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1.
Flow direction and specific catchment area were calculated for different flow‐routing algorithms using TAPES‐G and TauDEM. A fuzzy classification was used along with eight topo–climatic attributes to delineate six landscape classes from a 10‐m USGS DEM. A series of maps and tabular outputs were produced to compare flow‐routing predictions in different parts of the study area in the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California. The matched pair t‐test was used to compare the performance of pairs of specific catchment area grids across six user‐defined fuzzy landscape classes. The results show that (1) the ‘source’ cells predicted with the D∞, DEMON, and FD8 algorithms were confined to hilltops; (2) two single flow‐routing algorithms (Rho8, D8) produced poor results; and (3) the choice of flow‐routing algorithm has potentially important consequences for the calculation of upslope contributing areas, sediment transport capacity, topographic wetness, and several other topographic indices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Hydrological modelling depends highly on the accuracy and uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil properties. Since most of these data are field surveyed, geostatistical techniques such as kriging, classification and regression trees or more sophisticated soil‐landscape models need to be applied to interpolate point information to the area. Most of the existing interpolation techniques require a random or regular distribution of points within the study area but are not adequate to satisfactorily interpolate soil catena or transect data. The soil landscape model presented in this study is predicting soil information from transect or catena point data using a statistical mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean) to calculate the soil information based on class means of merged spatial explanatory variables. A data set of 226 soil depth measurements covering a range of 0–6·5 m was used to test the model. The point data were sampled along four transects in the Stubbetorp catchment, SE‐Sweden. We overlaid a geomorphology map (8 classes) with digital elevation model‐derived topographic index maps (2–9 classes) to estimate the range of error the model produces with changing sample size and input maps. The accuracy of the soil depth predictions was estimated with the root mean square error (RMSE) based on a testing and training data set. RMSE ranged generally between 0·73 and 0·83 m ± 0·013 m depending on the amount of classes the merged layers had, but were smallest for a map combination with a low number of classes predicted with the harmonic mean (RMSE = 0·46 m). The results show that the prediction accuracy of this method depends on the number of point values in the sample, the value range of the measured attribute and the initial correlations between point values and explanatory variables, but suggests that the model approach is in general scale invariant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Motovilov Yu. G. Bugaets A. N. Gartsman B. I. Gonchukov L. V. Kalugin A. S. Moreido V. M. Suchilina Z. A. Fingert E. A. 《Water Resources》2018,45(1):128-134
A physically based model of runoff formation with daily resolution has been developed for the upper part of the Ussuri basin with an area of 24400 km2 based on ECOMAG hydrological modeling platform. Two versions of the hydrological model have been studied: (1) a crude version with the spatial schematization of the drainage area and river network based on DEM 1 × 1 km with the use of soil and landscape maps at a scale of 1: 2500000 and (2) a detailed version with DEM 80 × 80 m and soil and landscape maps of the scale of 1: 100000. Each version of the model has been tested for two variants of meteorological inputs: (1) meteorological forcing data (temperature, air humidity, precipitation) at eight weather stations and (2) with the involvement of additional data on precipitation collected at 15 gages in the basin. The model has been calibrated and validated over a 34-year period (1979–2012) with the use of runoff data for the Ussuri R. and its tributaries. The results of numerical experiments for assessing the sensitivity of model hydrological response to the spatial resolution of land surface characteristics and the density of precipitation gaging stations are discussed. 相似文献
4.
To grasp the evolution of urban lakes accurately is quite necessary for studying on the mechanism of city ecological development. The study about extraction with different types of water by remote sensing technology has developed for decades. Many water indexes as the main methods are used to extract water information. Each method has advantage and disadvantage in different situation. A synergistic approach in this study can reduce the uncertainty of urban lake extraction by using four methods: NDWI, MNDWI, RNDWI and SPM. The basic idea behind the synergistic approach is to give each pixel a score based upon the agreement among the different products of four water extraction methods. According to the score of each pixel, the synergy map, which has been created by the products of four methods, is decomposed into sixteen sub-synergy maps. We use Bayesian Decision Theory to screen out the sub-synergy maps with low confidence level. The remaining ones are recombined a refined map. The overall accuracy of refined map reaches 96.44%, higher than any one of the four methods. Wuhan, known as the City of Hundred Lakes, is selected as the study area. We use the synergistic method to keep track of twenty lakes in Wuhan City changing from 1990 to 2013. The total area of twenty lakes has reduced from 130.2478 km2 to 102.2971 km2 during twenty-three years. The area of Shaihu Lake, which is the most serious of all observed lakes, has shrunk by 77.27%. And Nanhu Lake has lost 8.5 km2 of its area that is the most among all lakes. We also find 1990–2000 is the high tide of urban lake shrinking. After the year of 2000, the situation of lake shrinking has been controlled gradually. 相似文献
5.
