地层、年代地层、生物地层、层序地层和事件地层等多重地层的划分与对比,重新厘定了古生代、中生代地层形成的时代和地层序列,并将特殊岩性层以非正式填图单位进行了表达; 系统查明了区域地层、岩石、构造特征和成矿地质条件; 首次在晚三叠世日干配错群中新识别出晚侏罗世-早白垩世雪山组; 建立了测区二叠系多重地层划分方案; 重新厘定了日干配错群基本层序和物质组成,将日干配错群进一步划分为2个组; 新解体出31个侵入体、8个潜火山岩地质体和多条中酸性脉体; 查明了区内断裂、褶皱等构造性质、时代、序次及空间配置关系,建立了测区构造格架和构造样式; 新发现金属矿（化）点18处,找矿靶区2处。 相似文献
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第四纪地层年代学格架的建立对于区域地层对比及古地理环境演化研究具有重要意义。通过分析永定河中下游地区廊固凹陷北部后王各庄村ACX02钻孔378 m岩芯沉积物的结构构造、岩性组合特征,应用测井曲线及古地磁、AMS14C、OSL测年方法,对ACX02钻孔剖面进行详细地层划分、沉积相研究及地层年代学格架的建立。结果表明,岩芯记录了布容正向极性时、贾拉米洛极性亚时、奥尔都维极性亚时和高斯正极性亚时,地层从老到新依次为:下更新统（Qp1）以河道相、泛滥平原相沉积为主,底界260 m;中更新统（Qp2）以湖沼相沉积为主,底界76.7 m;上更新统（Qp3）主要为河道相沉积,底界59.7 m;全新统（Qh）主要为泛滥平原相沉积,底界15.45 m。 相似文献
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济阳坳陷不同序级不整合构造特征与地层油藏 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
针对地层油藏成藏复杂,预测难度大等问题,从地层油藏构造特征分析出发,探讨了不整合构造与陆相断陷盆地地层油藏的关系。提出了不同序级不整合地层油藏的6种成藏模式,建立了不整合构造与地层圈闭类型、成藏模式的关系特征,提出了不整合结构与构造形态是影响不同序级地层油藏的主要控制因素。 相似文献
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Bauxite deposits near Mazaugues/Var, Southern France occur on “karsted” Lower Cretaceous Carbonaceous rocks in two neighbouring stratigraphic sections. Fabric properties, qualitative and quantitative mineral composition and chemical composition of the bauxite and its sedimentary base were studied. Origin of material, stratigraphic variations in diagenetic effects, and attachment of the chemical elements to certain minerals were considered. 相似文献
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云南晋宁地区柳坝塘组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其对晋宁运动的制约 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
云南晋宁地区柳坝塘组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄(890±9Ma、834±34Ma)和Hf同位素分析结果,有利于云南晋宁地区青白口系的年代定位,为中国南、北方青白口纪地层对比提供了可靠的同位素年龄数据。通过同位素年代学研究探讨昆阳群与八街群的关系,对比华南块体青白口系区域地层和构造演化序列,特别是对晋宁运动底界年龄进行限定。对柳坝塘组凝灰岩样品LBT26-3和LBT26-4进行Hf同位素分析。结果显示,柳坝塘组凝灰岩主要来自于中元古代的岩浆物质,几乎不含地壳组分。样品LBT26-3的εHf(t)值较高,二阶段Hf模式年龄较小,说明其组分为更年轻的岩浆物质,显示在柳坝塘组形成时期可能发生了持续的陆壳增生事件,此区域可能更多为洋壳组成。上述年龄为云南青白口纪地层的对比增添了可靠的年代学依据。 相似文献
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断陷盆地构造作用与层序样式 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
我国东部大多数中新生代含煤和含油气盆地是陆相断陷盆地，其层序形成和演化主要受控于幕式构造作用。笔者通过典型断陷盆地层序层的研究，根据构造沉降及其可容空间变化特点，提出了拉张型，挤压型，走滑－伸展型和热沉降型四种层序样式，并总结了各种层序中体系域构成特点，概括了多幕裂陷型，断坳转化型和走滑－伸展型三种层序地层格架模式。 相似文献
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准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树剖面八道湾组扇三角洲沉积特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在野外露头观察与实测的基础上,运用沉积学与层序地层的相关理论,对准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树剖面八道湾组沉积特征进行了详细研究。该剖面八道湾组为扇三角洲沉积,扇三角洲平原与扇三角洲前缘亚相均比较发育。运用层序地层学中基准面变化的原理,将八道湾组划分为2个长期旋回,并细分为3个中期旋回以及若干短期旋回。总结了露头区八道湾组A/S比值与地层叠加样式之间的响应关系：低A/S比值条件下,易形成连通性好的厚层叠加砂体,沉积微相类型较单一;中A/S比值条件下,易形成单层厚度较薄的、似毯状的、垂向上紧凑叠加的多层状砂体;高A/S比值条件下,泥岩更为发育,而砂体多呈孤立状,呈现厚层泥与薄层砂的沉积特点。通过详细解剖露头剖面八道湾组的沉积特征,最终建立了该区八道湾组扇三角洲沉积模式,为准噶尔盆地南缘扇三角洲油气储层的研究提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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B. I. Pavlyutkin I. Yu. Chekryzhov T. I. Petrenko 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2012,6(4):310-325
