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1.
An evaluation of the impacts of land surface modification, storm sewer development, and rainfall variation on waterlogging risk in Shanghai 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
Despite continuing efforts to upgrade the urban storm sewer system since the late 1950s, the City of Shanghai is still vulnerable to persistent rainstorm waterlogging due to excess surface runoff and sewer surcharge, which frequently cause significant damage to buildings and disruption to traffic. Rapid urbanization and associated land cover changes are the major factors contributing to waterlogging. However, it is unclear to what extent changes in rainfall variability over the past few decades are also involved. This paper investigates the combined impacts of land use and land cover change, storm sewer development, and long-term variations in precipitation. Evidence of persistent waterlogging is presented first. We then give an account of land surface modifications during the process of urbanization and the development of the city??s urban storm sewer system. Statistical analysis suggests that the increase in runoff coefficient due to conversion of lands from agricultural to industrial, commercial, and residential uses is a major factor driving greater waterlogging risk. In particular, historical analysis of aerial photographs reveals the rate and extent of modification to river networks in the past few decades. The natural drainage network has shrunk by 270?km, significantly reducing the city??s capacity to transport excess surface flow. In line with other studies, we find no significant overall trends in annual rainfall totals (at Baoshan and Xujiahui). However, seasonal and monthly rainfall intensities have increased. At the daily scale, we find that compared to pre-1980s: (i) there has been an increase in the number of wet days with precipitation exceeding 25?mm (Heavy Rainfall) and decrease in those below 25?mm and (ii) the number of consecutive wet days with precipitation maximum and average exceeding the threshold known to cause waterlogging shows an increasing trend. Since rainfall intensity is expected to increase under climate change, this could further compound the impacts of land use changes and place even greater pressure on the existing storm sewer system. 相似文献
2.
Measuring runoff by plots at different scales: Understanding and analysing the sources of variation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lawani Adjadi Mounirou Hamma Yacouba Harouna Karambiri Jean-Emmanuel Paturel Gil Mahé 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2012,344(9):441-448
The decrease of runoff with the increase in area is not a new fact. The scale effect depends on the spatial and temporal variability of different factors, including the surface characteristics and hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the vegetation development. The purpose of our work is to study the relative influence of the sources of variation of runoff from a small Sahelian catchment on several types of soil surfaces features. Plots of different sizes (1, 50 and 150 m2) on cultivated soils and degraded soils (non-cultivated with three different types of crusts) were monitored for two consecutive years. The results show that the runoff coefficients of rainfall events range from 4 to 65% on cultivated soils and 16 to 96% on uncultivated bare and degraded soils. A statistical and dimensionless analysis shows that in degraded environments, the processes generating runoff on plots of 50 and 150 m2 are identical and significantly different from the unit plot (1 m2). The decrease in runoff with increasing scale becomes more pronounced when rainfall duration decreases. In cultivated areas, this result is not observed. Additional measurements are needed to better understand the differences in functioning at various scales of observations. 相似文献
3.
20世纪70年代后我国许多河流的径流量呈下降的趋势.在这些趋势变化中,如何区分人类活动及气候变化的影响是当前流域水文研究的热点和难点.提出了区分人类活动和气候变化影响的分析思路以及定量计算方法.介绍了SIMHYD概念性降水径流模型,并应用黄河中游汾河流域"天然"时期的水文、气象资料率定了模型参数,通过水文模拟还原了人类活动影响期间的天然径流量,进而分析了汾河流域径流情势的变化原因.结果表明:SIMHYD降水径流模型对汾河流域天然月径流过程具有良好的模拟效果;就1970-1999年的平均状况而言,气候因素和人类活动对径流的影响量分别占径流减少总量的35.9%和4.1%,人类活动是汾河流域径流减少的主要因素. 相似文献
4.
