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1.
Summary. We attempted to gain some insight into the mechanical properties of poorly consolidated granular rock by preparing and testing synthetic rock specimens in which different cement content and bimodal grain-size distributions were used. We mixed various proportions of fine and coarse sand, Portland cement, and water. The mixture was cast in a mold and left pressure-free during curing, thus ensuring that the final material was poorly consolidated. The specimens were tested in a uniaxial press. During these tests, the static Youngs modulus was measured by performing small stress excursions at discrete intervals along the stress-strain curve. We observed significant non-linear elasticity (i.e., Youngs modulus increased with stress) in all the specimens. As expected, the uniaxial compressive strength increased with increasing cement content. Furthermore, we observed a transition from grain-size sensitivity of strength at cement contents less than 20–30% to grain-size independence above this value. At high cement content, the measured values of Youngs modulus are relatively well explained by a model based on rigid inclusions embedded in a soft matrix. At low cement content, we suggest that modelling the individual cemented grain-to-grain contacts becomes necessary. But this could not be done here for lack of microstructural information. 相似文献
2.
矿物成分和细观结构与岩石材料力学性质的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩石材料的宏观力学性质取决于其矿物成分和细观结构。使用材料试验机,测定了岩浆岩、化学沉积岩以及碎屑沉积岩9种岩样的力学性质参数。采用X射线衍射方法,测定了相应岩样的矿物成分。使用扫描电镜,观测了相应岩样的细观结构。分析了矿物成分和细观结构分别与力学性质参数的定性关系。对各组岩样的研究分析表明:存在于颗粒边界的裂隙会显著降低岩样的抗拉强度,长石矿物是岩样脆性的主要来源,颗粒大小和面理结构会对岩石的内摩擦角造成显著的影响,细晶花岗岩中较高的方解石含量使其抗压强度和弹性模量较小,细晶花岗岩中石英含量较高,其粘聚力较大;石盐晶体的细小与紧密堆积,造成了相应岩样的膨胀或蠕变特性,有机质的存在会对岩盐的力学性能产生显著的弱化;岩样中颗粒间的弱带,会弱化岩石材料的力学性能。深灰色泥岩中石英胶结物的次生加大现象,使得深灰色泥岩的力学性能得到提高。 相似文献
3.
This paper is accompanied by a study on constitutive modelling issues of cemented sands. The concentration here is on experimental issues related to the triaxial testing of cemented sands. A preliminary investigation is performed aiming to identify potential effects of specimen size and slenderness on the stress–strain–strength characteristics of cemented sands. A comprehensive experimental study follows where clean sand specimens, as well as specimens with 2, 4 and 6 per cent cement content, are tested. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of cement content and confinement on the shear strength, stiffness, softening and dilation characteristics of cemented sand. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Being the inherent attributes of rock, the petrographic characteristics such as mineral composition and microstructure are the constructive parameters which influence its bursting potential. In the laboratory, rock specimens with different petrographic characteristics are tested to study their rock strength and failure duration, and correspondingly, composition and microstructure of each rock specimen are analyzed in thin sections to determine the mineral composition, content, grain size, cement and contact modes between grains. The results show that the petrographic characteristics of clastic rock have an intrinsic influence on its strength and failure duration. With the increase of the rock detritus content (or quartz), the uniaxial compressive strength increases according to a logarithmic expression and the failure duration decreases according to a negative logarithmic expression. With increasing average size of detritus grains in rock, the stiffness and brittleness of rock strengthens. The uniaxial compressive strength of rock has a logarithmic variation with its average size of detritus grains and the failure duration decreases with its increasing average size of detritus grains according to a negative logarithmic expression. 相似文献
5.
