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三峡库区巫峡龚家坊至独龙一带存在大量反倾不稳定边坡,多具有薄厚互层和软硬相间的岩体结构,边坡高度普遍在500 m以上。现场调查表明独龙7#边坡(D7)具有明显的“S”型柔性变形现象。为探明反倾边坡“S”型变形破坏机制,以独龙段反倾边坡为依托,从边坡的岩体结构调查、破坏模式概化、监测资料分析、变形破坏模拟等角度对软硬互层反倾高边坡的破坏机制进行研究。通过现场调查与无人机倾斜摄影,建立了边坡的三维模型,进而提取航拍数据,获得了岩层厚度、断距等的统计规律;基于断距-层厚统计规律,通过离散元软件UDEC对库水软化作用下D7边坡“S”型变形机理进行了模拟分析。研究表明:(1)独龙段边坡普遍具有陡倾内逆向层状结构,发育3组结构面,岩体被切割成块;(2)根据软岩占比,可将独龙段边坡分为2类:A类边坡软岩层占约20%,断距/层厚值分布于0.7~2.8区间,并集中于1.2~1.8;B类边坡软岩层占比约10%,断距/层厚值分布于0.5~3.3区间,并集中于0.6~1.5;A类边坡岩体长细比更大;(3)长期监测表明,边坡在库水位低值时位移量大,D7边坡位移持续增大,潜在整体失稳;(4)离散元模拟表明,边坡破裂面自坡脚延伸,中部硬岩区起到支撑并抑制上部变形的作用,边坡硬岩区与软岩区的差异变形以及变形体不同部位惯性的差异是导致岩层“S”型变形的主因,最终分别过“S”形岩层两个反弯点形成两条剪切带,形成自下而上的柔性弯曲-滑移型破坏。(5)断距-层厚比(S/T)可影响边坡破坏模式,比值越大,反折变形区与坡脚垮塌区越小,当S/T≥2时,S型变形不再发育。 相似文献
2.
某倾倒边坡开挖下的变形特征及加固措施分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
以皖南某高速公路一个反倾边坡为例,在详细地质调查基础上分析了边坡以倾倒-滑移为主要特征的倾倒变形力学机理。调查结果显示在边坡原有倾倒变形的基础上,开挖爆破等工程扰动首先使开挖面顶部出现倾倒变形并伴有后缘拉裂隙,同时坡体内部断续结构面逐渐贯通,最下级台阶面出现外鼓等。上述现象的出现显示出边坡具有整体失稳破坏的趋势。在上述地质概念模型基础上,应用离散单元法对边坡变形全过程进行模拟,验证上述变形破坏机理,并揭示了边坡在深度方向上的变形分区现象,即倾倒-折断区、强烈倾倒区、倾倒影响区和正常岩层区。 相似文献
3.
Centrifuge Modeling of Rock Slopes Susceptible to Block Toppling 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary This paper presents the results of centrifuge tests that were aimed at validating the Goodman-Bray method for rock slope toppling
analysis. The Goodman-Bray method was extended by the authors to accommodate non-persistent basal planes of rock columns.
Two gypsum column models, with and without anchors were used to represent the failure modes. Measured critical centrifuge
accelerations were in agreement with the results obtained from numerical modeling. A background of the toppling slope failures
associated with a large hydropower project in China instigated the need for the centrifuge study. The centrifuge model tests
used an artificial rock. The observed failure mode did not follow a straight failure plane as proposed by Goodman and Bray.