Land use/cover change and its driving forces has been one of the most important fields in global environmental change research
since the 1990s. Karst areas are distributed extensively on the Earth’s surface and are usually characterized by a fragile
eco-environment. In southwest China, karst landforms are fully developed and their eco-environment is highly fragile. Over
the past decades, irrational land use practice has caused a series of alarming eco-environmental issues including forest clearing,
soil erosion, and karst rocky desertification. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study land use/cover change
in this area and its driving forces in order to re-build the damaged eco-environment and achieve sustainable land use. In
this paper, the authors conduct a case study on land use/cover change and its natural and human driving forces since the early
1970s in southwest China’s Maotiaohe watershed. The results indicate that the land use/cover pattern in the study area has
undergone a very complex change, which is a result of combined action of both natural and anthropological factors. In the
1970s and 1980s, climate change and fast population increase played dominating roles in the change of arable land, shrub land,
grassland, and rocky desertification land. Since the early 1990s, economic development has gradually taken the place of population
change to become the overwhelming human factor to go along with climate change in driving the land use/cover change, particularly
the change in arable land, construction land, and rocky desertification land. 相似文献
5.
Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
6.
Sahel气候与环境变化研究进展 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
对 Sahel地区气候及环境变化的研究 ,对理解和加强我国干旱半干旱地区许多相关问题有较好的借鉴意义。Sahel地区的干旱化持续了近 30年 ,虽然 1 999年降水出现了自 1 968年以来的最高值 ,但整个 90年代降水仍然偏低。造成 Sahel降水波动的因素包括大西洋海表温度、陆面反馈、全球变暖等。其中海洋的影响起重要作用 ,在某些年份里土壤水分可能会起到比较大的作用 ,而大气内部的动力作用则可能没有明显影响 ,从大尺度看人类活动对此地区整体环境和气候的变化贡献不大。 相似文献
7.
Response of runoff to climate change in the area of runoff yield in upstream Shiyang River Basin,Northwest China: A case study of the Xiying River 
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下载免费PDF全文 The objective of this study was to analyze the response of runoff in the area of runoff yield of the upstream Shiyang River basin to climate change and to promote sustainable development of regional water resources and ecological environment. As the biggest tributary of the Shiyang River, Xiying River is the only hydrological station (Jiutiaoling) that has provincial natural river and can achieve long time series monitoring data in the basin. The data obtained from this station is representative of natural conditions because it has little human activites. This study built a regression model through identifying the characteristics of runoff and climate change by using Mann-Kendall nonparametric statistical test, cumulative anomaly, and correlation analysis. The results show that the average annual runoff is 320.6 million m3/a with the coefficient of variation of 0.18 and shows slightly decrease during 1956–2020. It has a significant positive correlation the average annual precipitation (P<0.01). Runoff is sensitive to climate change, and the climate has becoming warm and wet and annual runoff has entering wet period from 2003. Compared to the earlier period (1955–2000), the increases of average annual temperature, precipitation and runoff in recent two decades were 15%, 9.3%, and 7.8%, respectively. Runoff in the Shiyang River is affected by temperature and precipitation among climate factors, and the simulation results of the runoff-climate response model (R = 0.0052P ? 0.1589T + 2.373) indicate that higher temperature leads to a weakening of the ecological regulation of surface runoff in the flow-producing area. 相似文献
8.
天山南坡黄水沟与清水河寒区流域极端水文事件对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰川、积雪和冻土变化产生的水文效应对下游水资源供给具有重要影响,近几十年来新疆区域洪水呈显著加重趋势,尤其是南疆区域洪水明显加剧. 以天山南坡黄水沟与清水河寒区流域为研究区域,通过分析水文站极端水文事件,结合流域上游山区巴伦台气象站资料,研究了高寒山地流域在气候变化背景下极端水文过程出现时间、年最大和最小径流的响应特征. 结果表明：1986年是水文过程的突变点,从1986年开始随着降水、气温的增加,河流径流量呈增加趋势;最大年径流出现时间从6月中下旬推迟到7月下旬;最大径流和最小径流与年径流量呈正相关关系,最大径流与夏季降水关系密切,而最小年径流与冬春季的气温关系密切. 随着1986年以来的气温升高,冻土退化产生的水文效应使冬季径流增加明显,也使年最小径流明显增大;1986年以来降水变化决定着年径流量增加,使年最大径流集中出现在夏季且量级增大. 总体来讲,20世纪80年代中期以后山区河流年极端洪峰量增大,洪水量增多,年际间变化幅度明显增大,从而对下游造成更严重的灾害. 因此,加强气候变化对寒区流域水资源和洪水灾害的影响评估,使科学技术在减灾方面发挥主导作用. 相似文献
9.