S. K. Singh 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1988,21(4):271-276
Fatigue tests carried on three sets of samples having different mean grain sizes revealed that fatigue strength is a function of mean grain size of the rock. Samples having smaller grain size show higher value of fatigue strength. Graywacke samples from Flagstaff formation having mean grain sizes of 1.79 mm, 1.35 mm and 0.93 mm showed fatigue strengths of 87%, 88.25% and 89.1% respectively. Since the mean uniaxial compressive strength also varied with varying grain size, i. e. higher mean strength value for samples having finer grain size; the fatigue strength of a rock also shows a converse relation with mean uniaxial compressive strength. 相似文献
6.
A. Angabini 《Engineering Geology》2003,67(3-4):353-372
Investigations of the engineering geological, physical and rock mechanical properties have been carried out on Carboniferous core samples of the research wells Geverik, Kastanjelaan and Heugem in South Limburg, The Netherlands over a total length of 2687 m. On the basis of a mathematical modeling of the deformation and anisotropy of the Variscan-folded Carboniferous, the following parameters were determined: density, porosity, water resumption and specific permeability for gas.
Dynamic, static and uniaxial compression tests were performed in order to obtain direction-dependent data like dynamic elasticity modulus, static elasticity modulus (Young's modulus), shear modulus and the Poisson's ratios. Additionally, the stress–strain behaviors were determined by uniaxial strength, tensile strength and shear strength tests. For the evaluation of the anisotropy of the rock mass caused by tectonic movements, ultrasonic measurements were of greatest importance. The results show that the ultrasonic velocities of p- and s-waves are dependent on the rock type, the tectonic configuration and the degree of saturation.
The stress–strain behavior of mud, sand and marly limestones shows an orthogonal anisotropy, while limestones and siliceous limestones are quasi-isotropic. The anisotropy is related and parallel to the main tectonic axis and also to the rock texture. 相似文献
7.
Naguleswaran Niroshan Ling Yin Nagaratnam Sivakugan Ryan Llewellyn Veenstra 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):2171-2187
This paper is an attempt to relate the microstructure to long-term mechanical properties of the cemented paste backfill produced from a hard rock mine tailing from North Queensland in Australia bound with flyash-based geopolymer (geopolymer), flyash-blended cement (FBC), and general purpose cement (GPC). A relatively high slump (260 mm) paste backfill mix with 74 wt% solids has been used to prepare cylindrical paste backfill samples with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 100 mm. The uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on all samples after curing for 112 days to obtain their strength, failure strain and Young’s modulus. Fractured samples were examined under scanning electron microscope to understand the failure mechanisms at the microstructural scale. The results show that binders significantly affected the mechanical properties of paste backfills (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The paste backfill bound with geopolymer gave the lowest strength and Young’s modulus, while the paste backfills bounded with FBC and GPC showed comparable higher strength and modulus values. This was attributed to the relatively well-packed paste backfills with less cracks and smaller pore sizes in these paste backfills bound with FBC and GPC binders. In particular, needle-shaped particles, which were originally identified in GPC, highly influenced the mechanical property of paste backfills. These results indicate that fly ash can be used to partially replace the cement as a binder for paste backfills to achieve economic and environmental benefits. 相似文献
8.
A new rock mass classification for Coal Measures Rocks 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ergül Ya
ar 《Engineering Geology》2001,62(4):293-300
This paper examines a new rock mass classification system (RMCR) for Coal Measures Rocks which is based on extensive laboratory testing results. The new system has been developed using 12 parameters which consist of mineral content index, uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, shear strength, cohesion of rocks, angle of internal friction, point load index, cone indenter index, Cerchar index, Shore schleroscope hardness and specific energy index. The RMCR value was obtained by a number of laboratory and in situ testing results which were obtained from the coal site. The objective of the RMCR is to estimate the rock mass properties for engineering purposes. 相似文献
9.