Geodiversity is a landscape characteristic related to the heterogeneity of the physical properties of the earth surface. In this work, we quantify and compare geodiversity in several geodynamic zones of the Iberian Peninsula. For this purpose, we have developed a geographic information system (GIS) procedure to carry out a regional terrain classification based on geodiversity factors. A classification process helped to produce a morphometric map (10 classes), a morphoclimatic map (five classes) and a geological map (15 classes). These three maps were combined using an overlay operation (union) to obtain the final terrain classification (419 classes), which was then applied to calculate diversity landscape indices. The latter were calculated using common landscape diversity indices (Patch Richness Density, Shannon's Diversity Index, Shannon's Evenness Index, Simpson's Diversity Index and Simpson's Evenness Index), provided by FRAGSTATS free software. These indices were calculated for the whole landscape of the main Iberian geological regions, thus revealing a close relationship between some index values and the geological and geomorphological characteristics. The highest diversity values are associated with Alpine collisional orogens and reactivated chains of the Precambrian‐Palaeozoic massif. Intraplate orogen with sedimentary cover, characterized by extensive planation surfaces, have lower values. Mesozoic areas with no significant tectonic deformation and Cenozoic basins are characterized by the lowest diversity values. Amongst the latter, the major diversity is associated with the most dissected basins, which also present higher morphoclimatic variety. Though depending on the chosen scale and the landscape classification criteria, these indices provide an objective assessment of the regional geodiversity of Iberia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
近20年来巢湖流域景观生态风险评估与时空演化机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于1995、2005、2013年3期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像及DEM,应用GIS方法开展巢湖流域景观格局特征分析及生态风险网格化定量评估.研究表明:(1)近20年来,巢湖流域景观格局特征变化明显,表现为建设用地景观破碎度、分离度均呈先下降后上升趋势;农地、林地与水体景观破碎度、分离度均呈上升趋势.(2)生态风险时序分析表明,19952013年,巢湖流域低、较低和中等级生态风险区域面积在逐渐缩小,而较高和高等级生态风险区域范围在不断蔓延.近20年来,巢湖流域生态风险主要由低级向高级转化,面积达6025 km2,是由高级向低级转化面积的2.30倍.(3)生态风险时空演化机制分析表明,巢湖流域生态风险变化区域主要集中在北、西南和东南部,具有明显的阶段性和区域性.近20年来,巢湖流域经历了快速的城市化、工业化以及受到行政区划调整的政策影响,高强度土地利用模式及县域经济活力的释放叠加于本身脆弱的流域生态条件,对景观生态系统造成的强烈干扰促进流域生态风险整体有恶化趋势,需重点加强中级以上生态风险区域的生态保护与建设工作.因此,生态风险演化趋势体现了该流域自然特点和区域社会经济发展对景观生态系统干扰的压力响应. 相似文献
7.