鄱阳湖流域抚河径流特征及变化趋势分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
抚河是鄱阳湖流域第二大河流,其径流变化研究对揭示鄱阳湖水文情势演变规律和鄱阳湖生态环境保护具有重要的科学意义。本文采用鄱阳湖流域抚河上、中、下游8个主要水文站的实测资料,分析了抚河径流年内分配特征及变化规律;应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验与回归分析等方法,研究了近几十年内抚河年、月径流变化规律及与降雨的关系。结果表明:(1)抚河径流年内分配不均,但不均匀性在流域内空间差异较小;(2)受水利工程调蓄影响,径流年内分配越来越均匀;(3)不同年代年径流特性存在差异,20世纪70年代至90年代初,径流相对稳定,90年代中期到2002年,呈较明显上升趋势,2002年后,表现为下降趋势;(4)月径流变化有增有减,基本规律为枯水期(11月~次年3月)月径流量基本呈上升趋势,洪水期(4~6月)月径流基本呈下降趋势;(5)抚河的年降水量在2002年附近发生突变减少,与年径流量突变时间基本吻合,说明气候变化降雨量减少对近10年鄱阳湖流域抚河入湖径流的减少影响显著。 相似文献
10.
11.
Drought in the Sahel 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Sahel region of West Africa is well known as a region of environmental degradation. The reported incidence of desertification
has been challenged but persistent and widespread drought is still widely accepted. Drought, defined solely as a function
of rainfall, is believed to have commenced in the early 1970s and continued through to the present. It is usually defined
as a meteorological phenomenon and standardised rainfall anomalies are employed to indicate the severity of negative departures
from the ‘norm’. There are several difficulties with this approach. The period of standardising rainfall has changed from
1931–1960 to 1961–1990 but the impacts on drought occurrence have not been fully determined. The spatial aggregation of rainfall
anomalies may mask important local variation and the purely statistical approach to defining drought takes little account
of human impact. The first two issues, averaging period and spatial aggregation, are investigated through an analysis of rainfalls
in Continental Sahel (Bukina Faso, Mali and Niger). A new classification of drought classes is suggested. Despite the clear
evidence of negative rainfall anomalies for rainfalls aggregated across the Sahel region, it is found that the averaging period
has a significant impact on our perceptions of the occurrence of what can be considered to be meteorological drought according
to the definition employed and that there is significant spatial variation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型（DTVGM-CASACNP）及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫（CA-Markov）土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）及CO2浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明: DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO2浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。 相似文献
13.
Costache Romulus Fontanine Iulia Corodescu Ema 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2014,6(3):363-372
Sǎrǎ?el River basin, which is located in Curvature Subcarpahian area, has been facing an obvious increase in frequency of hydrological risk phenomena, associated with torrential events, during the last years. This trend is highly related to the increase in frequency of the extreme climatic phenomena and to the land use changes. The present study is aimed to highlight the spatial and quantitative changes occurred in surface runoff depth in Sǎrǎ?el catchment, between 1990–2006. This purpose was reached by estimating the surface runoff depth assignable to the average annual rainfall, by means of SCS-CN method, which was integrated into the GIS environment through the ArcCN-Runoff extension, for ArcGIS 10.1. In order to compute the surface runoff depth, by CN method, the land cover and the hydrological soil classes were introduced as vector (polygon data), while the curve number and the average annual rainfall were introduced as tables. After spatially modeling the surface runoff depth for the two years, the 1990 raster dataset was subtracted from the 2006 raster dataset, in order to highlight the changes in surface runoff depth. 相似文献
14.