The failures revealed a bi-planar slip surface with a deep-seated portion near the toe of the slope. The outcomes of the centrifuge
tests illustrated the need to search for the critical failure surface when performing a toppling analysis. The search technique
is similar to that usually performed in a conventional sliding analysis. 相似文献
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针对反倾层状岩质斜坡倾倒变形折断面空间展布缺乏定量判断的问题,以地质原型和变形机制分析为基础,考虑岩层自重、上覆岩层盖重、侧向压力、岩层间的摩擦力等作用,提出了岩板倾倒折断的独立悬臂梁模型和独立简支梁模型。采用板梁的最大拉应力破坏准则,推导出了倾倒变形各阶段岩层的临界折断深度公式。利用地质原型对推导的公式进行了验证,并通过离心试验获取了倾倒变形各阶段的坡形参数,对边坡各阶段折断深度进行了定量评价。研究表明：理论模型可计算倾倒变形层间剪切错动、弱倾倒破坏、强倾倒破坏等各阶段岩层的折断长度;岩层折断长度与岩层分布高程、拉应力、岩梁自身重度呈负相关,与岩层内摩擦角、岩层厚度、抗拉强度呈正相关;根据倾倒变形各阶段力学参数,计算倾倒体各级折断面分布位置,结果与地质原型和离心试验结果吻合。该研究成果对倾倒变形边坡稳定性评价具有一定的理论和实际意义。 相似文献
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以往研究中倾倒变形研究在反倾边坡较多而在顺倾边坡中很少,对两种不同结构的边坡形成倾倒体的异同点更是存在较多空白。在总结大量倾倒体实例基础上,对层状反倾和顺倾边坡倾倒变形形成条件及发育规模特征进行了详细研究。结果表明,顺倾边坡若发生倾倒,通常表现为坡高 100 m,边坡坡角 35°,岩层倾角 60°,岩性为薄层或薄层与中层互层的软岩、软硬相间的岩石;反倾边坡当坡角 30°及岩层倾角 30°就可能发生倾倒,其岩性为薄层～中厚层状的软岩、硬岩及具有似层状结构的坚硬岩石均可;提出层状岩质边坡“倾倒临界倾角 ”的概念,对于顺倾边坡, 60°,当 时边坡将可能产生倾倒破坏,当 时边坡通常产生顺层面的“滑移-弯曲”或“滑移-拉裂”型破坏;反倾边坡 30°,当 时边坡才可能演化成明显倾倒变形,当 时边坡不会倾倒或倾倒不明显;对于地质条件基本相同而坡体结构不同的两种边坡,反倾边坡形成的倾倒体无论是发育分布面积还是倾倒深度通常是大于顺倾边坡的,而且一旦形成倾倒体,二者的规模通常是深层的、大型或特大型的;倾倒体的分布面积和倾倒深度均呈现一种随坡高的增加而增加的趋势,坡高 250 m时其分布面积和倾倒深度表现为陡然增加,并且反倾边坡增加幅度大于顺倾边坡。 相似文献
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反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏是一种常见的地质灾害。为探究开挖条件下反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏机制以及层间剪切强度、岩层厚度因素对破坏特征的影响,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立黏聚力裂缝模型（Cohesive Crack Model,CCM）,基于连续-离散方法,经参数标定和对比,建立反倾层状岩质边坡CCM,采用开挖并增重的方式诱发边坡倾倒破坏。数值模拟结果与古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体离心模型试验结果基本一致,验证了CCM的正确性。进一步,基于以上参数及模型,研究了反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏演化过程和应力分布特征,并探讨层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:坡体前缘首先发生局部折断,后缘出现明显拉裂缝,反倾岩层由下往上依次折断直至倾倒体中部（一级破裂面）。随后,坡体前缘的表层岩层被挤出,形成二级破裂面,最后一级破裂面扩展至坡体后缘,形成连通宏观的破裂面。最后,二级破裂面扩展至坡体中部,边坡完全倾倒破坏;破裂面基本沿层间法向应力峰值位置连线发育;层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征具有显著的影响,随着层间剪切强度的增大,岩层初始折断位置逐渐降低,垮塌范围逐渐减小,破裂面倾角增大;坡体层厚越大,一级破裂面分布越深,垮塌区范围越大,坡体滑动的整体性越强。研究成果可为反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏的分析和监测提供有效计算方法及依据,为此类滑坡灾害的防治提供一定参考。 相似文献
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层状岩石边坡倾倒破坏过程的数值流形方法模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
层状岩石边坡的倾倒破坏是岩石边坡失稳破坏的主要形式之一。本文利用数值流形方法对一层状岩石边坡的倾倒破坏过程进行了模拟。模拟结果表明：在不考虑块体间粘结力的情况下，块体间的摩擦角决定着岩石边坡的稳定性。随着摩擦角的增加，块体间的摩擦系数增大，岩石边坡的稳定性增强，并出现相应的滑动区、倾倒区和稳定区。模拟结果与相应的理论预测结果相吻合。 相似文献
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Liangfu Xie Echuan Yan Jianhu Wang Gongda Lu Guangming Yu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(4):156
In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of reverse-dip slope toppling is conducted by taking the Xiaodongcao slope as an example. First, a spatial partitioning analysis of toppling deformation is performed based on the field reconnaissance and interpretation of engineering geological data. Then, the variations of toppling deformation in time domain are analyzed for different areas of the slope with monitored data of surface displacement. Finally, the isochrones of toppling displacement evolution are constructed by using inverse distance weighted interpolation of surface monitoring data at discrete locations. The results presented in the study have shown that: (1) the displacement at the rear of the slope is dominated by vertical deformation, whereas the horizontal deformation is predominant at the slope front which also controls the overall deformation of the bank slope; (2) the overall evolution of slope deformation is dominated by the strip area at the center of the slope. In particular, the overall deformation of the slope lags behind the central region, and the displacement in this strip area could trigger an overall displacement of the bank slope. It is thus inferred that the stripe area serves as the locked segment for the toppling deformation of the slope. 相似文献
11.