Topographic,pedologic and climatic interactions influencing streamflow generation at multiple catchment scales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dominant flow pathways (DFPs) in mesoscale watersheds are poorly characterized and understood. Here, we make use of a conservative tracer (Gran alkalinity) and detailed information about climatic conditions and physical properties to examine how temporally and spatially variable factors interact to determine DFPs in 12 catchments draining areas from 3.4 to 1829.5 km² (Cairngorms, Scotland). After end‐member mixing was applied to discriminate between near surface and deep groundwater flow pathways, variation partitioning, canonical redundancy analyses and regression models were used to resolve: (i) What is the temporal variability of DFPs in each catchment?; (ii) How do DFPs change across spatial scales and what factors control the differences in hydrological responses?; and (iii) Can a conceptual model be developed to explain the spatiotemporal variability of DFPs as a function of climatic, topographic and soil characteristics? Overall, catchment characteristics were only useful to explain the temporal variability of DFPs but not their spatial variation across scale. The temporal variability of DFPs was influenced most by prevailing hydroclimatic conditions and secondarily soil drainability. The predictability of active DFPs was better in catchments with soils supporting fast runoff generation on the basis of factors such as the cumulative precipitation from the seven previous days, mean daily air temperature and the fractional area covered by Rankers. The best regression model R2 was 0.54, thus suggesting that the catchments’ internal complexity was not fully captured by the factors included in the analysis. Nevertheless, this study highlights the utility of combining tracer studies with digital landscape analysis and multivariate statistical techniques to gain insights into the temporal (climatic) and spatial (topographic and pedologic) controls on DFPs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
A quantitative, process relevant analysis of ten mesoscale (ca 10–90 km2) catchments in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland was carried out using 10‐m digital terrain models (DTMs). This analysis produced a range of topographic indices that described differences in the landscape organisation of the catchments in a way that helped explain contrasts in their hydrology. Mean transit time (MTT)—derived from isotopic tracer data—was used as a metric that characterised differences in the hydrological function of the ten catchments. Some topographic indices exhibited significant correlations with MTT. Most notably, the ratio of the median flow path length to the median flow path gradient was negatively correlated with MTT, whilst the median upslope area was positively correlated. However, the relationships exhibited significant scatter which precluded their use as a predictive tool that could be applied to ungauged basins in this region. In contrast, maps of soil hydrological properties could be used to differentiate hydrologically responsive soils (which are dominated by overland flow and shallow sub‐surface storm flow) from free draining soils (that facilitate deeper sub‐surface flows). MTT was negatively correlated with the coverage of responsive soils in catchments. This relationship provided a much better basis for predicting MTT in ungauged catchments in this geomorphic province. In the Cairngorms, the extensive cover of various glacial drift deposits appears to be a first order control on soil distributions and strongly influences the porosity and permeability of the sub‐surface. These catchment characteristics result in soil cover being a much more discerning indicator of hydrological function than topography alone. The study highlights the potential of quantitative landscape analysis in catchment comparison and the need for caution in extrapolating relationships between landscape controls and metrics of hydrological function beyond specific geomorphic provinces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
近45a内蒙古浑善达克沙地湖泊群的变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
浑善达克沙地处于季风边缘区,其气候特性和人类活动决定了该地区生态系统的脆弱和环境变化的敏感性.目前,该区湖泊生态环境问题十分严重,对研究区的水资源、草原景观以及当地居民生产生活造成了严重影响.选取1969年1∶50000地形图所指示的面积≥0.01 km~2的175个湖泊为研究对象,结合1973-2013年的17期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM/OLI卫星遥感影像数据,对1969-2013年间的湖泊群变化进行了系统的研究和初步探讨.结果表明:1969年湖泊群总面积为502.04 km~2,而2013年其面积为303.42 km~2,总体呈萎缩趋势.其中面积萎缩和干涸的湖泊分别为88和85个,而面积扩张的湖泊仅有2个(人工筑坝所致).近45 a间,1970s-1980s湖泊面积波动性减少,而在1990s初期则出现持续上升状态.在1995-2011年湖泊面积总体下降,到2013年则出现微弱的扩张现象.从湖泊变化空间分布格局来看,萎缩和干涸的湖泊集中在该沙地腹地. 相似文献
10.
