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1.
Various sludge samples from different domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) to evaluate their total and available contents of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd and Zn). The EDTA, pyridine and acetic acid single extraction techniques were applied to these samples with the objective of studying the leaching behavior of the metals in different sludges and also to predict their possible mobility when these wastes are disposed on the environment and landfills. In EDTA, higher extraction efficiency was observed for major part of the elements studied in the industrial sludges except for Hg and Cd, which were also considerably released from domestic sludges. Acetic acid and pyridine gave a better extraction efficiency for Zn in industrial sludge than EDTA. Moreover, the results of total digestions were compared, for total metal contents, with those obtained using pseudototal digestion procedure and a good correlation (r2 = 0.95) was found between the two methods of digestion.  相似文献   

2.
Immobilization of Cd,Zn and Pb in sewage sludge using red mud   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
Sewage sludge is an inevitable end by-product of sewage treatment. Land application provides a cost-effective alternative for sewage sludge disposal. However, sewage sludge contains heavy metals that may limit its application. In this work, red mud was employed for the immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The effect of red mud amendment on heavy metal immobilization was evaluated using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The TCLP results showed that the immobilization efficiency of Cd, Zn and Pb was 100, 92, and 82%, respectively, when sewage sludge was mixed with 10% red mud. Tests carried out in leaching columns demonstrated that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate of 10% red mud amended sludge were lower than those of the unamended sludge. Moreover, red mud decreased plant available heavy metal (Cd, Zn and Pb) content from 18.1, 17.2 and 14.6% to 6.9, 11.4 and 7.6%, respectively. Sequential chemical extraction experiments showed that after sludge was amended with 10% red mud, exchangeable fraction was reduced and iron and manganese oxides fraction was increased. Red mud amendment can effectively immobilize Cd, Zn and Pb in sewage sludge before land application.  相似文献   

3.
In the present study, stabilization treatment using waste resource stabilizers was performed for soil contaminated with As and heavy metals (Pb and Cu). Calcined oyster shell (COS) and coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS) were used as a mixed stabilizing agent for a wet-curing duration of 28 days. After the stabilization treatment, the treatment process efficiency was evaluated by the results of various batch- and column-leaching tests. Neutral and weak acid extraction methods, such as water-soluble extraction and SPLP, did not exhibit satisfactory results for heavy metal stabilization, even if they showed very low leachability. On the other hand, TCLP and 0.1 M HCl extraction showed that the stabilizers significantly reduced the amount of heavy metals leached from the soil, which strongly supports the thesis that the stabilization treatment is efficient in the acidic leaching conditions that were explored. Specifically, in the 0.1 M HCl extraction, the reduction efficiencies of As, Pb, and Cu leachings were more than 90 %, compared with control experiments. This study demonstrates that the application of waste resources for the stabilization of As and heavy metals is feasible. However, some limitations observed in the experiments should be considered in future studies, such as the mobilization of alkali-soluble elements, and in particular, exchangeable fractions of Cu. In addition, the treatment efficiency can be evaluated by different leaching methods, which suggests that multidirectional approaches are required for the proper evaluation of stabilization treatment.  相似文献   

4.
Partitioning of heavy metals on soil samples from column tests   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
In this study, column tests were used to determine the retention capability of three types of estuarine alluvia collected adjacent to landfill sites in South Wales. Selective sequential extraction (SSE) was used to study the retention mechanisms of heavy metals in the soil columns obtained from leaching experiments. Acid digestion was later used to check the validity of the SSE results. Breakthrough curves show good retention of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Zn) by all soils, where almost 99% of heavy metals were retained with the Ce/Co values in the order of 10−3. The retention strength of these soils was observed to be constant up to five pore volumes (PV). This corresponds with the pH of the effluents and pore water of soil slices, which also show good buffering capacity against very acidic leachate up to 5PV. The heavy metal extraction profiles from SSE show very similar trends with the retention profiles from the leaching experiments, where heavy metals were retained mainly at the top part where the leachate entered the column. SSE indicates qualitatively that heavy metals precipitated with carbonates and amorphous materials (oxides/hydroxides) are higher than heavy metal retention via exchangeable mechanisms. The mass balance calculation gives range of deviation of 1–16% of the total soil extraction. The distribution of the heavy metals with various soil constituents are ranked in the following order: Carbonates>Amorphous oxides hydroxides>Organic matter>Exchangeable phases.  相似文献   