倾倒破坏是陡倾层状岩体边坡一类主要的变形破坏形式,地震作用下岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏分析具有重要的工程指导意义。基于块体极限平衡,针对岩块长细比较大的情况,推导出了地震作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏的一般解析解。对于简单的反倾边坡,给出了地震作用下倾倒破坏的显式解析解,并推导了岩块间法向力、破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力计算公式。通过4个典型算例研究了地震作用对反倾边坡破坏模式、倾倒破坏时所允许的最大陡倾节理视倾角、破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力的影响,为反倾边坡的抗震支护设计提供了理论基础。最后,根据地震影响系数与破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力的定量关系对比分析了解析法与传递系数法,结果显示,当岩块长细比大于20时,解析法具有足够的计算精度。 相似文献
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澜沧江某水电站右坝肩工程边坡倾倒变形问题的数值 模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
澜沧江某水电站处于青藏高原东部边缘地带,属于高山峡谷地形地貌,高地应力环境,岩体卸荷裂隙很发育,使得倾倒变形和岩体质量、断裂活动及地震构造一样成为影响工程边坡岩体稳定的主要因素。针对工程边坡的大变形问题可采用离散元的数值模拟分析方法。通过建立理论开挖和工程边坡开挖离散元模型,可分别得出倾倒变形破坏机理发展过程为初期弱倾倒变形岩体的层内剪切错动、强倾倒变形岩体的层内拉张变形、强倾倒变形岩体的切层张-剪破裂及极强倾倒破裂岩体的折断张裂(坠覆)破裂和工程边坡的变形范围、确定开挖面及加固方式等。通过工程边坡模型的计算结果和现场地质调查成果的比较表明,计算结果和实际情况基本吻合。 相似文献
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张丙先 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2018,48(5):1539-1545
西藏玉曲河下游河谷由板岩组成的岸坡普遍发生倾倒变形,其变形特征在青藏高原东南部"三江"地区具有典型性。随着该地区水利水电项目的不断开发,倾倒变形边坡问题日益突出。本文根据在工程实践中遇到的倾倒变形边坡问题,采用现场调查、勘探和原位试验的方法,重点对边坡变形特征与板岩变形特性的相关性进行研究,并分析了3种倾倒类型：倾倒折断型呈脆性破坏,破坏模式主要为由前部向后部逐级后退式破坏,适合采用极限平衡方法进行稳定性分析;倾倒弯曲型属延性变形,破坏模式主要为边坡浅部的坠覆和松驰,适合采用建立在非连续介质模型基础上的应力应变分析方法;倾倒揉皱弯曲型与倾倒弯曲型类似,仅是在倾倒弯曲的基础上叠加了冰川的推覆作用而发生褶曲。 相似文献
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倾倒型黄土崩塌是黄土地区常见的一种灾害。根据倾倒型黄土崩塌的形成特征,分别由静力平衡条件的临界状态与塑性流动临界状态得到倾倒型崩塌垂直裂隙长度的上、下限解;根据摩尔库仑准则,得到崩塌体底面产状。由以上结果确定倾倒型崩塌体的几何特征;再根据力的平衡、力矩平衡条件,建立倾倒型黄土崩塌的稳定性判据,实现对倾倒型黄土崩塌的稳定性评价。根据发生倾倒变形的条件,建立了倾倒型崩塌体的运动学方程。通过求解,可再现倾倒型黄土崩塌发生后的运动轨迹,确定崩塌体的致灾范围。研究结果揭示了倾倒型崩塌体的形成机制,为确定倾倒式黄土崩塌治理方法及确定建设项目的安全距离的确定提供理论依据。 相似文献
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倾倒变形常见于反倾结构边坡,特别在具有软硬互层结构边坡中,甚至可发育为深度上百米的大型滑坡。为进一步探明此类反倾边坡倾倒变形的破坏机制,以及边坡形态结构及岩体力学参数等因素的影响规律,以离心模型试验为原型,结合离散元数值模拟,分析了倾倒变形的形成过程以及在外界扰动下的破坏机制。并通过单因素分析法、正交设计法等,研究了多种因素对反倾边坡倾例变形的影响,通过极差分析获得了各因素的敏感性。通过在岩层内预置大量多边形随机裂隙,数值模拟较好地实现了对破裂面起裂及延展规律的模拟。结果表明:离心模型试验可较好地还原倾倒变形过程,而离散元数值模拟则可对实验结果进行有效的重现与扩展,两者吻合度良好;岩体变形过程存在3个阶段,即起始变形、稳态变形和失稳破坏等阶段;破裂面呈弧形,在变形积累到一定程度后快速形成;边坡可自下而上形成多级破裂面,并伴随岩层的强烈弯曲变形,在外界扰动下,倾倒变形体将由外到内沿不同破裂面形成渐进后退式破坏;多种影响因素中,边坡形态结构影响最大,层面参数次之,软硬岩岩石力学参数的差异影响较小;具体而言,边坡形态与坡体结构对倾倒变形的影响性大小表现为坡角＞倾角＞坡高＞坡形＞层厚比＞层厚,坡角、倾角、坡高越大,坡形越外凸,软硬岩层厚差越小,倾倒变形越容易发生;边坡变形规模主要受形态结构因素控制,倾角和坡角影响最显著。 相似文献