Nader Saadatkhah Mohammadreza Hadad Tehrani Shattri Mansor Zailani Khuzaimah Azman Kassim Reza Saadatkhah 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(17):687
In the current years, changing the land cover/land use had serious hydrological impacts affecting the flood events in the Kelantan River basin. The flood events at the east coast of the peninsular Malaysia got highly affected in the recent decades due to several factors like urbanisation, rapid changes in the utilisation of land and lack of meteorological (i.e. change in climate) and developmental monitoring and planning. The Kelantan River basin has been highly influenced due to a rapid change in land use during 1984 to 2013, which occurred in the form of transformation of agricultural area and deforestation (logging activities). In order to evaluate the influence of the modifications in land cover on the flood events, two hydrological regional models of rainfall-induced runoff event, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)-Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) model and improved transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional model (Improved TRIGRS), were employed in this study. The responses of land cover changes on the peak flow and runoff volume were investigated using 10 days of hourly rainfall events from 20 December to the end of December 2014 at the study area. The usage of two hydrological models defined that the changes in land use/land cover caused momentous changes in hydrological response towards water flow. The outcomes also revealed that the increase of severe water flow at the study area is a function of urbanisation and deforestation, particularly in the conversion of the forest area to the less canopy coverage, for example, oil palm, mixed agriculture and rubber. The monsoon season floods and runoff escalate in the cleared land or low-density vegetation area, while the normal flow gets the contribution from interflow generated from secondary jungle and forested areas. 相似文献
15.
气候变化对玛纳斯河的径流量影响预测模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山区积雪和冰川融水径流是内陆干旱区的重要水资源, 研究全球变暖情景下温度对融雪径流的影响具有重要意义. 以典型的内陆河玛纳斯流域上游为例, 利用基于度-日因子算法的SRM(Snowmelt Runoff Model)融雪径流模型, 根据当前变化趋势和年内分配模拟出20种假定来模拟未来气候情景(气温上升1 ℃、 2 ℃、 3 ℃、 4 ℃和降水变化率为0、 ±10%、 ±20%的随机组合情况)下的河道径流量, 从而计算出径流量的变化率, 分析了温度和降水变化对径流量的影响. 结果表明: 对于以雪冰融水为主要补给的玛纳斯河, 随着温度和降水的增加, 径流量也会增加, 并会使融雪径流提前. 假定降水量不发生大的变化, 温度增高1 ℃, 径流量增大13%~16%; 在气温一定时, 降雨量增加10%, 径流量增加2%左右, 说明气温和降水都对干旱区内陆河山区径流形成具有重要影响. 该研究对制定气候变化情景下的水资源适应对策具有重要指导意义. 相似文献
16.
人类活动对于流域水文要素时变过程的影响显著,确定人类活动影响下水文要素时序的显著转折点、选出相对"天然"的序列,对于开展水土保持效益评价研究具有重要意义。以延河流域为例,采用数理统计方法推估获取人类活动影响下汛期径流时序的显著转折点,以显著转折点前的数据建立预测模型,对比分析汛期径流量的实测值与预测值,其差值即为人类活动对汛期径流的影响程度。较之传统研究方法,本文以汛期水文数据取代年均数据,以汛期降水径流综合系数代替年径流系数,从而减弱了黄土高原地区降水、径流变化幅度巨大的干扰影响。结果表明,从20世纪50年代末至80年代末,1970年为人类活动下延河流域径流时序的显著转折点,1970年以后人类活动对流域水文的影响更显著,1981年达到最大值,为72.04%。20世纪70、80年代人类活动对延河汛期径流量的影响一直处于负面减流状态。人为因素是延河径流量演变的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
17.
新疆阿尔泰山区克兰河上游水文过程对气候变暖的响应 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：10
额尔齐斯河支流克兰河上游发源于西风带水汽影响的阿尔泰山南坡,主要由融雪径流补给,年内积雪融水可占年径流量的45%.年最大月径流一般出现在6月份,融雪季节4~6月径流量占65%.流域自20世纪60年代开始明显升温,年平均温度从50年代的1.4℃上升到90年代的5.2℃;年降水总量也呈增加趋势,尤其是冬季和初春增加最多.随着气候变暖,河流年内水文过程发生了很大的变化,主要表现在最大月径流由6月提前到5月,月径流总量增加约15%,4~6月融雪径流量也由占年流量的60%增加到近70%.在多年变化趋势上,气温上升主要发生在冬季,降水也以冬季增加明显,而夏季降水呈下降趋势;水文过程主要表现在5月径流呈增加趋势,而6月径流为下降趋势;夏季径流减少而春季径流增加明显.冬春季积雪增加和气温上升,导致融雪洪水增多且洪峰流量增大,使洪水灾害破坏性加大.近些年来气候变暖引起的年内水文过程变化,已经对河流下游的城市供水和农牧业生产产生了影响. 相似文献
18.