5.
The use of coal fly ash and domestic sewage sludge in agriculture is being considered as one of the methods for recycling of these wastes in an environmental beneficial manner. Mixtures with soil were prepared at different proportions of fly ash and sludge, either alone or in combination at a maximum application rate of 52 t ha-1. The changes in the selected properties and heavy metal contents of three soil types in India were studied after incubating the respective mixtures for 90 days at near field capacity moisture level. Sewage sludge, due to its acidic and saline nature, high organic matter and heavy metals content, had more impact on soil properties than the fly ash. Sludge application produced several changes including an increase in available nitrogen, organic carbon, salinity and water-holding capacity of the soils. The concentrations of major cations and heavy metals also increased because of the sludge application and the pH was decreased. However, the levels of individual metal concentrations in all the mixture types were below the allowable limits prescribed by several environmental agencies. Using fly ash either alone or in equal quantity with sewage sludge had little influence on soil properties and heavy metal content. The relative availability (RA) of heavy metals in three soils amended with 52 t ha-1 of sewage sludge was observed to be highest in oxisol, followed by alfisol and vertisol.  相似文献   

6.
本文基于凤凰山铜矿田药园山矿床采矿废石的淋溶实验研究,着重探索表生环境下影响重金属淋滤迁移的因素,分析重金属在采矿废石中迁移转化的机制。动态淋滤实验考查了重金属从两种采矿废石中淋出的浓度与淋溶液的pH值、淋滤时间以及淋出液酸度的关系。结果表明,采矿废石中重金属淋滤强度随酸度的增加而逐渐增强,而淋滤出的重金属浓度并不总是随时间的延长而递减,同时实验研究也表明,淋溶采矿废石的排放水不一定都是酸性的。因此,在评价矿山环境污染以及治理过程中要对当地雨水的平均pH值、所排放采矿废石的岩性以及废石的堆放时间进行综合考虑。  相似文献   

7.
印染污泥中重金属形态分析及生物有效性   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
选取上海某印染厂的印染废水处理后的活性污泥样品,通过盆栽土培试验,用黑麦草对印染污泥进行修复,运用Tessier A连续提取法研究修复后黑麦草根际和非根际印染污泥中铅、铜、镍、锌、镉5种重金属形态的变化,以及重金属的生物有效性与植物中有效态含量之间的关系。结果表明,栽培后根际与非根际环境中各重金属元素具有典型的形态分布特征:铅主要以离子交换态和残渣态存在;铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和残渣态存在;镍由紧结合态(铁锰氧化物结合态+有机结合态)向离子交换态转移;锌的有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态有所增加;镉主要以离子交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,说明镉元素较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力,应该给予更多的关注。印染污泥中重金属的生物有效性与重金属元素的性质有关,铜、锌的生物有效性较高,其次是铅,最低是镍、镉。  相似文献   

8.
Analysis of the total heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co) concentration was performed on 33 soil samples taken from different profiles and soil types in a highly urbanized and industrial sector of Addis Ababa, central Ethiopia. They were analyzed using aqua regia extraction coupled with a four-stage sequential extraction (SE) procedure. The objectives of the analysis were to investigate the degree of soil heavy metal contamination, its binding forms, mobility and the implications for the groundwater resource. The results show a relatively high content of the analyzed trace metals in the soil attributed to anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Although most of the trace metals are found in the upper few centimeters of the residual soils, because of churning processes within the black cotton soils, vertical distribution of the trace metals is complex. According to the heavy metal SE analysis, the major heavy metal contribution is from the residual followed by the hydroxide phases. Groundwater heavy metal contamination is present with more than 90 and 50% of the analyzed groundwater samples exceeding WHO guidelines for Cr and Cd, respectively. Since the degree of soil heavy metal contamination has apparently not surpassed the soil’s buffering capacity, it appears that the transport path of these toxic metals to the groundwater is through fractures, joints, and related preferential flow paths.  相似文献   