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Toppling is the foremost failure pattern of anaclinal rock slopes, and deep-seated toppling deformations (DSTDs) are common on high anaclinal slopes on the sides of gorges in western China. The DSTDs can develop to depths of more than 200 m, and may show distinct signs of zonal failure. Many DSTDs undergo transformation to large landslides involving rock volumes of more than 106 m3. However, the conditions for the formation and the basic evolving processes of DSTDs remain unclear. This study seeks to develop an inventory to classify the distribution, and the conditioning factors which govern the formation and deformation modes of DSTDs in western China and to analyze the effect of the geological and geomorphological variables on the toppling intensities. To this end, forty-nine DSTDs were analyzed. The results indicate that DSTDs in western China are commonly distributed along large deeply incised rivers in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The steep-dip anaclinal metamorphic soft or soft-hard-interbedded strata with near parallel strikes in the river channel, V-shaped deeply incised river channels, and convex slopes are favorable conditions for the formation of DSTDs in these settings. The dip angle, the gradient, and the height of most slopes which develop DSTDs are 60–90°, 30–50°, and 200–800 m, respectively. There is a highly positive relationship between the depth of toppling and the height of the slope. The toppled rock masses can be classed as extremely intense, intense, moderate, and weak toppling zones characterized by complete block detachment, tensile-shear fracture, tensile fracture, and reverse slip along foliations, respectively. Each zone corresponds to a specific range of the dip angle of the toppled strata, the aperture of the tensile cracks, the P-wave velocity, the state of rock weathering, and the degree of unloading. The extremely intense and the intense toppling zones tend to evolve into sliding failures. Overall, 94% of the DSTDs were derived from flexural toppling and 33% have developed into large landslides.
相似文献17.
