共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Unreclaimed strip mine dumps near Henryetta, Oklahoma were employed as a natural laboratory for the study of slope evolution. These dumps were created by similar technologies and from similar materials but at different times. Modern, 30-year-old and 60-year-old slopes were compared through morphometric analysis and by the direct measurement of current rates of denudation. Slope evolution may be generalized as slope decline. This was effected through reduction of the slope crest, burial of the slope foot, and extension of the upper convexity and lower concavity at the expense of the rectilinear main slope of the original mine dump. There was a progressive reduction in rates of surface erosion, and the balance between weathering and suffosion became skewed towards the latter on the oldest dumps. 相似文献
2.
Karabash (52°2 N, 60°10 E) is a copper smelting town in the southern Ural Mountains of Russia. The town is affected by sulphur dioxide emissions and deposition of metal-rich particulates from the smelter, acid drainage from old mine workings, and leachates from disused waste dumps and tailings dams. The close proximity of houses to these sources of pollution is of concern to human health and has devastated terrestrial vegetation in the environs. The environmental impact of the smelter on lakes in the area has been assessed using chironomids. Short sediment cores were taken from 16 lakes within a 50 km radius of the smelter and the composition of the chironomid fauna from the bottom of each core, representing conditions prior to the commissioning of the smelter in 1910, was compared with the present chironomid fauna in the surface sediments. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that changes in the chironomid fauna of most lakes were driven by trophic change, independent of the industrial activity. Lakes and ponds adjacent to the smelter and waste dumps, which directly receive contaminated waters were devoid of macro- and mesofauna and flora, but there is no evidence that other lakes have been severely impacted by smelter emissions. Local geology ensures that the lakes are well-buffered to the effects of acid deposition which will limit the bioavailability of metals in the water column and sediment. 相似文献
3.
Green Valley, Arizona is a retirement community located near major open-pit copper mines. Mining and milling activities create dust, which degrades air quality, and mine dumps and tailings banks, which degrade the viewscape. Although the tailings banks are highly visible, this study found that consumer surplus lost from dust-polluted air is more than twice that from degradation of viewscape. Consumer surplus lost from both air quality and viewscape degradation is estimated to be between $116,000,000 and $169,000,000. These preliminary estimates are based upon two studies: hedonic property values, and a contingent valuation survey of willingness to pay. 相似文献
4.
In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I, the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192. 相似文献
5.
6.
Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine, Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects. 相似文献
7.
陕西强沙尘暴、特强沙尘暴天气气候特征分析 总被引：1，自引：8，他引：1
从陕西1954—2003年所有沙尘暴记录所对应的3次或4次定时能见度观测资料中挑出最小能见度小于500 m的作为强沙尘暴记录,小于200 m的作为特强沙尘暴记录。然后挑取在一次过程中有3个或3个以上气象站出现强沙尘暴的过程共41次作为强沙尘暴过程,有3个或3个以上气象站出现特强沙尘暴的过程共6次作为特强沙尘暴过程。分析结果表明,20世纪90年代是陕西强沙尘暴、特强沙尘暴过程最少的时期。陕西强沙尘暴过程主要发生在春季,冬季次之,其中春季4月最多, 冬季2月最多。除春季、冬季外,6、11月也有发生。根据41次强沙尘暴过程出现前一日08时500 hPa环流形势分析,将造成陕西强沙尘暴天气的环流形势及影响系统分为蒙古冷（横）槽型、脊前下滑槽型、短波槽东移型和西北气流型4类,其中蒙古冷（横）槽型是造成陕西强沙尘暴天气最多的一种形势,占总次数的44%。陕西6次特强沙尘暴过程的环流形势及影响系统全为蒙古冷（横）槽型。根据地面冷空气入侵陕西的路径分析,将造成陕西强沙尘暴天气的冷空气路径分为西路、西北路、北路三条。 相似文献
8.
流域侵蚀产沙和物质转移* 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
联系当前全球土壤流失的现状,本文阐明研究侵蚀产沙和物质输移规律的重要性,从侵蚀产沙和物质输移的流域系统概念出发,并结合我国黄土高原的治理,扼要介绍国内外这一领域的研究概况. 相似文献
9.
地理-生态过程研究的进展与展望 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
在人类活动深刻影响和全球环境变化背景下,传统地理-生态过程研究正发生深刻变化。本文在概述地理-生态过程研究概况的基础上,指出：(1) 地理-生态过程研究的基本科学问题包括结构与过程、综合与集成两大方面,涉及结构、功能、动态、驱动力、过程、机制、要素集成、过程集成、区域集成等科学要点;(2) 地理-生态过程研究的重点集中在尺度-结构-过程相互作用、自然-经济-社会相互联系、地貌-水文-生态过程相互耦合、地理-生态过程与资源环境效应相结合等领域;(3) 地理-生态过程研究的发展呈现出系统化、综合性、交叉性和应用性的发展趋势;(4) 未来地理-生态过程研究的重大论题包括地表系统中的物质、能量和生物流过程研究,地表环境变化的驱动力研究,区域综合和区域内异质性研究,尺度推绎与转换研究,地理学的整体性研究,方法论创新,应用研究等内容;(5) 未来地理-生态过程研究应当注意加强观测、实验、调查与模拟,加强遥感与野外观测的结合,加强区域综合和全球研究,加强学科交叉等。 相似文献
10.