9.
Today, the environmental behavior of steelwork slags is very important for their application. When slags are used as building materials, they can interact with water and soil, with the possibility of leaching of harmful components, e.g., metals such as vanadium or anions such as fluoride. The leachable concentrations of various environmentally relevant parameters have to be below defined limit values, which are given by environmental authorities. In this study, different mineral additives have been investigated for their suitability to reduce chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and fluoride concentrations in slag eluates, as a basis for planned investigations of the long-term leaching behavior of slag/additive mixtures. Seven mineral additives including iron oxide hydroxide, sludge from aluminum production, triple superphosphate, two water work sludges I and II, zeolite powder, and zeolite granules were tested for their efficiency to sorb trace elements and fluoride from four slag eluates comprising two basic oxygen furnace slags and two electric arc furnace slags. The limit values according to the German Alternative Construction Material Ordinance were used to verify which additives were able to minimize concentrations of trace elements and fluoride in slags eluates. Due to high eluate concentrations, the sludge from aluminum production and the triple superphosphate could be excluded from further investigations. The efficiency of the other additives follows the trend iron oxide hydroxide > water work sludges > zeolites. Particularly, the iron oxide hydroxide and the water work sludge I seem to be appropriate to enhance possible applications of slags with respect to the German regulation.  相似文献   

10.
污泥和粉煤灰的循环利用及其对石漠化土壤质量的改善   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
本文通过在石漠化土壤中添加不同配比的城市污泥—粉煤灰混合物,研究其对石漠化区域土壤理化性质、持水性能,及在该石漠化土壤上所种植的高羊茅生长和重金属积累的影响。结果表明:施用粉煤灰能显著降低污泥Cu、Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的含量并使土壤的pH得到提高,明显改善土壤的理化性质;土壤饱和含水率比对照提高1.95倍,持水时间提高7d左右,能增加土壤的N、P养分,并显著提高高羊茅的生物量,不失为促进石漠化地区生态恢复治理的一种有效方法。但由于重金属在环境中半衰期长、彻底清除难和生态毒害大等特点,不宜长期反复施用富含重金属的城市污泥。   相似文献   

11.
The speciation of metals in environmental samples is a critical factor in assessing the potential environmental impacts, before their disposal. The distribution and speciation of toxic heavy metals in plating wastewater residues and sludge was investigated for four samples using sequential extraction method. Tessier method was used to fractionate the metal content into exchangeable, acid extractable, reducible and oxidizable fractions. Residual and total metal contents were determined in aqua regia digest. The extracts were analysed for metals using inductively coupled plasma -atomic emission spectrometry. The bioavailable fraction (exchangeable and acid extractable fractions) is comprised less than the other forms. The oxidisable and reducible forms are dominants for all the four samples studied. The major metal constitute in the samples is iron, the wastewater residue contains (12.3 and 7.4 g/Kg respectively on dry basis) and the sludge contains (31.5 and 41.6 g /Kg) respectively. Cr concentration is higher in wastewater residue of second electroplating industry. The descending order of the average total metal contents for these four samples were Fe > Cr > Sn > Zn >Cu > Ni > Mn > Pb > Cd > Ag. Based on the average of absolute values for the four samples the highest bioavailability order of metals is Cr (39 %) in wastewater residues and Zn (32 %) in sludge samples. Metal recovery was good, with < 10 % difference between the total metal recovered through the extractant steps and the total metal determined using aqua regia extract.  相似文献   