采用二次掺水法制备氧化钙胶结砂样,为加速碳酸化将试样放置在充满干冰的养护箱中养护,养护完成后对不同氧化钙掺入比的试样进行固结排水三轴试验和碳酸钙定量化学试验,分析了氧化钙掺入量对胶结砂物理力学特性的影响,定义了反映胶结物生成量的化学指标 ,利用 修正了摩尔-库仑强度理论。结果表明：二次掺水法可有效控制人工胶结砂的初始含水率,CaCO3胶结物的形成对试样物理力学特性有极大影响。在不同围压下,试样均表现出应力软化。随氧化钙掺入比的增加,试样应力软化现象逐渐增强,并且黏聚力及内摩擦角增量逐渐增大。胶结砂具有压硬性,围压、氧化钙的掺入比对试样剪胀有抑制作用。随着 的增加,试样黏聚力、摩擦角增量均有明显提高,通过试验数据得到了 与试样黏聚力、内摩擦角增量之间的函数关系,进而对摩尔-库仑强度理论进行了修正,修正后的公式能够反映胶结物的形成对胶结砂强度的影响。 相似文献
10.
岩石作为矿物颗粒的集合体,矿物粒径非均质性对其宏观力学特性影响比较明显。基于颗粒流程序PFC2D,通过设置不同种类粒径组合及粒径比来体现粒径非均质性,研究了粒径非均质性对岩石材料宏观力学特性（弹性模量、峰值强度、泊松比）的影响。研究中设计了6种粒径组合方案,粒径种类数分别为:连续粒径、10种、8种、5种、3种、2种,每种方案下设置5种平均粒径及4种粒径比,进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明,岩石内部存在颗粒尺寸效应和粒径非均质效应,岩石弹性模量和峰值强度随粒径增大均呈减小的趋势,随粒径非均质性的提高整体上也呈减小的趋势,但局部变化阶段受模型中细颗粒含量及数量的影响会呈增大的趋势。粒径对弹性模量的作用机制主要是通过影响模型孔隙率实现的。研究结果揭示了岩石宏观特性的变化是模型内颗粒尺寸效应和粒径非均质性效应共同作用的结果,为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供了一定依据。 相似文献
11.
Hossein Mola-Abasi Behrouz Kordtabar Afshin Kordnaeij 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2016,34(5):1539-1551
It is widely known and well emphasized that the cemented sand is one of economic and environmental topics in soil stabilization. In some instances, a blend of sand, cement and other materials such as fiber, glass, nano particle and zeolite can commercially be available and effectively used in soil stabilization especially in road construction. In regard to zeolite, its influence and effectiveness on the properties of cemented sands systems has not been completely explored. Hence, in this study, based on an experimental program, it has been tried to investigate the potential of a zeolite stabilizer known as additive material to improve the properties of cemented sands. A total number of 216 unconfined compression tests were carried out on cured samples in 7, 28 and 90 days. Results show unconfined compression strength and failure properties improvements of cement sand specimens when cement replaced by zeolite at optimum proportions of 30 % after 28 days due to pozzolanic reaction. The rate of strength improvement is approximately 20–78 and 20–60 % for 28 and 90 days curing times respectively. The efficiency of using zeolite has been enhanced by increasing the cement content and porosity of the compacted mixture. The replacement of cement by natural zeolite led to an increase of the pH after 14 days. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests demonstrate that the materials with the zeolite mixture reveal stronger adsorptive capacity of COD in compare to cemented mixture. Scanning electron microscope images show that adding zeolite in cemented sand changes the microstructure (filling large porosity and pozzolanic reaction) that results in increasing strength. 相似文献
12.
矿山充填开采正逐步向寒区甚至永久冻土区发展,这些区域含盐地下水分布非常广泛。同时,极端寒冷条件下往往需要向充填材料中加入一些防冻盐以防止料浆在输送过程中发生冻结。通过室内测试分析了?6 ℃环境下不同盐分（NaCl）膏体充填体力学特性（强度和初始弹性模型）随时间演化特征。利用单轴压力机测得了龄期为7、28、90 d膏体充填体的强度和初始弹性模量,结果表明NaCl的加入会降低冻结充填体的强度,其影响程度取决于胶结料类型。试样的强度随着养护时间的增加而增大。此外,不论盐分浓度、养护时间和胶结料类型,试样的强度与初始弹性模量之间存在显著的线性关系。该研究结果可以为寒区含盐膏体充填技术的开展提供一些依据。 相似文献
13.