We characterize the main forms of manifestation of channel processes on first-order streams that have not been studied previously from this standpoint. The main morphological features of small streams are described, a typization of channel processes is provided, and differences from processes and forms of their manifestation in channels of larger rivers are identified. 相似文献
11.
Changes in micro-relief under the influence of natural as well as technogenic factors lead to generation of elementary models of development of erosional and landslide processes, which is confirmed by examples of the development of fluvial processes occurring during torrential rainfall events on the territory of the Baikal region and the Transbaikalia. Formation of such processes under natural conditions is influenced by a larger number of parameters than in the case of experimental modeling. 相似文献
12.
阿拉善高原东南部干涸湖盆沉积物粒度特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
干涸湖盆是西北干旱区广泛分布的地貌类型,也被认为是重要的沙尘源区,但目前对该类地表的土壤风蚀过程与特征研究较少。干涸湖盆沉积物和植被盖度的空间差异性导致沙尘释放过程和风蚀过程具有时空差异性。为了探讨干涸湖盆的土壤风蚀特征,选择阿拉善高原东南部的干涸湖盆为研究区域,沿主风向（西北-东南）方向,选择4个区域,野外实地收集湖相沉积物和灌丛沙丘样品,进行粒度特征分析。结果表明：（1）干涸湖盆地表沉积物粒度存在明显的空间差异性,一方面反映了物源的差异性,另一方面反映了风蚀过程的差异性。（2）受植被和风程长度的影响,上风向和下风向风蚀较弱,而中部地区风蚀最大。 相似文献
13.
荒漠植被蒸腾过程是研究干旱区生态水文过程的关键一环。当前对植物蒸腾过程模拟的发展方向是光合-气孔导度-蒸腾过程耦合模型,将植物叶片的水碳交换过程通过气孔导度模型耦合起来,从而反映植物生理生态对植物蒸腾的影响特征,也揭示水分胁迫是如何影响植物生长过程的。中国干旱区水分环境是特殊的,温带荒漠植物的生理生态对干旱环境下水分条件的响应过程也是独特的,这决定了荒漠植物蒸腾过程特征的独特性,也使得当前先进的水碳耦合蒸腾模拟方法针对中国荒漠植物需要进行有针对性的修改。这些修改的关键包括对干旱区荒漠植物SPAC水分运动过程、植物水分胁迫的生理生态响应规律和荒漠植物气孔导度变化规律等的理解和模拟。相关的国内研究近些年已经有了一些开展,部分领域也得出了许多有意义和可以借鉴的结论。但是围绕蒸腾模型建立所必需的一些水碳交换过程规律的深入认识和模拟等方面,目前的研究没有比较好的支撑,还需要进一步深入研究。 相似文献
14.
应用KINEROS2模型对土质道路侵蚀过程的模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土质道路在三峡库区分布广泛,是库区泥沙重要来源地之一。在考虑道路的水沙效应基础上,结合野外调查和相关研究将三峡库区土质道路分为3级,Ⅰ级车流量大,主要为集镇之间的道路;Ⅱ级是Ⅰ级与大型村落间的道路;Ⅲ级多见于Ⅰ或Ⅱ级至农户的道路。为了有效评估其侵蚀风险、预测径流和侵蚀速率,以3级土质道路的人工降雨资料为基础,应用KINEROS2模型对土质道路的侵蚀过程进行了模拟。结果表明,径流量误差在3.6%~14.7%,侵蚀量的误差在4.5%~31.8%,对人为干扰相对较小的Ⅲ级道路模拟效果要好于Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级道路。土壤流失过程的模拟效果相对较差,初期明显低于实测值,而后期则高于实测值。 相似文献
15.
The establishment and succession of vegetation on migrating, low-profile barrier islands is greatly affected by the physical hydrogeomorphological processes that regulate island topography, saline and fresh groundwater table surfaces. Apart from the physical destruction of plants by overwash processes, fluctuations in water table elevations and variations in groundwater salinity, both spatially and temporally, also appear to have significant impact on the nature and distribution of vegetation on these islands. Species composition, community structure and biodiversity on the Virginia barrier islands are controlled by the same processes that give rise to landforms and maintain their form. These processes include marine water inundations, groundwater salinity variations and changes in depth to the fresh-water table. Land surface elevation, landform morphology and position on the barrier island determine exposure to high tides, storm surges, sand burial, and the extent of the fresh-water reserves.In this article, the underpinnings of a Long-term Ecological Research Program in which 25 geologists, geomorphologists, climatologists, and ecologists have a common research plan is presented and several examples of the product of this research partnership dealing with geomorphological and hydrologic controls on vegetation dynamics are detailed. Among the aspects of ecological dynamics examined in terms of geomorphological processes are vegetation zonation, succession, disturbance, and ecosystem state change. 相似文献
16.