The intake slope for the Fengtan Hydropower Station enlargement project is composed of thickly bedded sedimentary rock. During excavation of the intake slope and tunnels, toppling was observed in the rock masses of the intake slope. Research was conducted to study the engineering geological conditions and the deformation characteristics of the slope during excavation. The in situ monitoring data and possible causes for toppling were analyzed. A method for analyzing monitoring data was proposed, which can be used to calculate the depth and rotation angle of block toppling. The monitoring results showed that toppling occurred only at a shallow depth, and induced local instability of the slope. Deformation had been controlled and the slope tended to be stable after reinforcement. Through this case study, it can be seen that the stability of the slope and underground openings during and after excavation is variable, especially when the loading conditions and topography are changed. A proper construction sequence is essential, i.e., excavation from the inside toward the free slope surface; excavating the slope above the tunnel after the tunnel lining is in place. This is particularly important for the excavation of multiple tunnels at the slope toe. 相似文献
18.
基于总位移指标的反倾岩质边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为分析反倾边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性差异,本文采用数值模拟与灰色关联相结合的方法进行研究。首先将边坡几何特征参数、岩体物理力学参数、岩层力学参数定为反倾边坡第一级倾倒变形影响因子,并从各一级因子中进一步划分出边坡坡度、岩层倾角、岩层柔度等12个次级影响因子;然后对各二级影响因子分别选取11个水平数,并将12个二级影响因子、11级水平数随机组合成11套数值模拟方案,采用UDEC进行各方案数值模拟分析;最后采用灰色关联理论以坡顶倾倒变形水平位移为参考序列对12个二级影响因子进行关联度计算,并进一步分析出了3个一级影响因子敏感性大小。研究结果表明：（1）12个二级影响因子对倾倒变形影响最大的是岩层倾角;（2）三个一级影响因子中几何特征参数对倾倒变形影响最大,岩层层理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响次之,岩块物理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响最小。 相似文献
19.
Analysis methods for block toppling are most commonly undertaken in two dimensions. This paper investigates the influence
of discontinuity orientations on three-dimensional block toppling mechanisms using a three-dimensional distinct element code.
The three-dimensional models allow one to kinematically appraise if toppling conditions derived for two-dimensional geometries
can be extended into three dimensions. Two conceptual model geometries were considered in order to represent a road cut or
open-pit bench. The first geometry examined a slope with fixed vertical lateral boundaries, while the second geometry assumed
an unrestrained lateral slope as a model boundary condition. This “along-strike slope profile” of the models was found to
play an important role in the failure mechanism and displacement direction. The dip direction and dip angle of the toppling,
basal and lateral release discontinuities were varied one at the time using angular ranges of up to 30° from an assumed mutual
orthogonal relationship. This made it possible for the influence and importance of each discontinuity set to be independently
evaluated. The results are presented in a stereographic format with preliminary zones outlining discontinuity aspect combinations
that potentially result in block toppling failures. 相似文献
20.
近10年来,在山区,尤其是西部山区的工程建设和灾害防治实践中,我们发现越来越多的以“倾倒”为特征的岩质边坡变形破坏和稳定性问题,其出现的频度和造成的危害大有比肩“滑动”破坏这一边坡失稳的传统主题,成为困扰地质工程师和岩石力学工作者的又一难题。这类问题之所以难,是因为建立在以“滑动”为基础的传统边坡稳定性分析方法不再适用这类边坡。本文在大量工程实例的基础上,分析了边坡倾倒变形和破坏的基本特征,从“倾倒”变形破坏的地质过程和变形稳定性分析的基本理念出发,建立了描述倾倒边坡不同变形程度的工程地质模型,这个模型将倾倒边坡分为倾倒-坠覆、倾倒-错动、倾倒-张裂、倾倒-松弛4个区,分别对应不同的变形程度和稳定性状况,提出了各个区的具体特征和定性指标与量化指标相结合的描述指标体系,从而将倾倒的地质显现、力学机理和变形稳定性有机统一,实现了对倾倒边坡稳定性的工程地质评价。与传统的“滑动”问题不同的是,本文没有强调对这类问题采用强度稳定性的评价思路,而建议采用变形稳定性评价的理念,这似乎更适合倾倒变形这类问题的分析和评价。 相似文献