The geological characteristics of the productive coaliferous sequence and the overlying strata (the Nezhino Sequence) at the Nezhinsky brown coal field are provided with detailed geological and paleobotanical data on the Nezhino Sequence (operating quarry), which is proposed as its type section. Based on the analysis of the macro- and microfloral assemblages, the transitional Late Oligocene-early Miocene age is inferred for these sediments. The floras from both the sequences demonstrate no principal differences, being moderately thermophilic in composition, although the Nezhino flora is more thermophilic. The coaliferous and Nezhino sequences are assumed to be separated by a stratigraphic hiatus. It is shown that they are similar to the Oligocene-Miocene boundary sections in the adjacent regions. The Nezhino Sequence (lower Miocene) most likely corresponds to the upper Aquitanian-Burdigalian interval in the Standard stratigraphic scale. The Paleogene-Neogene boundary in the Primorye region is proposed to be placed at the top of the Pavlovka Horizon. In the Nezhino brown coal field, it coincides with the upper boundary of the coaliferous sequence. 相似文献
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内蒙古中部大青山-乌拉山地区早前寒武系研究的重要进展及对高级变质区开展地层工作的几点建议 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
介绍了1996-2003年期间,通过内蒙古大青山-乌拉山地区1:5万和1:25万区域地质调查,在本区早前寒武纪地层尤其是高级变质地层研究方面取得的重要进展.这些进展是:重建了一个由4个岩群12个岩组构成的早前寒武纪地层系统;发现了枣儿沟角度不整合面和新建了古元古代的美岱召岩群;提出了适合高级变质地层发育区地层工作的"构造-岩层-事件法"的工作思路和方法.在这一思路和方法指导下,明确了本区构造样式演化与高级区地层系统重建的关系,提出了主期构造决定岩石地层现今展布特征,早期构造造成地层组成、结构特征、空间叠置及接触关系性质,后期构造导致区内高级变质地层局部复杂化和再造的基本规律性的认识.最后对高级区开展地层研究提出4点建议. 相似文献
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层序地层地球化学主要研究基于层序地层格架下的烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质的地球化学性质随层序、体系域的变化规律。以大民屯凹陷为实例的研究结果表明,层序地层地球化学研究在油气勘探中具有4个方面的主要作用:(1)预测未钻井或未取心地区烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质地球化学性质;(2)通过细化烃源岩评价单元,提高资源量计算中烃源岩体积估算和有机质性质评价的精度;(3)为基于层序地层格架的油气成藏系统研究提供“油气源”和“资源量”的要素;(4)可以作为盆地沉积充填分析的线索,并对已建立的层序地层格架进行检验和校正。层序地层地球化学研究不仅对中国东部老油田隐蔽油气藏的勘探工作具有重要的意义,对勘探程度低、钻井少、源岩取心少的西部含油气盆地中的烃源岩评价工作更为有效。 相似文献
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湛江组结构性黏土区域微观结构特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
形成于早更新世的湛江组地层广泛分布于雷州半岛地区,其最为典型的灰色黏土因具有强结构性,在实际工程中出现了一系列岩土工程问题,为众多学者所关注。根据地层学研究结果,雷州半岛各区域的湛江组灰色黏土具有不同沉积环境。由于地质成因的差异,灰色黏土在不同区域表现出不同的工程特性。工程实际中,灰色黏土工程特性的区域性,使得工程界及研究者对于该土层的工程力学效益更是难以掌握。利用X射线衍射试验及电镜扫描试验,研究了不同区域灰色黏土的矿物成分及含量、微结构等微观结构特性。结果表明：不同沉积环境灰色黏土矿物成分及含量存在区域性差异,各矿物成分按照不同比例组合,形成的土体微结构区域特性明显。灰色黏土具有强结构性微观机制的揭示及区域差异性的分析,有利于对该层黏土的全面认知和利用。 相似文献