Climatic causes of ecological and environmental variations in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China, glaciers, frozen ground, the hydrological system, and alpine
vegetation have changed over the past decades years. Climatic causes of these variations have been analyzed using mean monthly
air temperature and monthly precipitation between 1956 and 2000, and monthly evaporation from φ20 evaporation pans between
1961 and 1996. In the source region of the Yangtze River, lower temperature and plentiful precipitation during the 1960s and
continuing into the early 1980s triggered a glacier advance that culminated in the early 1990s, while a robust temperature
increase and precipitation decrease since 1986 has forced glaciers to retreat rapidly since 1995. Permafrost degradation is
another consequence of the climatic warming. The variations in the hydrological system and alpine vegetation are controlled
mainly by the climate during the warm season. Warmer and drier summer climate is the major cause of a degradation of the vegetation,
desiccation of the high-cold marshland, a decrease in the areas and numbers of lakes and rivers in the middle and north source
regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and a reduction in surface runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River for
the last 20 years. The causes of eco-environmental change in Dari area, near the outlet from the source area of the Yellow
River, are different from those elsewhere in the study area. A noticeable reduction in runoff in the source region of the
Yellow River and degradation of alpine vegetation in Dari area are closely related to the permafrost degradation resulting
from climate warming. 相似文献
19.
以北江流域石角站53年的实测月径流资料为基础,研究了流域内径流年内分配特征及其变异性。计算了径流年内分配不均匀性、集中程度、变化幅度等指标。发现各年代和多年平均相比,20世纪50、60年代的径流年内分配较不均匀,70年代以后,径流年内分配逐渐趋于均匀,集中期和极小比的变化表现为具有波动性。从各指标的变化趋势看,不均匀系数、调节系数和极大比在1967、1975、1999年发生了变化,集中度在1999年发生了变化,集中期在1984、1999年发生了变化,极小比在1975、1983、1991、1999年发生了变化。径流年内分配特征的趋势变化和降雨不一致,主要表现在径流的年内分配不均匀性趋势较降雨降低,径流对降水的滞后时间延长,径流极大比变化趋势较降雨下降,极小比变化较降雨平稳。说明北江流域径流年内分配特征发生了变异。对流域内水利工程设施的修建、植被条件、城市化发展情况进行了分析,认为北江流域径流年内分配特征发生变异,主要是受到了上述人类活动的综合影响。 相似文献
20.
气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖流域径流变化的影响研究 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
20个世纪60年代以来,鄱阳湖流域径流呈现出增加趋势,特别是1990年代流域径流增加显著,与该时期多次出现洪水灾害事件密切相关.运用Mann-Kendall检验法对1961—2000年流域径流序列进行突变分析,结果显示1992年附近是流域径流突变发生的拐点.基于径流对降雨和潜在蒸散发的敏感关系,以1961—1991年为基准期,定量分析了1992—2000年流域气候变化和人类活动对天然径流的影响分量.结果表明:相对于1961—1991年,1992—2000年多年平均径流量增加211.7mm,其中气候变化引起的增量为282.2mm,人类活动引起径流减小70.6mm,分别占多年平均径流变化量的133%和-33%.不同子流域间,气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响分量相差较大.气候变化因子中,流域降水量的增加,特别是夏季暴雨频率的增加,是引起1990年代鄱阳湖流域径流显著增大的主要原因,其次是蒸发量的长期下降.人类活动对鄱阳湖流域径流起着减流的作用,主要是由于流域内工农业的快速发展,大量水利工程设施的存在提高了水资源的利用程度;另一方面,1990年代流域水土流失状况的有效缓解,有助于增加流域的贮水能力,减小径流. 相似文献