藏北高原地气之间的水分循环 总被引：12，自引：7，他引：12
利用GAME－Tibet期间所取得的高分辨率土壤温度、含水量以及降水量资料，对藏北高原地气之间的水分循环过程进行了分析。结果表明，唐古拉山以南平坦地表7－8月份地表蒸发的水汽量可达177.1mm，占同期降水量的73．2％；唐古拉山以北平坦地表7－8月份地表蒸发的水汽量可达73.3mm，占同期降水量的57．7％。地表土壤通过蒸发不但将大量的水分输送给其上的大气，而且将热量传给了其上的大气，从而抑制了土壤温度的升高。如果仅就唐古拉山南北地表蒸发而言，引起其较大差异的原因主要是降水量的不同。 相似文献
17.
我国西北干旱区区域性沙尘暴特征及成因研究 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
利用1954-2001年131个国家基本基准气象站的逐日观测资料, 运用小波分析等统计方法分析了中国西北地区区域性沙尘暴天气过程特征及变化趋势, 并对其成因进行了初步探讨。结果表明: 1954-2001年, 中国西北地区共出现了1974次区域沙尘暴天气过程, 平均每年42次, 共出现了247次强沙尘暴天气过程, 平均每年5次。沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程的地理分布比较一致, 有两个高发区: 一个位于南疆盆地; 另一个位于西北地区东部。沙尘暴天气过程主要发生在3~7月, 强沙尘暴天气过程集中发生在3~5月。近48a来区域沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程都呈波动下降趋势, 且强沙尘暴天气过程比沙尘暴天气过程下降趋势更为剧烈。1956-1987年是沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程的多发时期, 1988年后无论沙尘暴或强沙尘暴天气过程均大幅减少。2月的北极涛动指数对当年沙尘暴天气过程的发生多少具有预报意义。 相似文献
18.
风廓线雷达资料在强降水预报中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用高分辨率风廓线雷达资料和自动站逐时降水资料,详细分析了云南省大理州2008年6月的两次大气环流背景较为相似,但降雨强度和范围却不同的强降水天气过程。在天气转折前,两次过程测站上空的垂直速度和信噪比的变化较相似,但有量值差异大、水平风垂直切变明显不同等特点。揭示了两次强对流天气在高层大气环流背景较为相似的情况下,因低层空间气流变化的剧烈和复杂程度不同而降水分布和降水特点不同的客观事实,并找出了强降水预报着眼点和定性指标。 相似文献
19.
This paper explores the effects of hillslope mobility on the evolution of a 10-km2 drainage basin located at the northern border of the Swiss Alps. It uses geomorphologic maps and the results of numerical models that are based on the shear stress formulation for fluvial erosion and linear diffusion for hillslope processes. The geomorphic data suggest the presence of landscapes with specific cross-sectional geometries reflecting variations in the relationships between processes in channels and on hillslopes. In the headwaters, the landscape displays parabolic cross-sectional geometries indicating that mass delivered to channels by hillslope processes is efficiently removed. In the trunk stream portion, the landscape is (i) V-shaped if the downslope flux of mass is balanced by erosion in channels (i.e. if mass delivered to channels by hillslope processes is efficiently removed) and (ii) U-shaped if in-channel accumulation of hillslope-derived material occurs. This latter situation indicates a non-balanced mass flux between processes in channels and on hillslopes.Information about the spatial pattern of the postglacial depth of erosion allows comparative estimates to be made about the erosional efficiency for the various landscapes that were mapped in the study area. The data suggest that the erosional potential and sediment discharge are reduced for the situation of a non-balanced mass flux between processes in channels and on hillslopes. These findings are also supported by the numerical model. Indeed, the model results show that high hillslope mobility tends to reduce the hillslope relief and to inhibit dissection and formation of channels. In contrast, stable hillslopes tend to promote fluvial incision, and the hillslope relief increases. The model results also show that very low erosional resistance of bedrock promotes backward erosion and steepening of channel profiles in headwaters. Beyond that, the model reveals that sediment discharge generally increases with decreasing erosional resistance of bedrock, but that this increase decays exponentially with increasing magnitudes of fluvial and hillslope mobilities. Very high hillslope diffusivities even tend to reduce the erosional potential of the whole watershed. It appears that besides rates of base-level lowering, factors limiting sediment discharge might be the nonlinear relationships between processes in channels and on hillslopes. 相似文献
20.
以敦煌黑山嘴沙漠绿洲过渡带为例,利用可移动梯度风测量系统,获取晴天和沙尘暴天气过程中沙漠绿洲过渡带近地表风速脉动特征,研究沙尘天气对近地表风速脉动影响。结果表明：无论晴天或沙尘暴,相同测点各高度层脉动风速具有很好的相关性,相邻高度脉动风速的相关性更加显著,脉动风速的波动范围与高度和风速呈正比。沿沙漠至绿洲方向,晴天环境下脉动强度先增大后减小,沙尘暴环境下脉动强度逐渐减小。沙尘暴和晴天环境下脉动风速的变化规律相近,但沙尘暴环境下风向相关性更加显著,风速脉动强度更大。风速与脉动强度呈正相关,沙尘对脉动强度产生一定抑制作用。 相似文献