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1.
The mineralogy of suspended matter from surface and bottom waters is studied at two sites in the Barents Sea. Along with terrigenous minerals, the suspended matter samples contain authigenic mineral phases of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. Mn-feroxyhite, Fe-vernadite, goethite, and proto-ferrihydrite were identified in samples from surface waters, whereas birnessite and nonferruginous vernadite were registered in samples from bottom waters. The formation of suspended manganese minerals in bottom waters is explained by an additional Mn supply from underlying reduced sediments during their early diagenesis and oxygen depletion in the near-bottom nepheloid layer. Bacteria are supposed to take part in the authigenic mineral formation.  相似文献   

2.
天目湖热力学状况的监测与分析   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文
根据2001年6月～2002年5月在天目湖进行的每月一次的全湖水温观测以及2002年5月25～26日在1号点的定点24h连续水温观测资料,分析研究了天目湖水温时空分布、垂直分布、温跃层的形成与变化以及湖泊热力学对溶解氧、营养盐的影响,揭示了各自的基本变化规律。结果表明:天目湖水温的日变化、年变化及垂直分布明显,而其水平差异不大;温跃层随着季节的变化而呈现增强-稳定-减弱-消失的周期变化;水温的变化以及温跃层的存在引起了水中溶解氧以及营养盐的变化。  相似文献   

3.
The setting of the Arabian Sea is reviewed in order to examine which of the circumstances causing large oxygen depletion in the ocean are responsible for the suboxic layer (concentrations < 0.1 ml 1−1) in the northern thermocline there. The wind field forces circulations that restrict but do not exclude exchange with the south, and a recent box-model interpretation of trichlorofluoromethane measurements indicates a modest throughflow for the layer of about 5 × 106m3s −1.The associated oxygen-flux divergence is roughly consistent with biochemical determinations of local oxygen-consumption rates, both approaches giving values (3–6 pl 1−1 sτ-1) that are modest in comparison with estimates elsewhere in the world ocean. Despite the high mean-annual surface productivity in the region (nearly 1gCm−2 day−1), it seems plausible that too little of this particulate matter is consumed at thermocline depths to cause an inflated oxygen demand there. Since the layer is neither an isolated pool, nor a sluggish backwater, nor a conspicuous oxygen sink, the suboxic concentrations must be due (as earlier proposed) to the low concentration in the water entering the layer from the south. That depletion in turn seems due to moderate consumption as the water travels the very long trajectories from its zone of sea-surface renewal (Lats. 40–50°S). Although large seasonal variations are expected in both throughflow volume transport and surface productivity (suggesting comparable changes in consumption rate), the volume of the suboxic layer seems big enough to buffer the oxygen levels there against any very noticeable overall variability.  相似文献   

4.
The redox stratification of bottom sediments in Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, is characterized by elevated concentrations of Mn (3–5%) and Fe (7.5%) in the uppermost layer, which is two orders of magnitude and one and a half times, respectively, higher than the average concentrations of these elements in the Earth’s crust. The high concentrations of organic matter (Corg = 1–2%) in these sediments cannot maintain (because of its low reaction activity) the sulfate-reducing process (the concentration of sulfide Fe is no higher than 0.6%). The clearest manifestation of diagenesis is the extremely high Mn2+ concentration in the silt water (>500 μM), which causes its flux into the bottom water, oxidation in contact with oxygen, and the synthesis of MnO2 oxyhydroxide enriching the surface layer of the sediments. Such migrations are much less typical of Fe. Upon oxygen exhaustion in the uppermost layer of the sediments, the synthesized oxyhydroxides (MnO2 and FeOOH) serve as oxidizers of organic matter during anaerobic diagenesis. The calculated diffusion-driven Mn flux from the sediments (280 μmM/m2 day) and corresponding amount of forming Mn oxyhydrate as compared to opposite oxygen flux to sediments (1–10 mM/m2 day) indicates that >10% organic matter in the surface layer of the sediments can be oxidized with the participation of MnO2. The roles of other oxidizers of organic matter (FeOOH and SO42−) becomes discernible at deeper levels of the sediments. The detailed calculation of the balance of reducing processes testifies to the higher consumption of organic matter during the diagenesis of surface sediments than it follows from the direct determination of Corg. The most active diagenetic redox processes terminate at depths of 25–50 cm. Layers enriched in Mn at deeper levels are metastable relicts of its surface accumulation and are prone to gradual dissemination  相似文献   