Characterizing the spatial and temporal variation in surface hydrological dynamics of large boreal landscapes is vital, since these patterns define the occurrence of key areas of land‐to‐lake and land‐to‐atmosphere hydrological and biogeochemical linkages that are critical in the movement of matter and energy at local to global scales. However, monitoring surface hydrological dynamics over large geographic extents and over long periods of time is a challenge for hydrologists, as traditional point measurements are not practical. In this study we used European Remote Sensing satellite radar imagery to monitor the variation in surface hydrological patterns over a 12‐year period and to assess the change in the organization of saturated and inundated areas of the landscape. Using the regional Utikuma River drainage basin (2900 km2) as the test area, the analyses of patterns of wetlands indicated that, during dry climatic conditions, wetland sizes were small and disconnected from each other and receiving bodies of water. As climatic conditions changed from dry to mesic, wetland numbers increased but were still disconnected. Very wet climatic conditions were required before the disconnected wetlands coalesced and connected to lakes. During these wet conditions, the response of the lake level at Utikuma Lake was observed to be much higher than under drier conditions. Analyses of individual wetland maps and integrated wetland probability maps have the potential to inform future biogeochemical and ecological investigations and forest management on the Boreal Plain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACTThe water balance dynamics and runoff components of a tropical forested catchment (46?km2) on the southwestern Pacific coast of Nicaragua were studied combining hydrometry, geological characterization and hydrochemical and isotopic tracers (three-component hydrograph separation). The climatic water balance was estimated for 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 with net values of 811?mm year-1, 782?mm year-1 and –447?mm year-1, respectively. Runoff components were studied at different spatial and temporal scales, demonstrating that different sources and temporal contributions are controlled by dominant landscape elements and antecedent rainfall. In forested sub-catchments, permeable soils, stratigraphy and steep slopes favour subsurface stormflow generation contributing 50% and 53% to total discharge. At catchment scale, landscape elements such as smooth slopes, wide valleys, deeper soils and water table allow groundwater recharge during rainfall events. Groundwater dominates the hydrograph (50% of total discharge) under dry prior conditions. However, low soil infiltration capacity generates a larger surface runoff component (42%) under wet prior conditions which dominates total discharge. Our results show that forested areas are important to reduce surface runoff and thus soil degradation, which is relevant for the design of water management plans.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor D. Gerten 相似文献
12.
Vincent Cantreul Nathalie Pineux Gilles Swerts Charles Bielders Aurore Degré 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(6):1376-1391
Intensive agricultural practices on sensitive soils induce high erosion rates in central Belgium. Expert-rules models quantify runoff and erosion at catchment scale, avoiding over-parameterization, and can include some direct or indirect connectivity features. The aim of this article is to test the ability of an expert-based model, LandSoil, to quantify runoff and to locate erosion and sedimentation areas in a small cultivated loamy catchment in Belgium during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Spatialized data are important for assessing model outputs and the erosive response. Measurements of runoff and observation of spatial erosion/deposition patterns, especially around major connectivity points, permitted an assessment of the reliability of the model results. Runoff modelling gave contrasting results (good linear adjustment at the outlet of the 83 ha sub-catchment (point 1): r2 of 0.96, Nash–Sutcliffe criterion of 0.95; less good at the outlet of the 3.9 ha sub-catchment (point 2): r2 of 0.28, Nash–Sutcliffe criterion of –0.47). For point 2 the poor results are explained by the very few runoff events observed, a scaling effect and the small area with a single land use. Graduated rulers demonstrate that the model is able to provide a coherent pattern of erosion/deposition. The study highlights great sensitivity to the effect of land use, land allocation, landscape design and slope gradients. Grass strips induce deposition of eroded particles when slopes are gentle (< 2%). Woodland strips decrease connectivity by being in the stream but deposit thinner sediment layers. Field boundaries have a role in the transport, but not really the quantity, of sediments. This model validation in the Belgian loess context allows us to use LandSoil in other similar environments in order to estimate the effects of landscape management scenarios. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
为探究不同时空尺度土地利用与水质的相互关系,以黄河流域为研究对象,基于2018年河流水质与土地利用数据,提取3种空间尺度(1000 m河段缓冲区、500 m河岸带缓冲区、子流域)的景观格局指数,结合4个季节河流水质指标,采用冗余分析方法定量探讨土地利用对河流水质的多时空尺度影响,获得水质资源管理最有效的时空尺度.结果表明:(1)在3种空间尺度下,耕地和草地占比最大.斑块密度(PD)在1000 m河段缓冲区尺度下更大,香农多样性指数(SHDI)在3种空间尺度下变化不大;(2)水质指标季节性和空间性存在显著差异,夏季水质优于冬季;(3)土地利用在夏季和1000 m河段缓冲区尺度下对水质影响最显著;(4)不同景观格局指数对河流水质产生的影响不同,耕地面积占比和林地面积占比、未利用地面积占比和SHDI对水质影响最为显著,除了耕地面积占比和PD值的增加会导致水质下降外,其余土地利用指数在大多数时空尺度下均可改善水质.该研究基于不同的时空尺度对土地利用与水质的关系进行定量研究,为合理规划土地资源提供参考,从而保护流域水质安全. 相似文献
14.