12.
The treatment of landfill leachate by reverse osmosis (RO) generates huge volumes of heavily polluted concentrate that has to be properly treated before its discharge into the environment. The aim of this work was to assess the solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of the leachate concentrate (LC) for chemical/physical immobilization of contaminants and for obtaining durable monolithic matrix suitable for storage, landfilling, or use. In addition, the possible use of brick waste as a partial replacement of natural aggregates used for S/S process was investigated. Concrete mixtures were prepared using local PC, sand, gravel, and tap water/LC. The substitution of coarse aggregate material by brick waste was examined for the replacement ratios 25, 50, and 75%. Hardened concrete specimens were subject to compressive test as well as flexural strength test at 7 and 28 days. Besides, a leaching test was performed, and the collected eluates were analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, chlorides, sulfates, phosphorus, and heavy metals. The aggregate replacement with brick waste showed various trends according to the substituted fraction size and ratio. A 28-day compressive strength of more than 25 MPa was obtained even at 50% simultaneous substitution of PC, gravel, and sand. Leaching test analysis confirmed that S/S could be a successful treatment for RO LC decreasing most of the pollutants to comply with landfilling criteria, except for chromium known to be mobile at high pH. Furthermore, the substitution of natural aggregates with brick waste revealed the possibility to cast valuable masonry units. However, a long-term assessment is still needed to ensure the mechanical and chemical stability/durability of concrete.  相似文献   

13.
范少强  曹恩伟 《江苏地质》1998,22(4):223-226
污泥堆肥化后的土地利用是污泥处理处置的重要方法之一。经过对荆马河底泥接种堆置处理,揭示出污泥中重金属的形态发生明显的变化。荆马河底泥中的重金属污染物主要以结合态和残渣态的形式存在,水溶态和交换态的量很小,经接种堆置处理后,水溶态和交换态量大幅削减,结合态和残渣态量有所增加,总量变化不大,生物学方法和化学方法测定都表明,处理后的底泥生物毒性有明显降低,重金属的生物有效性降低。  相似文献   

14.
Vegetation at mining sites can produce increased heavy metal leaching by the organic acids and protons originating from root secretion and litter degradation. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of organic acids and pH on the extraction of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu from an alkaline mine soil (sampled from a mining site of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) and an acid mine soil (sampled from a mining site of Daxin county, Guangxi Province). The results showed that in the presence of organic acids (acetic, oxalic, malic, fumaric, tartaric and citric acids) at pH 7, the extraction of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu from the acid mine soil was much higher than that from the alkaline mine soil, in which only citric acid with higher concentration was capable of extracting some heavy metals. Citric acid had the strongest ability in extracting heavy metals, followed by oxalic acid. Heavy metal extraction dramatically decreased with increasing pH. Moreover, at low pH, oxalic acid promoted the risk of Cu leaching; at high pH, the leaching of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu was enhanced by both oxalic and citric acids. This indicated that those plants, which can produce substantial citric acid or oxalic acid by root secretion and litter degradation, should not be selected for the revegetation of mining sites.  相似文献   

15.
王静  吴宇峰  王斌  张磊  王鑫  赵一 《岩矿测试》2015,34(4):464-470
毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)是美国法定的一种生态环境风险评价方法,通过提取土壤中的重金属有效态判断土壤重金属污染状况和评估污染区域生态风险。本文应用TCLP法提取天津市某工业园区内及周围农田土壤中的有效态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子吸收光谱法分别测定重金属全量和有效态,结合单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价了重金属生态风险。结果表明:研究区Zn是首要污染物,主要来源于镀锌厂、金属制品厂和电镀厂,其次是Pb和Cu污染,Cd无污染;Pb、Zn可能具有同源性或伴生关系;大部分土壤处于安全水平,重金属污染率不到30%,但农田土壤出现了Zn的轻度污染。重金属全量是影响重金属有效态含量较大的因素,当Zn全量大于环境质量标准限值(300 mg/kg),Pb全量大于80mg/kg时,有效态Zn、Pb与其全量均呈正相关。因此,可以使用TCLP法将土壤重金属全量与有效态进行量化评价重金属生态风险。  相似文献   