5.
湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中富含源于上层海水生物体的有机质, 其稀土元素(REE)特征不被碎屑物质干扰, 能有效地反映海洋上层水体的古环境特征.样品中作为有机质主体的干酪根的重稀土富集、Ce负异常、Y正异常和Eu无明显异常等特点与现代海水一致, 其特征可能反映古海洋上层水体的氧化还原信息.扬子地台各相区沉积剖面底部可能出现滞流(或硫化)环境, 随后沉积环境逐渐氧化.全岩样品中Ce的负异常可能由有机质提供, Ce/Ce*值由剖面底部的较低值向上逐渐升高可能意味着海洋上层水体含氧量的逐渐上升, 而海水含氧量逐渐升高或许是由寒武纪早期海洋底部硫化环境的减弱所导致.   相似文献   

6.
通过分析东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组烃源岩样品的主微量元素含量，研究了东濮凹陷沙河街组优质烃源岩形成时的古氧化还原条件、古生产力水平及古水体的局限性，探讨了沙河街组沙三段优质烃源岩的发育模式。研究结果表明，东濮凹陷的北部沙三段优质烃源岩发育属于“深水窄盆水体分层沉积”模式。水体主要是咸水—超咸水，水体局限性较强，深度较深形成了稳定的盐度分层，从而造成底层水处于稳定的缺氧条件，有利于有机质的保存。根据主微量元素分析及古生产力的还原，沙三段沉积时水体表层富氧，发育大量有机质，生物死亡后有机质发生絮凝，在氧化还原界面吸附于铁锰氧化物的表面，沉降到底部，底部水体缺氧到还原的性质，适合保存有机质。东濮凹陷南部沙三段优质烃源岩发育属于“浅水广盆凹盆缺氧沉积”模式。湖泊水体为淡水，湖水局限性很弱，属于开阔水域，由于地表河流及洪水带来大量营养物质，表层水体古生产力较高，缺乏缺氧的保存条件，有机质生化阶段消耗较多，但是局部也可以发育弱还原水体，进而形成优 质烃源岩。  相似文献   

7.
通过分析东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组烃源岩样品的主微量元素含量,研究了东濮凹陷沙河街组优质烃源岩形成时的古氧化还原条件、古生产力水平及古水体的局限性,探讨了沙河街组沙三段优质烃源岩的发育模式。研究结果表明,东濮凹陷的北部沙三段优质烃源岩发育属于“深水窄盆水体分层沉积”模式。水体主要是咸水—超咸水,水体局限性较强,深度较深形成了稳定的盐度分层,从而造成底层水处于稳定的缺氧条件,有利于有机质的保存。根据主微量元素分析及古生产力的还原,沙三段沉积时水体表层富氧,发育大量有机质,生物死亡后有机质发生絮凝,在氧化还原界面吸附于铁锰氧化物的表面,沉降到底部,底部水体缺氧到还原的性质,适合保存有机质。东濮凹陷南部沙三段优质烃源岩发育属于“浅水广盆凹盆缺氧沉积”模式。湖泊水体为淡水,湖水局限性很弱,属于开阔水域,由于地表河流及洪水带来大量营养物质,表层水体古生产力较高,缺乏缺氧的保存条件,有机质生化阶段消耗较多,但是局部也可以发育弱还原水体,进而形成优 质烃源岩。  相似文献   