If the systematic spatial variability of soils in a chronosequence is identified and accounted for, the accuracy of quantitative data derived from soil chronosequence studies will be increased. A sample design using landscape positions with minimal variability could result in more accurate chronofunctions from these studies. Four basalt flows in the Potrillo volcanic field, southern New Mexico, with ages ranging between 20 ka and 260 ka (40Ar/39Ar and/or cosmogenic 3He methods) provide a sound basis for a soil chronosequence study. Basalt flow surface relief in the Potrillos reduces with time as depressions fill with basalt rubble and aeolian dust. Soil variability is primarily a function of landscape position with respect to ridges and swales in the original basalt flow topography. Soils developing over original topographic lows (swale soils) form primarily in aeolian dust, have larger amounts of total carbonate and soluble salts, and display greater variability than soils developing over original topographic highs (ridge soils). It is thus concluded that ridge soils, which have minimal variability, should be employed for a soil chronosequence study of basalt surfaces in the Potrillo volcanic field. The spatial variability of swale soils results in part from the significant hydrologic variability of low-lying landscape positions. Depth profiles of chloride concentrations suggest that hydrologic variability systematically correlates with the size and shape of depressions in which soils are forming. The infilling of depressions with aeolian material results in increasingly arid hydrologic conditions both by increasing the volume of aeolian material that is being drained and by reducing the catchment area for runoff into the depression. Depressions fill at different rates, however, depending on their size, shape and catchment area. Small, narrow depressions fill quickly, and their associated soils form under more arid conditions and have stronger development than soils in large depressions. Therefore, a number of geomorphic surfaces of varying age may develop on a single isochronous basalt flow. Each of these surfaces will have unique hydrologic characteristics and consequently different degrees of soil development. The pre-burial high water flux evident in depressions suggests that basalt flows may play an important role in aquifer recharge in this area of New Mexico. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
The relationship between streamwater mean residence time (MRT) and landscape characteristics is poorly understood. We used tritium (3H) to define our MRT. We tested the hypothesis that baseflow water MRT increases with increasing absolute catchment size at the Maimai catchments. These catchments are simple hydrologic systems relative to many catchments around the world, with uniformly wet climatic conditions, little seasonality, uniform and nearly impermeable bedrock, steep short hillslopes, shallow soils, and well‐characterized hillslope and catchment hydrology. As a result, this is a relatively simple system and an ideal location for new MRT‐related hypothesis testing. Whilst hydrologists have used 3H to estimate water age since the 1960s nuclear testing spike, atmospheric 3H levels have now approached near background levels and are often complicated by contamination from the nuclear industry. We present results for 3H sampled from our set of nested catchments in nuclear‐industry‐free New Zealand. Because of high precision analysis, near‐natural atmospheric 3H levels, and well‐characterized rainfall 3H inputs, we were able to estimate the age of young (i.e. less than 3 years old) waters. Our results showed no correlation between MRT and catchment size. However, MRT was correlated to the median sub‐catchment size of the sampled watersheds, as shown by landscape analysis of catchment area accumulation patterns. These preliminary findings suggest that landscape organization, rather than total area, is a first‐order control on MRT and points the way forward for more detailed analysis of how landscape organization affects catchment runoff characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Eve L. Kuniansky 《Ground water》2017,55(2):255-260
For regional groundwater flow models (areas greater than 100,000 km2), improper choice of map projection parameters can result in model error for boundary conditions dependent on area (recharge or evapotranspiration simulated by application of a rate using cell area from model discretization) and length (rivers simulated with head‐dependent flux boundary). Smaller model areas can use local map coordinates, such as State Plane (United States) or Universal Transverse Mercator (correct zone) without introducing large errors. Map projections vary in order to preserve one or more of the following properties: area, shape, distance (length), or direction. Numerous map projections are developed for different purposes as all four properties cannot be preserved simultaneously. Preservation of area and length are most critical for groundwater models. The Albers equal‐area conic projection with custom standard parallels, selected by dividing the length north to south by 6 and selecting standard parallels 1/6th above or below the southern and northern extent, preserves both area and length for continental areas in mid latitudes oriented east‐west. Custom map projection parameters can also minimize area and length error in non‐ideal projections. Additionally, one must also use consistent vertical and horizontal datums for all geographic data. The generalized polygon for the Floridan aquifer system study area (306,247.59 km2) is used to provide quantitative examples of the effect of map projections on length and area with different projections and parameter choices. Use of improper map projection is one model construction problem easily avoided. 相似文献
17.