16.
H. Leenaers 《GeoJournal》1989,19(1):37-43
The floodplain soils in the Guel basin have unacceptably high levels of pollution,v brought about by metal mining and related industrial activities in the past. Spoil heaps still exist along the Geul river and these are susceptible to erosion and leaching processes. An additional source of metals is formed by erosion of older, locally highly contaminated streambank deposits. These older sediments are polluted as a result of solid waste disposal containing metalliferous ore and tailings in the sand fraction. At present, these sediments function as a major source of heavy metals during high flow stages when streambanks are undermined and suspended sediments are deposited on the floodplains. The flood deposits have a relatively coarse texture, i.e. 70% dry weight in the fraction > 63 um.In order to obtain an indication about the potential mobility of the heavy metals in these deposits, 16 samples (8 samples < 63 um and 8 samples > 63 um) out of a set of 122 were subjected to a sequential extraction scheme as proposed by Calmano & Förstner (1983). It was found that up to 80% of the metals may be present in the first three leaching stages (exchangeable cations, carbonate fraction and easily reducible fraction) and that hardly any difference exists between the chemical partitioning of metals in the size fractions < 63 um and > 63 um. Moreover, as the total metal concentrations exponentially decrease along the 40 km distance away from the source area, the percentage of metals in these 3 potentially mobile fractions steadily increases. It is concluded that despite the rapid decay of total metal concentrations, Large amounts of potentially mobile metals are probably stored in the floodplain sediments even at a large distance from the source area.  相似文献   

17.
对铜陵相思谷尾矿砂中的重金属在生物和非生物条件下的淋滤行为进行了研究。设置两个动态反应柱进行实验(实验柱填充尾矿砂+污泥+秸秆,对照柱仅填充尾矿砂,进水SO42-1000 mg/L,pH 7.5)。结果表明,实验初期(0~20 d)实验柱出水重金属浓度明显高于对照柱,归因于柱内微生物加速了矿物分解和重金属的淋滤;此后实验柱出水SO42-浓度逐渐降低,同时Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、总Fe浓度分别降至0.1 mg/L、0.1 mg/L0、.4 mg/L和1 mg/L以下。据此推测,实验柱中出现了微生物作用下的硫酸盐还原作用,生成了可以吸持重金属的硫化物沉淀。研究结果表明,以稻草为碳源、污泥为微生物接种源构建尾矿砂-微生物体系,能够有效还原硫酸盐并去除重金属,该方法可以用于矿山尾矿的原位修复。  相似文献   

18.
A procedure for sequential leaching of various mobile forms of metals in overburden (MOMEO) has been developed. Previous work showed that selective extraction techniques developed for base metals are ineffective for Au extraction. The mobile forms of Au in overburden occur not only as ionic or complex forms but also as ultrafine particles (submicron to nanometer) dispersed in, or bound onto, water-soluble salts, colloidal particles, organic matter, iron and manganese oxides or clay minerals. The conventional approach of partial leach methods, developed for base metals, involves using appropriate extractants to attack the host materials and release the trapped mobile forms of metals into solution. But the ultrafine Au particles thus released from the host are either insoluble in the mild extractant or reabsorbed by colloids. Therefore a two-stage selective leaching scheme has been developed for Au, a sequential leaching procedure to destroy the host materials, followed by a second treatment to place the Au released from the first stage into solution for analysis. This method has been used widely in detailed, regional and strategic exploration in overburden terrains. Case studies from different climatic and geographic settings show that selective leaching of optimum mobile forms of metals in different settings can be effective in finding indications of mineralization. In temperate alluvial terrains, water-extractable and adsorbed or exchangeable forms of metals give the most prominent expression. In arid sandy desert terrains, water-extractable metals and metals in oxides are the best indicators. In cold grasslands, organically bound and water-extractable metals are the most effective indicators of mineralization at depth.  相似文献   

19.
近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...  相似文献   

20.
In the present study, coal from Chakwal (Pakistan) was leached with an aqueous solutions of iodine monochloride (ICl) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DPTA) of different concentrations. The effect of stirring time, concentration and pH was studied on the leaching of different metals from coal. The physicochemical parameters indicated that the coal was of reasonably good quality. The results indicated that with increase in time duration, the extraction of metals increased. In most of the cases, metal concentration increased in the leachate with increasing the concentration of the leaching agents. DPTA was found to be the best leaching agent for most of the metals. Higher extraction of metals from coal fly ash indicated that coal organic matter has a pronounced effect on the leaching. Higher concentration of metals was extracted from virgin coal and coal fly ash at low pH (p?>?0.00) as compared to high pH. DPTA extracted metals in higher concentration from virgin coal and coal fly ash at low pH as compared to ICl. Based on the present study, the most leached metals were Fe, Cu, Mn and the least were Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr.  相似文献   

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