8.
Although seasonal hypoxia is a well-studied phenomenon in many coastal systems, most previous studies have only focused on variability and controls on low-oxygen water masses during warm months when hypoxia is most extensive. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to investigations of what controls the development of hypoxic water in the months leading up to seasonal oxygen minima in temperate ecosystems. Thus, we investigated aspects of winter–spring oxygen depletion using a 25-year time series (1985–2009) by computing rates of water column O2 depletion and the timing of hypoxia onset for bottom waters of Chesapeake Bay. On average, hypoxia (O2 <62.5 μM) initiated in the northernmost region of the deep, central channel in early May and extended southward over ensuing months; however, the range of hypoxia onset dates spanned >50 days (April 6 to May 31 in the upper Bay). O2 depletion rates were consistently highest in the upper Bay, and elevated Susquehanna River flow resulted in more rapid O2 depletion and earlier hypoxia onset. Winter–spring chlorophyll a concentration in the bottom water was highly correlated with interannual variability in hypoxia onset dates and water column O2 depletion rates in the upper and middle Bay, while stratification strength was a more significant driver in the timing of lower Bay hypoxia onset. Hypoxia started earlier in 2012 (April 6) than previously recorded, which may be related to unique climatic and biological conditions in the winter–spring of 2012, including the potential carryover of organic matter delivered to the system during a tropical storm in September 2011. In general, mid-to-late summer hypoxic volumes were not correlated to winter–spring O2 depletion rates and onset, suggesting that the maintenance of summer hypoxia is controlled more by summer algal production and physical forcing than winter-spring processes. This study provides a novel synthesis of O2 depletion rates and hypoxia onset dates for Chesapeake Bay, revealing controls on the phenology of hypoxia development in this estuary.  相似文献   

9.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》1999,18(4-5):531-540
A sapropelic layer, having an age of ca 4750 and 3500 14C y BP, was discovered at 0.90–2.35 m below the sea floor (mbsf) in gravity cores from the southern shelf of the Marmara Sea. It is a 15–50 cm thick, phosphorescent green to grey, plastic, clayey hemipelagic mud horizon, containing 1.5–2.9% organic carbon (Corg). The increase in Corg and biogenic carbonate, together with a rich planktonic foraminiferal fauna, indicate increased organic productivity and warm surface waters during the deposition of the sapropelic layer. The down-core profiles of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co suggest that the sapropelic layer was deposited through an essentially oxic water column. The benthonic foraminiferal fauna indicates reduced oxygen levels in bottomwaters. The sapropelic unit was deposited during a high stand of global sea level. Its deposition was initiated by a large input of terrestrial organic matter and nutrient-rich fresh waters under a relatively warm and wet climate. The fresh water supply caused a strong water stratification, which, in turn, together with high organic matter input, resulted in reduced oxygen levels in the bottomwaters.  相似文献   

10.
The source, quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) were investigated in the surface sediments of Lake Fuxian, a deep oligotrophic lacustrine system in China. Granulometry, biochemical organic composition, bulk organic proxies and their stable isotopes were determined in the surface sediments (0–4 cm). The values of δ13C, δ15N and atomic ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (TOC/TN) indicated that the sediments in the large partial lake were influenced by autochthonous organic matter. The concentrations of TOC, protein (PRT) and total hydrolysable amino acids may be mainly modulated by phytodetritus sinking from euphotic zones since they correlated significantly with chlorins. Otherwise, the lack of correlation between chlorins concentrations and carbohydrate (CHO) and lipid (LIP) indicated that the latter may have an additional terrestrial source. The highest sediment quantity was found in the deepest station NC owing to its fine sediment. Stations near northwestern shore accumulated more SOM than other littoral stations, which was in accordance with sewage discharge strength. Degradation quality indices, such as chlorin index, degradation index, PRT/CHO, and LIP/CHO, were in general agreement in showing the degraded status of SOM in Lake Fuxian. No clear spatial patterns were found in sediment degradation quality, which may be influenced by bottom oxygen concentration in the deep stations.  相似文献   