Hazard and risk assessment in a complex multi-source volcanic area: the example of the Campania Region, Italy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to zone the territory of Campania Region (southern Italy) with regard to the hazard related to future explosive activity
of Somma-Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei, and Ischia Island, we drew a multi-source hazard map for tephra and pyroclastic flows. This
map, which merges the areas possibly endangered by the three volcanic sources, takes into account a large set of tephra fall
and pyroclastic flow events that have occurred in the last 10 ka. In detail, for fall products at Campi Flegrei and Somma-Vesuvio
we used the dispersal of past eruption products as deduced by field surveys and their recurrence over the whole area. For
pyroclastic flows, the field data were integrated with VEI = 4 simulated events; about 100 simulations sourcing from different
points of the area were performed, considering the different probability of vent opening. The spatial recurrence of products
of both past eruptions and simulated events was used to assign a weight to the area endangered by the single volcanic sources.
The sum of these weights in the areas exposed to the activity of two sources and/or to different kinds of products was used
to draw a hazard map, which highlights the spatial trend and the extent of the single equivalent classes at a regional scale.
A multi-source risk map was developed for the same areas as the graphic result of the product of volcanic hazard and exposure,
assessed in detail from a dasymetric map. The resulting multi-source hazard and risk maps are essential tools for communication
among scientists, local authorities, and the public, and may prove highly practical for long-term regional-scale mitigation
planning. 相似文献
18.
The erosion features map is one of the basic maps in erosion and sediment studies and watershed management programs. Some methodologies of preparing erosion features map by using RS and GIS were compared in research which took place in the Jajrood sub-basin in north-east Tehran, Iran. In the first phase, four working units＇ maps were prepared by integration a） plant cover, geology and slope b） land use, geology and slope c） land use, rocks sensitivity to erosion and slope and d） land use, rocks sensitivity to erosion and land units＇ layers. In addition to these four working units＇ maps, three more maps were also evaluated in separating erosion features including e） land units f） sensitivity of rocks to erosion and g） image photomorphic units. The efficiency of these seven working units＇ maps was evaluated by 314 control points. For this purpose, by using erosion features of control points regarding field views, surface, rill, gully and channel erosion maps were prepared and compared by crossing them with working units＇ maps. Results showed that method ＂d＂ was better than ＂a＂, ＂b＂ and ＂c＂ in providing soil erosion features regarding economic and executive considerations. The accuracy of methods ＂e＂ and ＂f＂ was 53.0 and 42.9% and their Root Mean Squared Error was more than method ＂g＂ and methods ＂a＂ to ＂d＂. The coefficient of variation was highest for methods ＂e＂ and ＂f＇ and the least for method ＂e＂ and the greatest precision was related to image interpretation. 相似文献
19.
Predictive models for calculating sediment yield and discharge require accurate areal data. Such models may be unrealistic when using digitized data given the potential error involved in compiling and digitizing thematic polygon maps. The estimation of boundary variability for digitized polygon maps of a 0·34 km2 area of badlands in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta shows the effects of positional errors introduced during mapping and digitizing processes. Polygon overlay of maps of surface features and slopes produced high frequencies of very small polygons and some unlikely combinations of slopes and surface features, and decreased reliability in areal measurements in the composite map. At an epsilon band width of 0·7 m, a reasonable estimate of boundary variability, 31·7 per cent of the resultant overlaid map can be considered unreliable. 相似文献
20.
The Breton bocage is a landscape of fields enclosed by a network of hedgerow banks and ditches. Organization of this bocage varies considerably in different areas of Brittany. However, one constant feature of the different bocage landscapes is the presence of banks enclosing bottom lands, which enclose elongated plots in the thalweg bottoms. The banks enclosing the bottom lands influence the sensitivity of the basin to surface run-off and also the presence of excess surface water zones. To analyse the part played by banks enclosing bottom lands, the topography of a typical first order basin was modelled and the existence of such a bank within the catchment was simulated. The effect of the bank on the Kirkby index, a topographical parameter defining the sensitivity of soils to surface run-off was analysed. Modification of its spatial distribution is considerable for mean values of the index. The saturation zone, the storm run-off source area, is reduced to that area of bottom land enclosed by the bank; it thus varies very little so that run-off conditions are almost constant whatever the climatic conditions. From the methodological point of view, the interest of analysing the spatial distribution of morphometric parameters of a catchment may be noted; in the example studied, the heterogeneity of the Kirkby index distribution is an important factor in the analysis. 相似文献