R. A. Schultz 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1995,28(1):1-15
Summary A study of strength and deformation measurements for basaltic rocks, along with consideration of the influence of fracturing using a rock mass classification system, documents the range of brittle response for basaltic rock masses. Although basalts vary widely in composition and other physical factors, many of the properties of a basaltic rock mass appear to vary within a factor of about 10. Typical values of strength parameters for intact basalt at ambient temperature (20°C) and negligible confining pressure are Young's modulus, 78±19 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.25±0.05; tensile strength, –14.5±3.3 MPa; unconfined compressive strength, 266±98 MPa; and conhesion, 66 MPa. Corresponding values for a basaltic rock mass that incorporate the weakening effects of scale are deformation modulus, 10–40 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.3; tensile strength, –0.1 to –2.5 MPa; uniaxial compressive strength, 10–90 MPa; and cohesion, 0.6–6 MPa. A measured deformation modulus for ambient pressure in the vertical direction, 20 GPa, is 1.5–3 times larger than that in the horizontal directions, 13.5 and 6.5 GPa, reflecting strength anisotropy due to column or block geometry for one particular basalt. Values of tensile and cohesive strength for the basaltic rock mass are generally one to two orders of magnitude lower than corresponding values for intact basalt. The shear strength of joints appears to vary considerably from flow to flow. 相似文献
14.
钙质碳酸盐碎屑是热带海滩沉积物的重要组成部分,其物理特性与海滩中的石英颗粒差异明显。对海南岛东部文昌铜鼓角两侧海湾海滩砂样采用除钙和不除钙两种预处理方法,使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪和筛析法进行粒度分析,结果表明:除钙以后粒度频率曲线主体朝细偏,但在粒度频率曲线细尾(4~9)会新增一小峰;去钙前后粒度参数存在明显的线性相关,平均粒径、分选系数和偏态的相关系数依次降低;粒度参数的组合变化以“平均粒径变细、分选系数变好、偏态朝细偏”为主,但仍存在其他的组合变化;在对类似于铜鼓岭周边环境的海滩进行沉积物粒度分析及动力环境研究时,需要了解钙质碎屑含量和颗粒组成。 相似文献
15.
高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。 相似文献
16.
通过相似配比试验,研制不同砂胶比的低强度相似材料,分析了砂胶比和胶结材料中水泥含量对其物理和力学性质的影响及其变化规律。根据上横山多层页岩矿床赋存条件和相似模拟试验要求,确定了3个可行的、有效的相似材料配比,结合相似模拟条件构筑了多层页岩矿床相似材料模型。试验结果表明,相同砂胶比的低强度相似材料的密度、抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比均随胶结材料中水泥含量的增加而增大;密度、孔隙率、弹性模量和泊松比在低砂胶比条件下具有更小的波动性。进一步研究发现,选择的低强度页岩相似材料实际相似常数与设计相似常数误差≤1.77%;利用数值模拟回采矿床矿柱的变形特征与相似模拟试验基本相似,应变变化幅度≤8.76%,试验模型在多层页岩矿床模型试验研究上具有一定的合理性。研究结果为有效的进行多层页岩矿床地下开采研究提供科学依据和试验基础。 相似文献
17.
An experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of distance from the injection point and of parameters pertinent to the cement, the suspension and the sand on the effectiveness of microfine cement grouts. Three different cement types, each at three different gradations having nominal maximum grain sizes of 100, 20 and 10 μm, were used. Grouting effectiveness was evaluated by injecting suspensions with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, into five uniform sand fractions with different grain sizes and eight composite sands with different gradations, using a specially constructed apparatus. Unconfined compression and permeability tests were conducted on the resulting grouted sand specimens, after curing for 28 and 90 days. Microfine cement grouted sands obtained unconfined compression strength values of up to 14.9 MPa and permeability coefficients as low as 1.3 × 10?6 cm/s or by up to 5 orders of magnitude lower than those of clean sands. The W/C ratio and the bleed capacity of suspensions as well as the effective grain size and the permeability coefficient of sands are very important parameters, since they affect substantially the grouted sand properties and are correlated satisfactorily with them. The strength and permeability of grouted sands can increase, decrease or remain constant with distance from the injection point depending on the easiness of suspension penetration into the sands. The improvement of grouted sand properties with increasing distance from the injection point is consistent with the observed increase of the cement content of grouted sands. 相似文献
18.