11.
为研究观测资料稀少情况下土壤质地及有机质对土壤水分同化的影响,发展了集合卡尔曼平滑(Ensemble Kalman Smooth, EnKS)的土壤水分同化方案。利用黑河上游阿柔冻融观测站2008年6月1日至10月29日的观测数据,使用EnKS算法将表层土壤水分观测数据同化到简单生物圈模型(Simple Biosphere Model 2, SiB2)中,分析不同方案对土壤水分估计的影响,并与集合卡尔曼滤波算法(EnKF)的结果进行比较。研究结果表明,土壤质地和有机质对表层土壤水分模拟结果影响最大而对深层的影响相对较小;利用EnKF和EnKS算法同化表层土壤水分观测数据,均能够显著提高表层和根区土壤水分估计的精度,EnKS算法的精度略高于EnKF且所受土壤质地和有机质的影响小于EnKF;当观测数据稀少时,EnKS算法仍然可以得到较高精度的土壤水分估计。  相似文献   

12.
The depth distributions of Cd, Mn and Fe in pore water and sediment were determined on three replicate box cores collected at a 325 m deep station in the Laurentian Trough. The results reveal a surface layer in which the content of solid-phase Cd first decreases but then increases sharply with depth. In contrast, Mn decreases regularly over the same depth interval. In the oxygenated zone of this layer, Cd, probably associated with organic matter, is released to the pore water, resulting in concentrations that are more than an order of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column. Some of the dissolved Cd is returned to the water column and some migrates downward and is precipitated at depth. This part of the Cd cycle is virtually complete within the surface layer, the base of which corresponds to the base of the zone of Mn enrichment.In the subsurface layer, solid-phase Cd and Mn show little or no concentration change. However, dissolved Cd, which reaches often non-detectable concentrations (<0.05 nM) in this layer, increases once again deep within the anaerobic zone and attains concentrations even higher than in the surface layer. The presence of dissolved Cd complexes (revealed by 1.5 to 8 fold increases in electrochemically active Cd in pore water following UV-treatment) as well as inconsistent distributions of dissolved and solid-phase Cd, indicate complexities in diagenesis that merit further investigation.  相似文献   

13.
The distribution patterns of benthonic and planktonic foraminifera in cores from the Ionian Basin, central Mediterranean, were investigated in relation to the deposition of sapropel S-1. The sapropel is a dark organic-rich sediment deposited under anoxic conditions during the last marine stagnation in the Early Holocene. The major divisions between both benthonic and planktonic faunas correspond to changes in the core lithology and coincide with the transitions between pre-sapropel, sapropel/'oxidized layer' and post-sapropel sediments. The faunal evidence shows that the oxidized layer belongs to the sapropel sequence. The planktonic faunas have the same species composition as in the sapropel sediment and the high density of planktonic species continues into the oxidized layer. The oxidized layer is devoid of a benthonic fauna or contains a 'sapropel-associated' fauna composed of infaunal species with an affinity to high supply of organic material material and low oxygen. High depletion in the heavy oxygen isotope in the oxidized layer substantiates the faunal evidence. A peak in abundance of the planktonic species Globorotalia inflata at the top of the oxidized layer marks the time when turnover of the water masses ended the stagnation phase and sapropel sedimentation in the Ionian Basin at about 6000 BP. The distribution of the benthonic and planktonic foraminifera shows that the sapropel in the central part of the Ionian Basin was originally almost twice as thick as it is today. When oxygen returned to the deep sediments the top of the sapropel was oxidized to 4–7 cm below its original surface. Only the lower part of the sapropel is preserved. The remainder is now a red laminated layer, the 'oxidized layer'.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of inorganic nutrient (N and P) and glucose C treatments on bacterial growth were followed for 3 days in natural surface and deep water bacterial samples during the main post-spring bloom stages of phytoplankton growth in the northern Baltic Sea. In addition, the importance of photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter on bacterial growth was investigated vertically (0.1–2.0 m) and spatially, in a salinity gradient from river mouth to open sea. Bacterial production was consistently C limited in the surface layer, with N or both N and P as the secondary limiting nutrients from spring to early summer and in late summer, respectively. In deep water, bacterial growth showed combined temperature and C limitation, and in spring, this also appeared to be true with surface samples. The effect of 1-day sunlight pre-treatment varied from no effect up to a 44% production increase, with clear bacterial production responses only being seen at the surface (10 cm depth). The implications of bacterial C limitation for the structure and function of the surface plankton ecosystem, including its CO2 exchange with the atmosphere are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
The Izmit Bay is an elongated semi-enclosed bay in the Marmara Sea. It is being increasingly polluted by both domestic and industrial waste discharge since 1970’s. A monitoring program was conducted between 1999-2000 to document the state of pollution in the bay. This includes the effect of Marmara (Izmit) earthquake (magnitude 7.4) that occurred in August 1999. A stable two-layer ecosystem exists in the bay throughout the year due to continuous inflows of the saltier Mediterranean and brackish Black Sea waters to the Marmara basin. Therefore, the principal biochemical characteristics of the bay are governed by the two-layer flow system over the basin. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally at a saturated levels in the surface layer which is 10 to 15 m thick, but it is depleted to 60–70 μM in the lower layer, exhibiting a steep gradient in the sharp halocline. When the earthquake occurred, great loads of industrial wastes were released into the bay surface waters, which enhanced primary production in the upper layer and thus large export of particulate organic matter to lower layer and eventually to the bottom. Accordingly, DO was consumed and anoxic condition was established even in the upper layer/halocline interface, the halocline and bottom waters of the eastern and central bay. In this period, concurrent increases were observed in phosphate and ammonia contents at the halocline and in deep waters whilst the nitrate was almost consumed via denitrification processes in the anoxic water. Recently, the industrial C, N and P loads increased by as much as 8 fold within five years (1995–2000) whilst domestic inputs increased by 50%. Total organic matter discharged to the bay increased more than double within the last 15 years. Besides, most factories in the region release toxic wastes into the bay after only partial treatment.  相似文献   

16.
南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布特性及其指示意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
重点研究了南黄海典型断面的悬浮体垂直分布特性及其指示意义。结果表明:四季南海黄海北部断面悬浮体分布的共同特征是西高东低,冬、春季鲁北沿岸流携带悬浮体向南输运和黄海暖流北上是南黄海与北黄海进行物质交换的重要方式和途径;夏半年南黄海中部断面深水域存在的表层云团状悬浮体高值区或"中层悬浮体最大值"现象与该海域的生物活动具有密切的联系;冬、春季苏北浅滩外侧海域近岸区的悬浮体含量显著高于夏、秋季,且冬半年近岸区的悬浮体具有向外海输运的趋势;长江口东北部断面各季节均存在2个悬浮体高值区,其中位于断面西部近岸海域的高值区与长江冲淡水(夏季)或苏北沿岸水(冬季)的影响有关,位于断面东部深水域处的悬浮体高值区是黄海西部沿岸流物质输运的结果,并与济州岛西南部海域的泥质区总体相对应,黄海与东海的物质交换过程主要通过夏季长江冲淡水东北向扩展与冬半年黄海西部沿岸流南下和黄海暖流北上进行。另外,水体层化和陆架锋也显著影响着南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布状况,锋面是控制夏季悬浮体向外海深水区输运的主要物理机制。  相似文献   

17.
Variability of the ocean surface boundary layer characteristics on daily time-scale is studied utilizing the 3-hourly hydrographic data collected at a stationary location (20°N, 89°E) in the Bay of Bengal during August (18th–31st) and September (9th–19th), 1990 under MONTBLEX-90 field programme. The daily variations of temperature, salinity, σ0, mixed layer thickness, stability, heat content and rate of change of heat content in the upper 100 m are discussed in relation to prevailing weather (depressions) and hydrographic conditions (influx of fresh water, presence of eddies). The mixed layer thickness is examined through temperatureand σ0-based criteria considering also the surface salinity in the latter. TheT-based mixed layer thickness is always higher than that of σ0-based thickness. The rate of change of heat content is also computed up to the depth of 20°C and 14°C isotherms which takes into account the vertical motion and hence divergence. With the development of a low into a deep depression close to the study area, intense upwelling of subsurface cold waters is noticed from 100 m to the bottom of the surface mixed layer (20m) from 18th to 20th August. The upwelling is weakened by 21st August when the depression moved away from the study location. This variation of upwelling is supported by the variation of surface mixed layer thickness, static stability at 30 m depth, heat content in the upper 100 m and the heat content up to the depth of 20°C isotherm from 18th to 21st August. The rate of change of heat content in the upper 100 m and up to the depths of 20°C and 14°C isotherms leads to net heat storage during August and to net heat depletion during September. This together with the net surface heat gain lead to an import (197Wm?2) and export (233 Wm?2) of heat during August and September respectively through horizontal advective processes. These advective processes are attributed to the presence and movement of a warm core eddy through the study location.  相似文献   