以白云鄂博露天铁矿东矿岩质高边坡为工程背景,结合现场地质调查、室内岩石和节理力学试验等数据,采用等效岩体技术,构建能充分反映节理分布特征的实验室、现场原位试验和工程尺度等多尺度等效岩体模型。通过对各类等效岩体模型进行单轴压缩试验,研究岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等力学特性的尺寸效应和各向异性。研究表明：节理的存在使岩体表现出尺寸效应和各向异性,且随着尺寸的增大,这种特性基本呈逐渐减弱的趋势;研究区域岩体的表征单元体积、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别为20 m×10 m×10 m、1.46 MPa和3.91 GPa;岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与轴向尺寸的关系,近似符合渐进式指数函数关系,且该函数能直观地给出工程尺度岩体的力学特性。 相似文献
19.
为研究深部巷道围岩在地下水作用下的长期蠕变力学特性,采用自主研制的深部软岩五联流变试验系统,开展不同含水率(0%、0.8%、1.6%、2.4%、3.3%)下砂岩吸水软化单轴压缩试验及单轴蠕变试验。通过试验结果研究表明：砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和蠕变破坏应力与含水率呈指数下降关系,蠕变破坏应力与单轴抗压强度的比值在0.76～0.84之间;砂岩衰减蠕变阶段时间随着含水率的增加而减少,随应力水平的增加而增加。径向应变比轴向应变先进入稳态蠕变阶段,破坏应力下径向应变的加速蠕变阶段开始时间要先于轴向应变;基于稳态蠕变速率曲线确定了砂岩的长期强度,径向稳态蠕变速率确定的值略小于轴向,长期强度与含水率之间满足负指数关系;将蠕变试验中径向应变与轴向应变之比定义为μc,提出了基于μc值的岩石长期强度确定方法且μc值与含水率无关,对于本次砂岩样品可以认为μc值大于0.3时样品会在一定时间内发生加速蠕变破坏;随着含水率的增加,样品破坏形态由单斜面剪切破坏逐渐演变至X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。研究结果为地下水作用下巷道长期稳... 相似文献
20.
针对单一贯通结构面注浆加固影响围岩承载力的问题,提出了一种制作含单一贯通破裂面岩样的方法,并对此种岩样分别注入超细水泥和环氧树脂材料,进而借助RMT-150 C试验系统探究了固结体单/三轴压缩下强度及变形特征,最后,采用理论分析结合电镜扫描手段,揭示了结构面注浆微观固结机制。研究发现,三轴加−卸载条件下制备的破裂结构面更接近工程实际,符合试验要求;从应力−应变特征曲线来看,注超细水泥试件表现出阶段性,注环氧树脂试件曲线较为平滑;从强度特征来看,围压影响程度明显高于注浆材料的选择;注浆加固手段可提高岩体的残余强度,随着围压的提高,残余强度提高系数越不明显,固结体峰值强度愈发接近完整岩石峰值强度;从破坏特征来看,注超细水泥试件主破裂面沿原始破裂面剪切滑移,注环氧树脂试件主破裂面为新的贯通破裂面;最后,以摩尔−库仑准则为理论基础,建立了注浆材料黏结力与结构面强度提高系数关系式,发现结构面强度提高系数与浆液黏结力呈线性关系。与试验结果的对比表明,该公式较为合理,可为深部围岩支护优化提供参考。 相似文献