18.
The δ13C of organic matter bound within the crystal lattice of foraminiferal calcite tests may provide a potential tracer of the isotopic composition of the surface water primary photosynthate. Using δ13C of the organic matter extracted from the crystal lattice and the calcite test, it is theoretically possible to estimate the paleo-surface water pCO2. We have tailored this technique initially for the subpolar planktonic foraminifera species Globigerina bulloides. Initial surface water pCO2 estimates from deep-sea core BOFS 5K (50°41.3′N, 21°51.9′W, water depth 3547 m) indicate that the northeast Atlantic Ocean may have been a greater sink for CO2 during the last glacial than during the Holocene. Greatly reduced benthic foraminifera abundances, especially phytodetritus feeders, in BOFS 5K during the last glacial indicates low surface productivity. This rules out a productivity-driven CO2 sink. The enhanced glacial CO2 sink must, therefore, have results from a southwards shift of the centre of deep water formation.  相似文献   

19.
内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊地球化学特征与初步评价   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
通过内蒙古乌梁素海表层沉积物和深层沉积物的研究分析,对乌梁素海的湖泊沉积物特征有着明确的了解。乌梁素海深层沉积物中各元素与河套平原深层土壤中基本一致,而表层沉积物中各元素则具有明显的特征。湖泊表层沉积物中主要富集C、lCd、S、F、Sb、C、B、iAs、Li、MgO、CaO、Cu、N、iSn、W、Zn、Co、Mo、Au、Sc、Tl、Hg、I、Mn、U、Ce、La、Be、Se、Th等。湖泊表层沉积物与深层沉积物相比,在表层富集S、orgC、N、Se、I、Br、Sr、C、U、Mo、C、lCaO、Hg、P。在湖泊表层富集上述元素说明了黏土极易吸附这些元素,有些元素的富集主要是由于人类活动造成的结果。同时在表层土壤中pH明显低于深层土壤和河套地区土壤的pH,这与工业排放等人类活动紧密相关。垂直剖面结果也表明,人类活动对湖泊环境造成了严重影响。乌梁素海已出现富营养化和Hg、F污染,需对其进行治理。  相似文献   

20.
水致黄土深层滑坡灾变机理   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在黄土地区,雨后观测和人工降雨试验均表明地表水在黄土中的入渗深度有限,并不影响黄土深部的含水率。因此水分入渗是否直接造成斜坡深层滑移颇受争议。本文通过黄土地区自然降雨条件下的现场观测,发现地表水在黄土中的入渗沿垂直剖面可以划分为3个带:即活动带,稳定带和饱和带。活动带受大气降雨和蒸发的影响,为瞬态流,向下则转化为稳定流;稳定带含水率不变,但仍有稳定的水分运移至地下水位。地下水以下降泉的形式排泄。在入渗和排泄条件长期不变的情况下,地下水位可维持动态平衡。若地表入渗量加大,如灌溉或管道漏水等,稳定带含水率升高,并伴随地下水位抬升,以达到新的平衡,此水文动态转化过程会诱发滑坡。以延炼滑坡为例,分析了长期地表水间歇性滴渗条件下,边坡的水力动态变化过程,及其对边坡稳定性的影响。观测及分析结果表明,黄土深层滑坡主要与地表水入渗导致的地下水位抬升有关,由于其过程缓慢,容易被忽视而致灾。  相似文献   

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